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The oldest definitive insect fossil is the [[Devonian]] ''[[Rhyniognatha|Rhyniognatha hirsti'']], from the 396 million year old<ref>{{cite journal|author=Rice, C. M., Ashcroft, W. A., Batten, D. J., Boyce, A. J., Caulfield, J. B. D., Fallick, A. E., Hole, M. J., Jones, E., Pearson, M. J., Rogers, G., Saxton, J. M., Stuart, F. M., Trewin, N. H. & Turner, G.|year=1995|title=A Devonian auriferous hot spring system, Rhynie, Scotland|journal=Journal of the Geological Society, London|volume=152|pages=229–250|doi=10.1144/gsjgs.152.2.0229}}</ref> [[Rhynie chert]]. This species already possessed dicondylic mandibles, a feature associated with winged insects, suggesting that wings may already have evolved at this time. Thus, the first insects probably appeared earlier, in the [[Silurian]] period.<ref name="EngelGrim">{{cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v427/n6975/full/nature02291.html|last=Engel|first=Michael S. |coauthors=David A. Grimaldi|year=2004|title=New light shed on the oldest insect|journal=Nature|volume=427|pages=627–630|doi=10.1038/nature02291}}</ref>
 
The origins of [[insect flight]] remain obscure, since the earliest winged insects currently known appear to have been capable fliers. Some extinct insects had an additional pair of winglets attaching to the first segment of the thorax, for a total of three pairs. So far, there is nothing that suggests that the insects were a particularly successful group of animals before they got their wings.