Flaviviridae: Difference between revisions

'''''Flaviviridae''''' is a family of [[Viral envelope|enveloped]] [[positive-strand RNA virus]]es which mainly infect [[mammal]]s and [[bird]]s.<ref name=ICTVProfile>{{cite journal|last1=Simmonds|first1=P|last2=Becher|first2=P|last3=Bukh|first3=J|last4=Gould|first4=E|last5=Meyers|first5=G|last6=Monath|first6=T|last7=Muerhoff|first7=S|last8=Pletnev|first8=A|last9=Rico-Hesse|first9=R|last10=Smith|first10=D|last11=Stapleton|first11=J|last12=ICTV Report Consortium|title=ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Flaviviridae|journal=Journal of General Virology|date=2017|volume=98|issue=1|pages=2–3|doi=10.1099/jgv.0.000672|pmid=28218572|pmc=5370391}}</ref> They are primarily spread through [[arthropod]] [[vector (epidemiology)|vectors]] (mainly [[tick]]s and [[mosquito]]es).<ref name="ICTVReport" /> The family gets its name from the [[yellow fever]] virus; ''flavus'' is Latin for "yellow", and yellow fever in turn was named because of its propensity to cause [[jaundice]] in victims.<ref>{{cite web|title=Flaviviridae|url=http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Flaviviridae|publisher=Microbe Wiki|access-date=July 22, 2008}}</ref> There are 89 species in the family divided among four genera.<ref name="ICTVReport">{{cite web|url=http://www.ictv.global/report/flaviviridae|title=Flaviviridae|website=ICTV Online Report|language=en|access-date=11 July 2024|last=Ricco-Hesse|first=Rebecca|editor-last1=Knowles|editor-first1=Nick J.|editor-last2=Siddell|editor-first2=Stuart G.|year=2023}}</ref> Diseases associated with the group include: [[hepatitis]] ([[hepacivirus]]es), [[Bleeding|hemorrhagic syndromes]], [[Bovine viral diarrhea|fatal mucosal disease]] ([[pestivirus]]es), [[Viral hemorrhagic fever|hemorrhagic fever]], [[encephalitis]], and the birth defect [[microcephaly]] ([[flavivirus]]es).<ref name="ViralZone">{{cite web|title=Viral Zone|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/43.html|access-date=1511 JuneJuly 20152024|publisher=ExPASy}}</ref>

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral envelope protein E to host receptors, which mediates [[clathrin]]-mediated endocytosis. Replication follows the positive-stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by viral initiation. The virus exits the host cellassembles by budding. Athrough wideintracellular varietymembranes ofand naturalexits hoststhe arehost usedcell by differentexocytosis.<ref membersname="ICTVReport" of the ''Flaviviridae'', including fish, mammals including humans and various invertebrates, such as those specific to insects, mollusks and crustaceans./><ref name=lensink2022"ViralZone" /><ref>{{cite journal|title=Aquatic Flaviviruses|vauthors=LensinkSimmonds MJP, LiBecher YP, LequimeBukh S|journal=JournalJ, ofGould Virology|volume=96|issue=17|year=2022|doi=10.1128/jvi.00439-22|pmid=35975997|pmc=9472621|id=Art.EA, No.Meyers e00439-22}}</ref>G, Monath TheT, genomesMuerhoff ofS, thesePletnet flavivirusesA, showRico-Hesse closeR, [[synteny]]Smith withDB, thatStapleton of the flavivirus type speciesJT, yellow((ICTV feverReport virus.<ref name=parryasgari2019>{{cite journal|vauthors=Parry R, Asgari SConsortium))|title=DiscoveryICTV ofVirus NovelTaxonomy Crustacean and Cephalopod FlavivirusesProfile: Insights into the Evolution and Circulation of Flaviviruses between Marine Invertebrate and Vertebrate Hosts''Flaviviridae''|journal=Journal of General Virology|year=2017|volume=9398|issue=141|idpages=Art. No. e004322-19|year=20193|doi=10.11281099/JVIjgv.00432-190.000672|pmid=3106842428218572|pmc=66002005370391|doi-access=free}}</ref> One flavivirus, the [[Wenzhou shark flavivirus]], infects both [[Pacific spadenose shark]]s (''Scoliodon macrorhynchos'') and [[Gazami crab]]s (''Portunus trituberculatus'') with overlapping ranges, raising the possibility of a two-host marine lifecycle.<ref name=lensink2022/> Flavivirus [[endogenous viral element]]s, traces of flavivirus genomes integrated into the host's DNA, are found in many species, including a tadpole shrimp ''[[Lepidurus articus]]'', the water flea ''[[Daphnia magna]]'' and a freshwater jellyfish ''[[Craspedacusta sowerbii]]'',<ref name=parryasgari2019/> suggesting ancient coevolution between animal and flavivirus lineages.<ref name=lensink2022/><ref name=parryasgari2019/> Many of the well-known members of the family causing disease in vertebrates are transmitted via arthropod vectors (ticks and mosquitoes).<ref name=parryasgari2019/><ref name="ICTVReport" /><ref name="ViralZone" />

[[Jingmenvirus]] is a group of unclassified viruses in the family which includes [[Alongshan virus]], Guaico Culex virus, Jingmen tick virus and Mogiana tick virus. These viruses have a segmented genome of 4four or 5five pieces. Two of these segments are derived from flaviviruses.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

A number of viruses may be related to the flaviviruses, but have features that are atypical of the flaviviruses. These include citrus Jingmen-like virus, soybean cyst nematode virus 5, Toxocara canis larva agent, Wuhan cricket virus, and possibly Gentian Kobu-sho-associated virus.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}