Content deleted Content added
Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 |
Dhiraj AMB (talk | contribs) m I updated the dead link which was showing on 118 reference with the relevant link. |
||
Line 147:
=== Libertarian socialism ===
[[File:Portrait of Pierre Joseph Proudhon 1865.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pierre Joseph Proudhon]], [[anarchist]] theorist who advocated for a decentralist non-state system which he called "federalism"<ref>Binkley, Robert C. Realism and Nationalism 1852–1871. Read Books. p. 118</ref>]]
[[Libertarian socialism]] is a [[political philosophy]] that promotes a non-hierarchical, non-bureaucratic society without [[private property]] in the [[means of production]]. Libertarian socialists believe in converting present-day private [[productive property]] into [[the commons|common]] or [[public goods]].<ref name="theanarchistlibrary.org">"The revolution abolishes private ownership of the means of production and distribution, and with it goes capitalistic business. Personal possession remains only in the things you use. Thus, your watch is your own, but the watch factory belongs to the people."[http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=1138] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523195452/http://theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Alexander_Berkman__What_Is_Communist_Anarchism_.html
Accordingly, libertarian socialists believe that "the exercise of [[Power (philosophy)|power]] in any institutionalized form – whether economic, political, religious, or sexual – brutalizes both the wielder of power and the one over whom it is exercised".<ref>{{cite book | last=Ackelsberg | first=Martha A. |author-link=Martha Ackelsberg | title=[[Free Women of Spain: Anarchism and the Struggle for the Emancipation of Women]] | page=41 | year=2005 | publisher=[[AK Press]] | isbn=978-1902593968}}</ref> Libertarian socialists generally place their hopes in decentralized means of [[direct democracy]] such as [[libertarian municipalism]], citizens' assemblies, or [[workers' council]]s.<ref>{{cite book | last=Rocker | first=Rudolf | title=Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice | page=65 | year=2004 | publisher=[[AK Press]] | isbn=978-1902593920 }}</ref> Libertarian socialists are strongly critical of coercive institutions, which often leads them to reject the legitimacy of the state in favor of anarchism.<ref>Spiegel, Henry. ''The Growth of Economic Thought'' Duke University Press (1991) p. 446</ref> Adherents propose achieving this through decentralization of political and economic power, usually involving the socialization of most large-scale [[private property]] and enterprise (while retaining respect for [[personal property]]). Libertarian socialism tends to deny the legitimacy of most forms of economically significant private property, viewing capitalist property relations as forms of domination that are antagonistic to individual freedom.<ref>Paul, Ellen Frankel et al. ''Problems of Market Liberalism'' Cambridge University Press (1998) p. 305</ref><ref>However, libertarian socialism retains respect for personal property.</ref>
Line 153:
Political philosophies commonly described as libertarian socialist include most varieties of [[anarchism]] (especially [[anarcho-communism]], [[Collectivist anarchism|anarchist collectivism]], [[anarcho-syndicalism]],<ref>{{cite book | last=Sims | first=Franwa | title=The Anacostia Diaries As It Is | page=160 | year=2006 | publisher=Lulu Press}}</ref> [[social anarchism]] and [[Mutualism (economic theory)|mutualism]])<ref>[http://www.mutualist.org/id32.html A Mutualist FAQ: A.4. Are Mutualists Socialists?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609075437/http://www.mutualist.org/id32.html |date=2009-06-09 }}. Mutualist.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-28.</ref> as well as [[autonomism]], [[Communalism (Bookchin)|communalism]], participism, [[libertarian Marxist]] philosophies such as [[council communism]] and [[Luxemburgism]],<ref name="Graham-2005">Murray Bookchin, ''Ghost of Anarcho-Syndicalism''; [[Robert Graham (historian)|Robert Graham]], ''The General Idea of Proudhon's Revolution''</ref> and some versions of [[utopian socialism]]<ref>Kent Bromley, in his preface to [[Peter Kropotkin]]'s book ''[[The Conquest of Bread]]'', considered early French utopian socialist [[Charles Fourier]] to be the founder of the libertarian branch of [[Socialism|socialist]] thought, as opposed to the authoritarian socialist ideas of [[François-Noël Babeuf|Babeuf]] and [[Philippe Buonarroti|Buonarroti]]." [[Peter Kropotkin|Kropotkin, Peter]]. ''The Conquest of Bread'', preface by Kent Bromley, New York and London, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1906.</ref> and [[individualist anarchism]].