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| foot_montage =
}}
| image_caption = '''Left to right from top''': [[Transfiguration Cathedral, Donetsk|Transfiguration
| image_flag = Flag of Donetsk.svg
| image_shield = Greater Coat of Arms of Donetsk (1995).svg
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| coordinates = {{coord|48|00|10|N|37|48|19|E|region:UA|display= inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Ukraine]] (
| subdivision_type1 = [[Oblasts of Ukraine|Oblast]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Donetsk Oblast]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Raions of Ukraine|Raion]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Donetsk Raion]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Hromada]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Donetsk urban hromada]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 1869{{ref|1}}
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| pushpin_relief = y
| module = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=9 |height= |width= | stroke-width=1 |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
}}
'''Donetsk''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|d|ɒ|n|ˈ|j|ɛ|t|s|k}} {{respell|don|YETSK}},<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Donetsk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203233626/https://www.lexico.com/definition/donetsk |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-02-03 |title=Donetsk |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|d|ə|n|-}} {{respell|dən-}};<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Donetsk|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Donetsk|access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref> {{lang-uk|Донецьк}} {{IPA-uk|doˈnɛt͡sʲk||uk-Донецьк.ogg}}; {{lang-ru|Донецк}} {{IPA-ru|dɐˈnʲetsk||ru-Донецк.ogg}}), formerly known as '''Aleksandrovka''', '''Yuzivka''' (or '''Hughesovka'''), '''Stalin''', and '''Stalino''', is an industrial city in eastern [[Ukraine]] located on the [[Kalmius]] River in [[Donetsk Oblast]], which is currently occupied by [[Russia]] as the capital of the [[Donetsk People's Republic]]. The population was estimated at {{Ua-pop-est2022|901645}} in the city core, with over 2 million in the [[metropolitan area]] (2011). According to the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 census]], Donetsk was the fifth-largest city in Ukraine.<ref name="ukrcensus1">{{cite web |title= Results / General results of the census / Number of cities |work= [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 Ukrainian Census]] |url= http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/city/ |access-date = 28 August 2006 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060109012020/http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/city/ |archive-date= 9 January 2006}}</ref>
Administratively, Donetsk has been the centre of Donetsk Oblast, while historically, it is the unofficial capital and largest city of the larger economic and cultural [[Donbas|Donets Basin]] (''Donbas'') region. Donetsk is adjacent to another major city, [[Makiivka]], and along with other surrounding cities forms a major [[urban sprawl]] and [[conurbation]] in the region. Donetsk has been a major economic, industrial and scientific centre of Ukraine with a high concentration of heavy industries and a skilled workforce. The density of heavy industries (predominantly steel production, chemical industry, and coal mining) determined the city's challenging ecological situation. In 2012, a UN report ranked Donetsk among the world's fastest depopulating cities.<ref>[https://www.businessinsider.com/cities-that-are-shrinking-2012-10?r=US&IR=T The 28 Fastest-Shrinking Cities In The World]</ref>
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===Foundation===
One of the early mining settlements in the territory of Donetsk was {{ill|lt=Alexandrovka (Oleksandrivka)|Oleksandrivka, Donetsk|ru|Александровка (Донецк)|uk|Олександрівка (Донецьк)}}. The existence of Aleksandrovskaya (Oleksandrivska) Cossack ''[[sloboda (settlement)|sloboda]]'' in its place is attested by 1779,<ref>[https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/donbass-realii/30148510.html "Дату основания Донецка нужно вести минимум с 1779 года – историк"], ''[[Radio Liberty]]'' {{in lang|ru}}</ref> with the {{ill|Aleksandrovsky coal mine|lt=Aleksandrovsky (Oleksandrivska) coal mine|ru|Александровский рудник (Донецк)|uk|Олександрівська копальня (Юзівка)}} eventually being opened there.
