Internet in the United Kingdom: Difference between revisions

After meeting with Licklider in 1965, Donald Davies conceived the idea of [[packet switching]] for data communications.<ref name="Roberts1978">{{cite web|url=http://www.packet.cc/files/ev-packet-sw.html|title=The Evolution of Packet Switching|last1=Roberts|first1=Dr. Lawrence G.|date=November 1978|access-date=5 September 2017|quote=Almost immediately after the 1965 meeting, Donald Davies conceived of the details of a store-and-forward packet switching system|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324033133/http://www.packet.cc/files/ev-packet-sw.html|archive-date=24 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Roberts1995">{{cite web|url=http://www.packet.cc/files/arpanet-computernet.html|title=The ARPANET & Computer Networks|last1=Roberts|first1=Dr. Lawrence G.|date=May 1995|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324032800/http://www.packet.cc/files/arpanet-computernet.html|archive-date=24 March 2016|access-date=13 April 2016}}</ref> He proposed a commercial national data network and developed plans to implement the concept in a local area network, the [[NPL network]], which operated from 1969 to 1986.<ref name=":72">{{Cite conference |last=Scantlebury |first=Roger |last2=Wilkinson |first2=Peter |last3=Barber |first3=Derek |date=2001 |title=NPL, Packet Switching and the Internet |url=http://www.topquark.co.uk/conf/IAP2001.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030807200346/http://www.topquark.co.uk/conf/IAP2001.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-08-07 |conference=Symposium of the Institution of Analysts & Programmers 2001 |access-date=2024-06-13 |quote=The system first went 'live' early in 1969 |website=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barber |first1=Derek |date=Spring 1993 |title=The Origins of Packet Switching |url=http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res05.htm#f |journal=The Bulletin of the Computer Conservation Society |issue=5 |issn=0958-7403 |access-date=6 September 2017}}</ref> He and his team, including Derek Barber and [[Roger Scantlebury]], carried out work to analyse and simulate the performance of packet switching networks, including [[datagram]] networks.<ref name="Hempstead2005">{{cite book |author1=C. Hempstead |url=https://archive.org/details/EncyclopediaOf20thCenturyTechnologyAZMalestrom/page/n621/mode/2up?q=packet+switching |title=Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology |author2=W. Worthington |date=2005 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-135-45551-4 |pages=573–5}}</ref><ref name="Pelkey">{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Book/6/6.3-CYCLADESNetworkLouisPouzin1-72.html|title=Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988|last=Pelkey|first=James|chapter=6.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971–1972|access-date=3 February 2020|archive-date=17 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617093154/https://www.historyofcomputercommunications.info/Book/6/6.3-CYCLADESNetworkLouisPouzin1-72.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Their research and practice was adopted by the [[ARPANET]] in the United States, the forerunner of the Internet, and influenced other researchers in Europe, including [[Louis Pouzin]], and Japan.<ref name="Gillies2000">{{cite book|last1=Gillies|first1=James|last2=Cailliau|first2=Robert|title=How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-286207-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/howwebwasbornsto00gill/page/25 25]|url=https://archive.org/details/howwebwasbornsto00gill|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Isaacson2014">{{cite book|last1=Isaacson|first1=Walter|title=The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution|date=2014|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-1-4767-0869-0|page=237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4V9koAEACAAJ&pg=PA237}}</ref><ref name="frs2">{{Cite journal |last1=Needham |first1=R. M. |author-link=Roger Needham |year=2002 |title=Donald Watts Davies, C.B.E. 7 June 1924 – 28 May 2000 |journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] |volume=48 |pages=87–96 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.2002.0006 |s2cid=72835589 |quote=The 1967 Gatlinburg paper was influential on the development of ARPAnet, which might otherwise have been built with less extensible technology. ... In 1969 Davies was invited to Japan to lecture on packet switching. He gave what must have been a quite gruelling series of nine three-hour lectures, concluding with an intense discussion with around 80 people.}}</ref>

