Internet in the United Kingdom: Difference between revisions

The UK has been involved in the research and development of [[packet switching]], [[communication protocol]]s, and [[internetworking]] since their origins.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campbell-Kelly |first=Martin |date=1987 |title=Data Communications at the National Physical Laboratory (1965-1975) |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4640566 |journal=Annals of the History of Computing |volume=9 |issue=3/4 |pages=221–247 |doi=10.1109/MAHC.1987.10023 |s2cid=8172150 |issn=0164-1239}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Ed |last2=Miller |first2=Chris |last3=Norton |first3=Jim |date=2017 |title=Packet Switching: The first steps on the road to the information society |url=https://www.npl.co.uk/getattachment/about-us/History/Famous-faces/Donald-Davies/UK-role-in-Packet-Switching-(1).pdf.aspx?lang=en-GB |access-date= |website=National Physical Laboratory}}</ref> The development of these technologies was international from the beginning.<ref>{{cite web |author1=by Vinton Cerf, as told to Bernard Aboba |date=1993 |title=How the Internet Came to Be |url=http://elk.informatik.hs-augsburg.de/tmp/cdrom-oss/CerfHowInternetCame2B.html |access-date=25 September 2017 |quote=We began doing concurrent implementations at Stanford, BBN, and University College London. So effort at developing the Internet protocols was international from the beginning. |archive-date=26 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926042220/http://elk.informatik.hs-augsburg.de/tmp/cdrom-oss/CerfHowInternetCame2B.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hauben |first1=Ronda |date=1 May 2004 |title=The Internet: On its International Origins and Collaborative Vision A Work In-Progress |url=http://www.columbia.edu/~rh120/other/misc/haubenpap.rtf |access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> While the research and development that led to the [[Internet protocol suite]] (and the early infrastructure and governance of the Internet) was driven and funded by the United States,<ref>{{cite news |date=15 February 2016 |title=BT ad gets into a muddle about the internet's origins |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-35579225 |access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> it also involved and applied the work of British (and French) researchers. In particular, [[Donald Davies]] independently invented and pioneered packet switching and associated communication protocols at the [[National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)|National Physical Laboratory]] starting in 1965 and internetworking was pioneered by [[Peter T. Kirstein|Peter Kirstein]] at [[University College London]] beginning in 1973 (with new concepts for internetworking being pioneered by [[Louis Pouzin]] in France, beginning around the same time).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sri.com/newsroom/press-releases/computer-history-museum-sri-international-and-bbn-celebrate-40th-anniversary|title=The Computer History Museum, SRI International, and BBN Celebrate the 40th Anniversary of First ARPANET Transmission, Precursor to Today's Internet|date=27 October 2009|publisher=SRI International|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329134941/https://www.sri.com/newsroom/press-releases/computer-history-museum-sri-international-and-bbn-celebrate-40th-anniversary|archive-date=29 March 2019|access-date=25 September 2017|quote=But the ARPANET itself had now become an island, with no links to the other networks that had sprung up. By the early1970s, researchers in France, the UK, and the U.S. began developing ways of connecting networks to each other, a process known as internetworking.}}</ref><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jun/25/internet-pioneers-airbrushed-from-history|title=''Internet pioneers airbrushed from history''|last=Scantlebury|first=Roger|date=25 June 2013|work=The Guardian|access-date=1 August 2015|postscript=none}}; {{Cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/letter/mg24532640-100-how-we-nearly-invented-the-internet-in-the-uk/|title=How we nearly invented the internet in the UK {{!}} New Scientist|website=www.newscientist.com|access-date=2020-02-07}}</ref>