The city of Donetsk was founded in 1869 by [[Wales|Welsh]] businessman [[John Hughes (businessman)|John Hughes]], who operated a steel plant and several coal mines at Aleksandrovka. The worker's settlement at the plant merged with Aleksandrovka and the place was named Yuzovo/Yuzove, later Yuzovka/Yuzivka ({{lang-ru|Юзово, Юзовка}}, {{Lang-uk|Юзове, Юзівка}}), after Hughes.<ref>''Yuz'' is a Russian or Ukrainian approximation of Hughes</ref><ref>{{cite Efron|Юзово}}</ref> In its early period, it received immigrants from Wales, especially from the town of [[Merthyr Tydfil]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Evans |first=Martin |date=June 11, 2012 |title=Euro 2012: Donetsk's roots have more in common with Merthyr Tydfil than Moscow |publisher=Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/competitions/euro-2012/9323465/Euro-2012-Donetsks-roots-have-more-in-common-with-Merthyr-Tydfil-than-Moscow.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/competitions/euro-2012/9323465/Euro-2012-Donetsks-roots-have-more-in-common-with-Merthyr-Tydfil-than-Moscow.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=2014-08-09}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="BBC220320">{{cite news|publisher=BBC News|title=Ukraine: Fear for Donetsk after eight-year war escalates|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-60738988|date=20 March 2022|access-date=20 March 2022}}</ref> By the beginning of the 20th century, Yuzovka had approximately 50,000 inhabitants,<ref>The population included mostly migrants from neighbouring Russian territories</ref> and attained the status of a city in 1917.<ref name="mayor">{{cite web |date=19 November 2004 |title=From the history of the city |url=http://lukyanchenko.dn.ua/today/view.php?cat=7&subcat=7&type=1&lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050521150625/http://lukyanchenko.dn.ua/today/view.php?cat=7&subcat=7&type=1&lang=en |archive-date=21 May 2005 |website=Official site of the Head of Donetsk City}}</ref> The main district of Yuzovka is named English Colony, and the British origin of the city is reflected in its layout and architecture.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}
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Donetsk lies in the [[steppe]] landscape, surrounded by scattered [[woodland]], hills, [[spoil tip]]s, [[river]]s and [[lake]]s. The northern outskirts are mainly used for agriculture. The [[Kalmius River]] links the city with the [[Sea of Azov]], which is {{convert|95|km|0|abbr=on}} to the south, and a popular recreational area for those living in Donetsk. A wide belt of farmlands surrounds the city.
The city stretches {{convert|28|km|0|abbr=on}} from north to south and {{convert|55|km|0|abbr=on}} from east to west. There are 2 nearby [[Water reservoir|reservoirs]]: Nyzhnekalmius (60 [[hectares|ha]]), and the
=== Climate ===
Donetsk's climate is moderate [[Humid continental climate|
{{Weather box|location = Donetsk (
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 12.
| Feb record high C = 16.0
| Mar record high C =
| Apr record high C = 31.0
| May record high C = 34.6
| Jun record high C =
| Jul record high C = 37.8
| Aug record high C = 39.1
| Sep record high C = 33.9
| Oct record high C = 32.7
| Nov record high C = 20.
| Dec record high C = 15.0
| year record high C = 39.1
| Jan high C = -1.
| Feb high C = -0.
| Mar high C =
| Apr high C =
| May high C =
| Jun high C =
| Jul high C =
| Aug high C =
| Sep high C =
| Oct high C = 13.
| Nov high C =
| Dec high C =
| year high C =
| Jan mean C = -4.
| Feb mean C = -
| Mar mean C =
| Apr mean C = 9.
| May mean C = 15.
| Jun mean C =
| Jul mean C =
| Aug mean C =
| Sep mean C = 15.
| Oct mean C = 8.
| Nov mean C =
| Dec mean C = -2.