<ref>"[[Benjamin Tucker|(Benjamin) Tucker]] referred to himself many times as a socialist and considered his philosophy to be "Anarchistic socialism." ''[[An Anarchist FAQ]]'' by Various Authors</ref><ref>French individualist anarchist [[Émile Armand]] shows clearly opposition to capitalism and centralized economies when he said that the individualist anarchist "inwardly he remains refractory – fatally refractory – morally, intellectually, economically (The capitalist economy and the directed economy, the speculators and the fabricators of single are equally repugnant to him.)"[http://www.spaz.org/~dan/individualist-anarchist/library/emile-armand/life-activity.html "Anarchist Individualism as a Life and Activity" by Emile Armand] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728211629/http://www.spaz.org/~dan/individualist-anarchist/library/emile-armand/life-activity.html |date=2012-07-28 }}</ref><ref>Anarchist Peter Sabatini reports that In the United States "of early to mid-19th century, there appeared an array of communal and "utopian" counterculture groups (including the so-called [[free love]] movement). [[William Godwin]]'s anarchism exerted an ideological influence on some of this, but more so the socialism of [[Robert Owen]] and [[Charles Fourier]]. After success of his British venture, Owen himself established a cooperative community within the United States at [[New Harmony, Indiana]] during 1825. One member of this commune was [[Josiah Warren]] (1798–1874), considered to be the first [[individualist anarchist]]"[http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Peter_Sabatini__Libertarianism__Bogus_Anarchy.html Peter Sabatini. "Libertarianism: Bogus Anarchy"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503100657/http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Peter_Sabatini__Libertarianism__Bogus_Anarchy.html |date=2012-05-03 }}</ref> For [[Murray Bookchin]] "In the modern world, anarchism first appeared as a movement of the peasantry and yeomanry against declining feudal institutions. In Germany its foremost spokesman during the Peasant Wars was [[Thomas Muenzer]]; in England, Gerrard Winstanley, a leading participant in the Digger movement. The concepts held by Muenzer and Winstanley were superbly attuned to the needs of their time – a historical period when the majority of the population lived in the countryside and when the most militant revolutionary forces came from an agrarian world. It would be painfully academic to argue whether Muenzer and Winstanley could have achieved their ideals. What is of real importance is that they spoke to their time; their anarchist concepts followed naturally from the rural society that furnished the bands of the peasant armies in Germany and the New Model in England."<ref>[http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Lewis_Herber__Murray_Bookchin___Ecology_and_Revolutionary_Thought.html Lewis Herber. (Murray Bookchin) "Ecology and Revolutionary Thought"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515215001/http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Lewis_Herber__Murray_Bookchin___Ecology_and_Revolutionary_Thought.html |date=2012-05-15 }}. Theanarchistlibrary.org (2009-04-27). Retrieved on 2011-12-28.</ref> The term "anarchist" first entered the English language in 1642, during the [[English Civil War]], as a [[Pejorative|term of abuse]], used by [[Cavalier|Royalists]] against their [[Roundhead]] opponents.<ref name=BBC-Anarchism/> By the time of the [[French Revolution]] some, such as the ''[[Enragés]]'', began to use the term positively,<ref>Sheehan, Sean. ''Anarchism'', London: [[Reaktion Books]], 2004. p. 85.</ref> in opposition to [[Jacobin (politics)|Jacobin]] centralisation of power, seeing "revolutionary government" as [[oxymoron]]ic.<ref name=BBC-Anarchism>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0038x9t | title=Anarchism | publisher=[[BBC Radio 4]] | work=[[In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)|In Our Time]] | date=7 Dec 2006 | access-date=April 30, 2012 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328134530/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0038x9t | archive-date=March 28, 2012 }}</ref> By the turn of the 19th century, the English word "anarchism" had lost its initial negative connotation.<ref name=BBC-Anarchism/>
