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== History ==
{{Integralism}}
[[File:Alexis de Tocqueville.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Alexis de Tocqueville]]]]
The word "''centralisation''" came into use in France in 1794 as the post-[[French Revolution|Revolution]] [[French Directory]] leadership created a new government structure. The word "''décentralisation''" came into usage in the 1820s.<ref>Vivien A. Schmidt, ''Democratizing France: The Political and Administrative History of Decentralization'', [[Cambridge University Press]], 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsltI4XKXTUC&pg=PA22 p. 22] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505110712/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsltI4XKXTUC&pg=PA22 |date=2016-05-05 }}, {{ISBN|978-0521036054}}</ref> "Centralization" entered written English in the first third of the 1800s;<ref>[[Barbara Levick]], ''Claudius'', Psychology Press, 2012, [https://books.google.com/books?id=rTDNNO4_IMAC&pg=PA81 p. 81] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602225624/https://books.google.com/books?id=rTDNNO4_IMAC&pg=PA81 |date=2016-06-02 }}, {{ISBN|978-0415166195}}</ref> mentions of decentralization also first appear during those years. In the mid-1800s [[Alexis de Tocqueville|Tocqueville]] would write that the French Revolution began with "a push towards decentralization
▲Directory]] leadership created a new government structure. The word "''décentralisation''" came into usage in the 1820s.<ref>Vivien A. Schmidt, ''Democratizing France: The Political and Administrative History of Decentralization'', [[Cambridge University Press]], 2007, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsltI4XKXTUC&pg=PA22 p. 22] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505110712/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsltI4XKXTUC&pg=PA22 |date=2016-05-05 }}, {{ISBN|978-0521036054}}</ref> "Centralization" entered written English in the first third of the 1800s;<ref>[[Barbara Levick]], ''Claudius'', Psychology Press, 2012, [https://books.google.com/books?id=rTDNNO4_IMAC&pg=PA81 p. 81] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602225624/https://books.google.com/books?id=rTDNNO4_IMAC&pg=PA81 |date=2016-06-02 }}, {{ISBN|978-0415166195}}</ref> mentions of decentralization also first appear during those years. In the mid-1800s [[Alexis de Tocqueville|Tocqueville]] would write that the French Revolution began with "a push towards decentralization ... [but became,] in the end, an extension of centralization."<ref name=Schmidtpage10>Vivien A. Schmidt, ''Democratizing France: The Political and Administrative History of Decentralization'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsltI4XKXTUC&pg=PA10 p. 10] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520135541/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZsltI4XKXTUC&pg=PA10 |date=2016-05-20 }}.</ref> In 1863, retired French bureaucrat [[Maurice Block]] wrote an article called "Decentralization" for a French journal that reviewed the dynamics of government and bureaucratic centralization and recent French efforts at decentralization of government functions.<ref>Robert Leroux, ''French Liberalism in the 19th Century: An Anthology'', Chapter 6: Maurice Block on "Decentralization", Routledge, 2012, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Hhf1iGshBKEC&dq=19th+century+decentralization&pg=PA255 p. 255] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529132740/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hhf1iGshBKEC&pg=PA255 |date=2016-05-29 }}, {{ISBN|978-1136313011}}</ref>
Ideas of liberty and decentralization were carried to their logical conclusions during the 19th and 20th centuries by anti-state political activists calling themselves "[[Anarchism|anarchists]]", "[[Libertarianism|libertarians]]", and even decentralists. [[Tocqueville]] was an advocate, writing: "Decentralization has, not only an administrative value but also a civic dimension since it increases the opportunities for citizens to take interest in public affairs; it makes them get accustomed to using freedom. And from the accumulation of these local, active, persnickety freedoms, is born the most efficient counterweight against the claims of the central government, even if it were supported by an impersonal, collective will."<ref name=EarthInstitute>[http://www.ciesin.org/decentralization/English/General/history_fao.html A History of Decentralization] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511000503/http://www.ciesin.org/decentralization/English/General/history_fao.html |date=2013-05-11 }}, [[Earth Institute]] of [[Columbia University]] website, ''accessed February 4, 2013''.</ref> [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]] (1809–1865), influential anarchist theorist<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia Americana |editor=George Edward Rines |year=1918 |publisher=Encyclopedia Americana Corp. |location=New York |oclc=7308909 |page=624 |title-link=Encyclopedia Americana }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Peter |title=Émile Durkheim |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=1995 |isbn = 978-0415110471 |page=79}}</ref> wrote: "All my economic ideas as developed over twenty-five years can be summed up in the words: agricultural-industrial federation. All my political ideas boil down to a similar formula: political federation or decentralization."<ref>"Du principe Fédératif" ("Principle of Federation"), 1863.</ref>