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = -6.
| Feb low C = -
| Mar low C = -
| Apr low C =
| May low C = 10.
| Jun low C =
| Jul low C =
| Aug low C = 15.
| Sep low C = 10.
| Oct low C =
| Nov low C = -
| Dec low C = -
| year low C =
| Jan record low C = -
| Feb record low C = -31.1
| Mar record low C = -
| Apr record low C = -10.6
| May record low C = -
| Jun record low C = 2.1
| Jul record low C =
| Aug record low C = 2.
| Sep record low C = -6.0
| Oct record low C = -10.
| Nov record low C = -22.
| Dec record low C = -28.5
| year record low C = -
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 38
| Feb precipitation mm = 31
| Mar precipitation mm =
| Apr precipitation mm = 38
| May precipitation mm =
| Jun precipitation mm =
| Jul precipitation mm = 52
| Aug precipitation mm =
| Sep precipitation mm =
| Oct precipitation mm =
| Nov precipitation mm =
| Dec precipitation mm =
| year precipitation mm =
| Jan humidity = 86.8
| Feb humidity = 83.7
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| Nov snow days = 8
| Dec snow days = 16
| year snow days =
|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web |script-title=ru:Погода и Климат: Климат Донецка |language=ru |trans-title=Weather and Climate: Climate of Donetsk |publisher=pogoda.ru.net |url=http://pogoda.ru.net/climate/34519.htm
|source 2 = [[
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210717143555/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20%282%29.xls
| archive-date = 17 July 2021 |archive-format=XLS |format=XLS
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20(2).xls
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010
| publisher =
| access-date = 18 July 2021}}</ref>
}}
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Donetsk had a population of over 985,000 inhabitants in 2009<ref name="donetskstat.gov.ua">{{cite web |script-title=uk:Чисельність населення на 1 березня 2009 року та середня за січень-лютий 2009 року |language=uk |trans-title=Population on 1 March 2009 and the average for January–February of 2009 |work=Department of Statistics of the Donetsk Region |url=http://donetskstat.gov.ua/statinform/chisl_ruh1.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422032814/http://donetskstat.gov.ua/statinform/chisl_ruh1.php |archive-date=22 April 2009}}</ref> and over 1,566,000 inhabitants in the [[metropolitan area]] in 2004. It was the fifth-largest city in Ukraine.<ref name="ukrcensus1" />
The structure of the Donetsk City Municipality by ethnicity
{{div col}}
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# Other: 13,001 people, 1.27%
{{colend}}
:'''Total''': 1,024,678 people
In 1991 one-third of the population identified as ''Russian'', one-third as ''Ukrainian'' while the majority of the rest declared themselves [[Slavs]].<ref name="Steele1994">{{cite book |last=Steele |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Steele (journalist) |year=1994 |title=Eternal Russia: Yeltsin, Gorbachev, and the Mirage of Democracy |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-26837-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/eternalrussiayel00stee/page/217 217]–18 |url=https://archive.org/details/eternalrussiayel00stee |url-access=registration |access-date=13 December 2016}}</ref> Smaller minorities include in particular ethnic groups from the [[South Caucasus]] and northeast [[Anatolia]] region, including [[Armenians in Ukraine|Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis in Ukraine|Azerbaijanis]], [[Georgians in Ukraine|Georgians]], and [[Pontic Greeks]] (including those defined as [[Caucasus Greeks]]).▼
Native language of the population of the city of Donetsk
*[[Russian language|Russian]] 87.8%
*[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] 11.1%
*[[Armenian language|Armenian]] 0.1%
*[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] 0.1%
▲In a 1991 poll one-third of the population identified as ''Russian'', one-third as ''Ukrainian'' while the majority of the rest declared themselves [[Slavs]].<ref name="Steele1994">{{cite book |last=Steele |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Steele (journalist) |year=1994 |title=Eternal Russia: Yeltsin, Gorbachev, and the Mirage of Democracy |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-26837-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/eternalrussiayel00stee/page/217 217]–18 |url=https://archive.org/details/eternalrussiayel00stee |url-access=registration |access-date=13 December 2016}}</ref> Smaller minorities include in particular ethnic groups from the [[South Caucasus]] and northeast [[Anatolia]] region, including [[Armenians in Ukraine|Armenians]], [[Azerbaijanis in Ukraine|Azerbaijanis]], [[Georgians in Ukraine|Georgians]], and [[Pontic Greeks]] (including those defined as [[Caucasus Greeks]]).