For [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]], [[Mutualism (economic theory)|mutualism]] involved creating "[[industrial democracy]]", a system where workplaces would be "handed over to democratically organised workers' associations . . . We want these associations to be models for agriculture, industry and trade, the pioneering core of that vast federation of companies and societies woven into the common cloth of the democratic social Republic."<ref>Guerin, Daniel (ed.) ''No Gods, No Masters'', AK Press, vol. 1, p. 62</ref> He urged "workers to form themselves into democratic societies, with equal conditions for all members, on pain of a relapse into feudalism." This would result in "Capitalistic and proprietary exploitation, stopped everywhere, the wage system abolished, equal and just exchange guaranteed."<ref>''The General Idea of the Revolution'', Pluto Press, pp. 277, 281</ref> Workers would no longer sell their labour to a capitalist but rather work for themselves in co-operatives. [[Anarcho-communism]] calls for a [[Federalism#Federalism as the Anarchist Mode of Political Organization|confederal]] form in relationships of mutual aid and [[Free association (communism and anarchism)|free association]] between communes as an alternative to the [[centralism]] of the [[nation-state]]. [[Peter Kropotkin]] thus suggested that "Representative government has accomplished its historical mission; it has given a mortal blow to court-rule; and by its debates it has awakened public interest in public questions. But to see in it the government of the future socialist society is to commit a gross error. Each economic phase of life implies its own political phase; and it is impossible to touch the very basis of the present economic life-private property – without a corresponding change in the very basis of the political organization. Life already shows in which direction the change will be made. Not in increasing the powers of the State, but in resorting to free organization and free federation in all those branches which are now considered as attributes of the State."<ref>{{Cite web |
To date, the best-known examples of an anarchist communist society (i.e., established around the ideas as they exist today and achieving worldwide attention and knowledge in the historical canon), are the anarchist territories during the [[Spanish Revolution of 1936|Spanish Revolution]]<ref name="Spain 1936">"This process of education and class organization, more than any single factor in Spain, produced the collectives. And to the degree that the CNT-FAI (for the two organizations became fatally coupled after July 1936) exercised the major influence in an area, the collectives proved to be generally more durable, communist and resistant to Stalinist counterrevolution than other republican-held areas of Spain." [http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=1045 Murray Bookchin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023194646/http://www.revoltlib.com/%3Fid%3D1045 |date=23 October 2021 }}. ''To Remember Spain: The Anarchist and Syndicalist Revolution of 1936''</ref> and the [[Makhnovshchina]] during the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]]. Through the efforts and influence of the Spanish anarchists during the [[Spanish Revolution of 1936|Spanish Revolution]] within the [[Spanish Civil War]], starting in 1936 anarchist communism existed in most of Aragon, parts of the Levante and Andalusia, as well as in the stronghold of [[Anarchist Catalonia]] before being crushed by the combined forces of [[Francoism|the regime that won the war]], [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]], [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]], [[Communist Party of Spain (main)|Spanish Communist Party]] repression (backed by the USSR) as well as economic and armaments blockades from the capitalist countries and the [[Second Spanish Republic]] itself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/library/murray-bookchin-to-remember-spain-the-anarchist-and-syndicalist-revolution-of-1936|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318013555/http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Murray_Bookchin__To_Remember_Spain__The_Anarchist_and_Syndicalist_Revolution_of_1936.html|url-status=dead|title=To Remember Spain: The Anarchist and Syndicalist Revolution of 1936|archive-date=18 March 2012|via=www.theanarchistlibrary.org}}</ref> During the Russian Revolution, anarchists such as [[Nestor Makhno]] worked to create and defend – through the [[Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine]] – anarchist communism in Ukraine from 1919 before being conquered by the Bolsheviks in 1921. Several libertarian socialists, notably [[Noam Chomsky]] among others, believe that anarchism shares much in common with certain variants of Marxism (see [[libertarian Marxism]]) such as the [[council communism]] of Marxist [[Anton Pannekoek]]. In Chomsky's ''[[Notes on Anarchism]]'',<ref name="Notes on Anarchism">Noam Chomsky [http://www.chomsky.info/articles/1970----.htm Notes on Anarchism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828063100/http://www.chomsky.info/articles/1970----.htm |date=2014-08-28 }}</ref> he suggests the possibility "that some form of [[council communism]] is the natural form of [[revolutionary socialism]] in an [[industrialization|industrial]] society. It reflects the belief that democracy is severely limited when the industrial system is controlled by any form of autocratic elite, whether of owners, managers, and technocrats, a '[[Vanguard party|vanguard' party]], or a State bureaucracy."<ref name="Notes on Anarchism"/>
| |||