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For [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]], [[Mutualism (economic theory)|mutualism]] involved creating "[[industrial democracy]]", a system where workplaces would be "handed over to democratically organised workers' associations . . . We want these associations to be models for agriculture, industry and trade, the pioneering core of that vast federation of companies and societies woven into the common cloth of the democratic social Republic."<ref>Guerin, Daniel (ed.) ''No Gods, No Masters'', AK Press, vol. 1, p. 62</ref> He urged "workers to form themselves into democratic societies, with equal conditions for all members, on pain of a relapse into feudalism." This would result in "Capitalistic and proprietary exploitation, stopped everywhere, the wage system abolished, equal and just exchange guaranteed."<ref>''The General Idea of the Revolution'', Pluto Press, pp. 277, 281</ref> Workers would no longer sell their labour to a capitalist but rather work for themselves in co-operatives. [[Anarcho-communism]] calls for a [[Federalism#Federalism as the Anarchist Mode of Political Organization|confederal]] form in relationships of mutual aid and [[Free association (communism and anarchism)|free association]] between communes as an alternative to the [[centralism]] of the [[nation-state]]. [[Peter Kropotkin]] thus suggested that "Representative government has accomplished its historical mission; it has given a mortal blow to court-rule; and by its debates it has awakened public interest in public questions. But to see in it the government of the future socialist society is to commit a gross error. Each economic phase of life implies its own political phase; and it is impossible to touch the very basis of the present economic life-private property – without a corresponding change in the very basis of the political organization. Life already shows in which direction the change will be made. Not in increasing the powers of the State, but in resorting to free organization and free federation in all those branches which are now considered as attributes of the State."<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2023 |title=Anarchist Communism: Its Basis and Principles |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/kropotkin-peter/1927/anarchist-communism.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812192734/https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/kropotkin-peter/1927/anarchist-communism.html |archive-date=August 12, 2023 |website=marxists.org}}</ref> When the [[First Spanish Republic]] was established in 1873 after the abdication of King Amadeo, the first president, Estanislao Figueras, named [[Francesc Pi i Margall]] Minister of the Interior. His acquaintance with Proudhon enabled Pi to warm relations between the Republicans and the socialists in Spain. Pi i Margall became the principal translator of Proudhon's works into Spanish<ref>[[George Woodcock]]. ''Anarchism: a history of libertarian movements''. p. 357</ref> and later briefly became president of Spain in 1873 while being the leader of the Democratic Republican Federal Party. According to [[George Woodcock]] "These translations were to have a profound and lasting effect on the development of [[Spanish anarchism]] after 1870, but before that time Proudhonian ideas, as interpreted by Pi, already provided much of the inspiration for the federalist movement which sprang up in the early 1860s."<ref>George Woodcock. ''Anarchism: a history of libertarian movements''. p. 357</ref> According to the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' "During the Spanish revolution of 1873, Pi y Margall [[Cantonal Revolution|attempted to establish a decentralized, cantonalist political system]] on Proudhonian lines."<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/22753/anarchism/66525/Anarchism-in-Spain#ref539322 "Anarchism"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424210641/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/22753/anarchism/66525/Anarchism-in-Spain |date=2014-04-24 }} at the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' online.</ref>
=== Free market ===
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[[Category:Organization design]]
[[Category:Cyberpunk themes]]
[[Category:Military tactics]]
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