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'''Gibeon''' ({{lang-he|{{Script/Hebrew|גִּבְעוֹן}}}}, ''Gīḇəʻōn''; {{lang-grc-gre|Γαβαων}}, ''Gabaōn'')<ref>[[Madaba Map]], 6th cent.</ref> was a [[Canaan|Canaanite]] and later an [[Israelite]] city, which was located north of [[Jerusalem]]. According to {{bibleverse||Joshua|11:19|HE}}, the pre-Israelite-conquest inhabitants, the Gibeonites, were [[Hivites]]; according to {{bibleverse|2|Samuel|21:2|HE}}, they were [[Amorites]]. The remains of Gibeon are located in the southern portion of the [[State of Palestine|Palestinian]] village of [[al-Jib]], [[West Bank]].
==Biblical account==
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====Significance====
{{bibleverse|1|Chronicles|16:39|HE}} suggests that worship before the tabernacle at Gibeon continued alongside worship in Jerusalem after David brought the Ark of the Covenant back there, although "nothing ... is said of this in the Books of Samuel".<ref>Barnes, W. E. (1899), [https://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/1_chronicles/13.htm Cambridge Bible for Schools on 1 Chronicles 13], accessed 22 February 2020</ref> Theologian Hans-Peter Mathys notes, "no other OT book mentions a regular (sacrificial) cult in Gibeon. Its historical authenticity is sometimes supported by the argument that {{bibleverse|1|Kings|3:3|HE}} ("[[Solomon]] ... went to Gibeon to sacrifice there; for that was the great high place; a thousand burnt offerings did Solomon offer upon that altar") confirms its existence and speaks out against it. These four verses, though, were more likely conceived by the Chronicler, [who] ... is at pains to portray an uninterrupted and legitimate (sacrificial) cult spanning the entire period from the desert era (with its tabernacle), including the LORD's residence at Gibeon, right up to Solomon's establishment of the [[Temple of Solomon|temple]] in Jerusalem."<ref>Mathys, H. P., ''1 and 2 Chronicles'' in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), [https://b-ok.org/dl/946961/8f5f43 The Oxford Bible Commentary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122193211/http://b-ok.org/dl/946961/8f5f43 |date=2017-11-22}}, p. 277</ref>
== Later history ==
During the early phases of the [[First Jewish–Roman War]], the Roman governor of Syria, [[Gaius Cestius Gallus (governor of Syria)|Cestius Gallus]], camped in Gibeon while en route to Jerusalem and again during his retreat.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=Guy MacLean |title=For the Freedom of Zion: the Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66-74 CE |date=2021 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-24813-5 |location=New Haven |pages=537}}</ref>
==In Jewish law==
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===Middle Bronze Age===
Permanent settlements in Gibeon appeared in Middle Bronze Age I-II. Many jar handles were stamped with the word gb ̨n(Gibeon). <ref>{{Cite book |last=Laughlin |first=John |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203087657-34/gibeon-el-jib |title=Fifty Major Cities of the Bible |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780203087657}}</ref>
===Late Bronze Age===
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====Wall, pool, and spring tunnel====
[[File:Gibeon spring.jpg|thumb|The spring water at Gibeon]]
During the early [[Iron Age]], a massive wall was constructed around the crown of the hill and a huge pool was [[cut in the living rock]] just inside the wall. In a first phase it was cut with a diameter of 11.8 m to a depth of 10.8 m, with a spiral staircase of 79 steps cut into the walls of the pool, and in a second phase a tunnel was added that continues downwards to a water chamber 24 m below the level of the city. It is possible, but cannot be proven, that this structure is the "[[pool of Gibeon]]" of {{bibleverse|2 Samuel|2:13|KJV}}. Later in the Iron Age, another tunnel of 93 steps was constructed to a better water source{{dubious|Source = spring, right? A pool (the old water source) is not a spring; this one is, or so it seems.|date=March 2021}} below the city starting from a point near the pool. A second access point to this source from the base of the hill is still in use today.<ref name=pritchard62/><ref name=newencyc/>
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