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{{Short description|A day of abstinence from food and/or drink in
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Fast of Gedaliah
| type = [[Judaism|Jewish]]
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| official_name = {{
| nickname = Fast of the seventh month
| significance = Mourning the assassination of [[Gedalia]]h
| begins = 3rd day of Tishrei at dawn (if Shabbat, then 4th day of Tishrei at dawn)
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| date2019 = October 2
| date2020 = September 21
| celebrations =
| observances = Fasting
| relatedto = [[Ten Days of Repentance]]
| date =
|
}}
The '''Fast of Gedalia''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɡ|ɛ|d|ə|ˈ|l|aɪ|.|ə|,_|ɡ|ə|ˈ|d|ɑː|l|i|ə}}; {{
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{{Infobox artifact
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==Biblical narrative==
When [[Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon|Nebuchadnezzar]], the king of the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]], [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)|conquered Jerusalem]], he killed or [[Babylonian captivity|exiled]] most of its inhabitants and appointed [[Gedaliah]]<ref>"[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6548-gedallah Fast of Gedallah/Gedalia]". ''Jewish Encyclopedia''.</ref> as governor of the
However, [[Baalis]], king of [[Ammon]], was hostile and envious of the Judean remnant and sent a Judean, [[Ishmael son of Nethaniah|Yishmael Ben Netaniah]], who was descended from the royal family of Judea, to assassinate Gedaliah. In the seventh month ([[Tishrei]]) of 582/1 BCE (some four to five years following the destruction of the Temple, although the exact year is unclear and subject to dispute; others claim the assassination took place in the same year as the destruction), a group of Jews led by Yishmael came to Gedaliah in the town of [[Mizpah in Benjamin|Mitzpa]] and were received cordially. Gedaliah had been warned of his guest's murderous intent, but refused to believe his informants, believing their report was mere slander. Yishmael murdered Gedaliah, together with most of the Jews who had joined him and many Babylonians whom the Babylonian king had left with Gedaliah. The remaining Jews feared the vengeance of the Babylonian king (in view of the fact that the king's chosen ruler, Gedaliah, had been killed by a Jew) and fled to Egypt.<ref>[https://www.ou.org/holidays/tzom-gedaliah/tzom_gedaliah/ Orthodox Union description of the Fast of Gedalia]</ref>
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{{quote|But it came to pass in the seventh month, that Ishmael the son of Nethaniah, the son of Elishama, of the seed royal, came, and ten men with him, and smote Gedaliah, that he died, and the Jews and the Chaldeans that were with him at Mitzpah. And all the people, both small and great, and the captains of the forces, arose, and came to Egypt; for they were afraid of the Chaldeans.}}
A fuller account is in [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]] [[Jeremiah 41|chapter 41]],<ref>[http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1141.htm Hebrew/English text of Jeremiah, 41] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211859/http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1141.htm |date=2016-03-03 }} online at Mechon Mamre, accessed 2008-10-02</ref> where the murder of a group of envoys and the kidnapping of the gubernatorial staff and family are also related:
{{quote|In the seventh month, Ishmael son of Nethaniah son of Elishama, of the royal family, one of the chief officers of the king, came with ten men to Gedaliah son of Ahikam, at Mizpah. As they ate bread together there at Mizpah, Ishmael son of Nethaniah and ten men with him got up and struck down Gedaliah son of Ahikam son of Shaphan with the sword and killed him, because the king of Babylon had appointed him governor in the land. Ishmael also killed all the Judeans who were with Gedaliah at Mizpah, and the Chaldean soldiers who happened to be there.<ref>''The New Oxford Annotated Bible'', 3rd Ed. 2001</ref>}}
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In remembrance of these tribulations, the Jewish sages instituted the Fast of the Seventh (see [[Book of Zechariah|Zechariah]] 8:19) on the day of Gedaliah's assassination in the seventh month.<ref name="rh18b">Rosh Hashana 18b</ref>
The [[Hebrew Bible]] does not specify on which day of the seventh month Gedaliah was killed. However, the Hebrew word ''hodesh'' can mean "new moon" as well as "month", suggesting that he was killed on the first of the month.<ref>[[Radak]] on Jeremiah 41:1</ref> According to the [[Talmud]], Gedaliah was killed on the third of the month.<ref name="rh18b">Rosh Hashana 18b</ref> Other sources suggest that Gedaliah was killed on the first of the month, but the fast is delayed until after [[Rosh Hashanah]], since fasting is prohibited during a festival.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.daat.ac.il/encyclopedia/value.asp?id1=1098 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002093546/http://www.daat.ac.il/encyclopedia/value.asp?id1=1098 |archive-date=2008-10-02 |title=אנציקלופדיה יהודית
According to the Talmud, the aim of the fast day is "to establish that the death of the righteous is likened to the burning of the House of our God."<ref name="rh18b"/> Just as fasts were ordained to commemorate the destruction of the [[Solomon's Temple|Jewish Temple]], likewise a fast was ordained to commemorate the death of Gedaliah.<ref name="rh18b">Rosh Hashana 18b</ref>
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The fast is observed from dawn until dusk.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Menachem Posner|url=http://www.chabad.org/holidays/JewishNewYear/template_cdo/aid/2316462/jewish/Tzom-Gedaliah-Fast-Day.htm|title=Tzom Gedaliah Fast Day - What, why and how we mourn on the day after Rosh Hashanah|website=www.chabad.org|language=en|access-date=2017-09-25}}</ref> As with regular fast days, the [[hazzan]] includes the prayer [[Aneinu]] in the repetition of the [[Amidah]] during [[Shacharit]] and [[Mincha]] as a separate Bracha between the prayers for redemption and healing, and in the private recitation of the [[Mincha]] [[amidah]] it is recited as an addition to Shema Koleinu (general prayer acceptance). The [[Avinu Malkeinu]] prayer is recited and as it is during the [[Ten Days of Repentance]] the additions reference the new year. A [[Torah]] scroll is taken from the ark and the passages of [[Ki Tissa]] are read from the Torah (Exodus 32:11–14 and 34:1–10). The same [[Torah reading]] is added at [[Mincha]], followed in Ashkenazic congregations by a [[Haftarah]] reading.
As the fast falls during the days of Penitence, the Selichot prayer is recited before the start of Shacharit and incorporates also an extra paragraph relating to the Fast of Gedaliah. In the
In the Spanish and Portuguese rite, the prayers are recited from the Book of Prayers for Fast Days. There are lengthy additions to the prayers that are not found in the daily and Sabbath [[siddur]], and that are specific to the day as well as prayers that are common to all the fast days with the exception of [[Yom Kippur]].
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