The specification of the [[Transmission Control Program]] was developed in the U.S. in 1974 through research funded and led by [[DARPA]] and [[Stanford University]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1974 |title=Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program |url=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc675/}}</ref> The following year, testing began with concurrent implementations at University College London, Stanford University, and [[Bolt Beranek & Newman|BBN]].<ref name=":32">{{cite web|author1=by Vinton Cerf, as told to Bernard Aboba|date=1993|title=How the Internet Came to Be|url=http://elk.informatik.hs-augsburg.de/tmp/cdrom-oss/CerfHowInternetCame2B.html|access-date=25 September 2017|quote=We began doing concurrent implementations at Stanford, BBN, and University College London. So effort at developing the Internet protocols was international from the beginning. ... Mar '82 - Norway leaves the ARPANET and become an Internet connection via TCP/IP over SATNET. Nov '82 - UCL leaves the ARPANET and becomes an Internet connection.|archive-date=26 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926042220/http://elk.informatik.hs-augsburg.de/tmp/cdrom-oss/CerfHowInternetCame2B.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> UCL played a significant role in the very earliest experimental Internet work. [[Sylvia Wilbur]] programmed the computer used as the local [[Node (networking)|node]] for the network at UCL and was "probably one of the first people in this country ever to send an email, back in 1974".<ref name="abbate">{{citation|url=https://ethw.org/Oral-History:Silvia_Wilbur|title=Silvia Wilbur|work=IEEE History Center Interview #634|first=Janet|last=Abbate|authorlink=Janet Abbate|publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]]|date=April 2001}}</ref> Kirstein co-authored with Vint Cerf one of the most significant early technical papers on the [[internetworking]] concept in 1978.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Cerf | first1 = V. G. | last2 = Kirstein | first2 = P. T. | doi = 10.1109/PROC.1978.11147 | title = Issues in packet-network interconnection | journal = Proceedings of the IEEE | volume = 66 | issue = 11 | pages = 1386 | year = 1978 | s2cid = 27658511 }}</ref> Further work was done by researchers at the [[Information Sciences Institute]] (ISI), at the [[University of Southern California]].<ref name=":33">[http://mercury.lcs.mit.edu/~jnc/plaque.html "Stanford University 'Birth of the Internet' Plaque"], web page, J. Noel Chiappa, Laboratory for Computer Science, MIT</ref>{{Refnefn|See also the ''Final Report of the Stanford University TCP project'', {{Cite IETF|ien=151}}, written by Cerf in 1980. This was originally, in TCP version 2 in 1977 (IEN5), to be entitled "Final Report of the Internetwork TCP Project" and to be written by Cerf [Stanford], Stephen Edge [UCL], Andrew Hinchley [UCL], Richard Karp [Stanford], [[Peter T. Kirstein]] [UCL], and [[Paal Spilling]] [NDRE]. This title was carried over into version 3 (IEN21) and into the list of references in version 4 but the present title was adopted in the preface (IEN55).|name=note1|group=nb}} Kirstein's research group at UCL adopted [[TCP/IP]] in November 1982, ahead of ARPANET.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Olivier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eTRYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT17 |title=The "Hidden" Prehistory of European Research Networking |date=2012 |publisher=Trafford Publishing |isbn=978-1-4669-3872-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |author=Cade Metz |date=25 December 2012 |title=How the Queen of England Beat Everyone to the Internet |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/12/queen-and-the-internet/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719055501/http://www.wired.com/2012/12/queen-and-the-internet/ |archive-date=19 July 2014 |access-date=27 June 2014 |magazine=Wired Magazine}}</ref>

Building on the work of [[James H. Ellis]] in the late 1960s, [[Clifford Cocks]] and [[Malcolm J. Williamson|Malcolm Williamson]] invented a [[public-key cryptography]] algorithm in 1973.<ref name="zdnet">{{cite web |last=Espiner |first=Tom |date=26 October 2010 |title=GCHQ pioneers on birth of public key crypto |url=httphttps://www.zdnet.com/article/gchq-pioneers-on-birth-of-public-key-crypto/ |website=www.zdnet.com[[ZDNet]]}}</ref> An equivalent algorithm was later independently invented in 1977 in the United States by [[Ron Rivest]], [[Adi Shamir]] and [[Leonard Adleman]]. The [[RSA (algorithm)|RSA algorithm]] became central to security on the Internet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=British Document Outlines Early Encryption Discovery|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/cyber/week/122497encrypt.html|access-date=2021-05-12|website=archive.nytimes.com|quote=The set of algorithms, equations and arcane mathematics that make up public key cryptography are a crucial technology for preserving computer privacy in and making commerce possible on the Internet. Some hail its discovery as one of the most important accomplishments of 20th-century mathematics because it allows two people to set up a secure phone call without meeting beforehand. Without it, there would be no privacy in cyberspace.}}</ref>