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===Empirical tests===
Earth's rotation implies that the [[equatorial bulge|Equator bulges]] and the [[geographical pole]]s are flattened.
In his ''[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica|Principia]]'', Newton predicted this [[flattening]] would amount to one part in 230, and pointed to the [[pendulum]] measurements taken by [[Jean Richer|Richer]] in 1673 as corroboration of the change in [[gravity]],<ref>{{cite book |first=Isaac |last=Newton |title=Newton's Principia |page=412 |year=1846 |translator=A. Motte |url=https://archive.org/stream/100878576#page/412|publisher=New-York : Published by Daniel Adee }}</ref> but [[History of geodesy#
However, measurements by [[Maupertuis]] and the [[French Geodesic Mission]] in the 1730s established the [[figure of the Earth|oblateness of Earth]], thus confirming the positions of both Newton and [[Copernicus]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Newton Wars and the Beginning of the French Enlightenment |first=J. B. |last=Shank |year=2008 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |pages=324, 355 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBusxgu8-AAC&pg=PA234|isbn=9780226749471 }}</ref>
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