== Economy ==
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These buildings used rectangular and triangular shaped façades, green rooftops, large windows, which occupied a large portion of the building, and balconies. In this part of the town, the streets were large and had pavements. A major influence on the formation of architecture in Donetsk was the ''official architect'' of a [[Novorossiya]] company — ''Moldingauyer''. Preserved buildings of the southern part of Yuzovka consisted of the residences of John Hughes (''1891, partially preserved''), Bolfur (''1889'') and Bosse.
In the northern part of Yuzovka, ''Novyi Svet'', lived traders, craftsmen and bureaucrats. Here were located the market hall, the police headquarters and the [[Transfiguration Cathedral,
The first general plan of Stalino was made in 1932 in [[Odesa]] by the architect P. Golovchenko. In 1937, the project was partly reworked. These projects were the first in the city's construction bureau's history.
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=== Religion ===
[[File:DonetskCathedral.jpg|thumb|The reconstructed
Donetsk's residents belong to religious traditions including the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ortodox.donbass.com/|script-title=ru:Донбасс Православный|trans-title=Orthodox Donbas|language=ru|publisher=ortodox.donbass.com|access-date=12 May 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629040340/http://www.ortodox.donbass.com/|archive-date=29 June 2007}}</ref> [[Eastern Catholic Churches]], [[Protestantism]], and the [[Roman Catholic Church]], as well as [[Islam]] and [[Judaism]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://old.razumkov.org.ua/ukr/poll.php?poll_id=300|script-title=uk:Соціологічне опитування – Релігія: Віруючим якої церкви, конфесії Ви себе вважаєте?|trans-title=Sociological survey – Religion: Believers, which churches do you consider yourself to adherents of?|language=uk|work=[[Razumkov Centre]]|date=2006|access-date=5 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108233934/http://old.razumkov.org.ua/ukr/poll.php?poll_id=300|archive-date=8 November 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Górak-Sosnowska2011">{{cite book|last1=Yarosh|first1=Oleg|last2=Brylov|first2=Denys|editor=Katarzyna Górak-Sosnowka|title=Muslims in Poland and Eastern Europe: Widening the European Discourse on Islam|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dCAU6Bz5QIEC&pg=PA254|access-date=27 May 2016|year=2011|publisher=Katarzyna Górak-Sosnowska|isbn=978-83-903229-5-7|page=254|chapter=Muslim communities and Islamic network institutions in Ukraine: contesting authorities in shaping Islamic localities}}</ref> The religious body with the most members is the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]] and [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate|Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate]]{{clarification needed|date=June 2024}}.
In 2014, a leaflet carrying the signature of the "Chairman of Donetsk's temporary government Denis Pushilin" was distributed to Jews on the festival of Passover. The leaflet asked Donetsk's Jewish citizens to register themselves, their property, and their families to the pro-Russian authorities. The leaflet claimed that failure to comply with its demands would result in the revocation of citizenship and confiscation of property. The leaflet prompted confusion and fear among Donetsk's Jewish population, who saw echoes of [[the Holocaust]] in the leaflet.<ref>{{cite news|last=Margalit|first=Michal|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4510688,00.html|title=Donetsk leaflet: Jews must register or face deportation|work=Ynetnews|date=16 April 2014|access-date=6 November 2022}}</ref> Pushilin denied any connection with the leaflets and called them a provocation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pro-Russians in Donetsk deny calling for Jews to register |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/pro-russians-in-donetsk-deny-calling-for-jews-to-register/ |access-date=6 November 2022 |publisher=Times of Israel |date=16 April 2022}}</ref>
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=== Local transport ===
[[File:Trolleybus Donezk.jpg|thumb|A Donetsk trolleybus with the Transfiguration Cathedral
[[File:TramLM2008.jpg|thumb|Tram LM-2008]]
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