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The hadiths are attributed reports, and are not universally accepted by Muslims, unlike the Qur’an. Tags: Reverted Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
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'''Islam''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|s|l|ɑː|m}}; {{lang-ar|ۘالِإسْلَام}}, {{Transliteration|ar|al-ʾIslām}} {{IPA-ar|ʔɪsˈlæːm||ar-islam.ogg|}}, {{Translation|"Submission to the will of [[God in Islam|God]]"}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Islam {{!}} Religion, Beliefs, Practices, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haywood |first=John |title=Historical Atlas of the Medieval World (AD 600 - 1492) |publisher=Barnes & Noble, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=0-7607-1975-6 |edition=1st |location=Spain |pages=3.13 |language=en}}</ref> is an [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic]] [[Monotheism|monotheistic]] [[religion]] centered on the [[Quran]] and the teachings of [[Muhammad]].<ref>Esposito, John L. 2009. "Islam." In ''{{Doi-inline|10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001|''The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World''}}'', edited by J. L. Esposito. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-19-530513-5}}. (See also: [https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100012298 quick reference].) "Profession of Faith...affirms Islam's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of Allah, the last and final prophet."</ref><ref name="OEIW-allah2">Peters, F. E. 2009. "Allāh." In {{Doi-inline|10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001|''The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World''}}, edited by J. L. Esposito. Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-19-530513-5}}. (See also: [https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095403960 quick reference].) "[T]he Muslims' understanding of Allāh is based...on the Qurʿān's public witness. Allāh is Unique, the Creator, Sovereign, and Judge of mankind. It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets, Abraham, with whom he made his covenant, Moses/Moosa, Jesus/Eesa, and Muḥammad, through all of whom he founded his chosen communities, the 'Peoples of the Book.{{'"}}</ref> Adherents of Islam, called [[Muslims]],<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20190913192608/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/muslim Muslim]." ''[[Lexico]]''. UK: [[Oxford University Press]]. 2020.</ref> number approximately [[Islam by country|2 billion globally]] and are the [[Major religious groups|world's second-largest religious population]] after [[Christians]].<ref name="pewresearch.org">{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/ | title=Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world | date=9 August 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/muslim-population-by-country |title=Muslim Population By Country 2021 |website=World Population Review |access-date=22 July 2021 }}</ref><ref name="Pew2">{{cite web |date=2 April 2015 |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050 |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2010/number/all/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615053333/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/2010/number/all/ |archive-date=15 June 2020 |access-date=5 May 2020 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=NW |first1=1615 L. St |last2=Suite 800Washington |last3=Inquiries |first3=DC 20036USA202-419-4300 {{!}} Main202-857-8562 {{!}} Fax202-419-4372 {{!}} Media |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref>
Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a [[Fitra|primordial faith]] that was revealed many times through earlier prophets such as [[Adam in Islam|Adam]] (believed to be the first man), [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]], [[Moses in Islam|Moses]], and [[Jesus in Islam|Isa (Jesus)]], among others;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reeves |first=J. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC |title=Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in scriptural intertextuality |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2004 |isbn=90-04-12726-7 |location=[[Leiden]] |page=177}}</ref> these earlier [[Islamic holy books|revelation]]s are attributed to [[Judaism]] and [[Christianity]], which are regarded in Islam as [[People of the Book|spiritual predecessor faiths]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Connections . Religion {{!}} PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/mideast/themes/religion/index.html |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> Muslims consider the Quran to be the verbatim word of [[God in Islam|God]] and the unaltered, final revelation.{{sfnp|Bennett|2010|p=101}} Alongside the Qur'an, Muslims also believe in the previous revelations, such as the [[Tawrat]], the [[Zabur]] ([[Psalms]]), and the [[Injeel]] ([[Gospel]]). They also consider [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] as the main and [[Seal of the Prophets|final Islamic prophet]], through whom the religion was completed. The attributed reports of the teachings and normative example of Muhammad, called the [[sunnah]], documented in accounts called the [[hadith]], provide a constitutional model for most Muslims.<ref>{{cite book |last=Goldman |first=Elizabeth |title=Believers: Spiritual Leaders of the World |date=1995 |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-508240-1|page=63}}</ref> Islam teaches that God ([[God in Islam|Allah]]) is [[Tawhid|one and incomparable]].{{sfnp|Campo|2009|p=34|loc="Allah"}} It states that there will be a "[[Last Judgment|Final Judgment]]" wherein the righteous will be rewarded in [[paradise]] ([[Jannah]]) and the unrighteous will be punished in [[hell]] ([[Jahannam]]).<ref>{{cite web |editor-link=John Esposito|editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John L. |title=Eschatology |work=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e588 |url-access=subscription |via=Oxford Islamic Studies Online}}</ref> The [[Five Pillars of Islam|Five Pillars]]—considered [[Fard|obligatory]] acts of worship—comprise the Islamic [[oath]] and [[creed]] ([[shahada]]); daily [[prayer]]s ([[salah]]); [[alms]]giving ([[zakat]]); [[Fasting in Islam|fasting]] ([[Fasting in Islam|sawm]]) in the month of [[Ramadan]]; and a pilgrimage ([[Hajj]]) to [[Mecca]].<ref name=":1" /> Islamic law, [[sharia]], touches on virtually every aspect of life, from [[Islamic banking and finance|banking and finance]] and [[Zakat|welfare]] to [[Gender roles in Islam|men's]] and [[Women in Islam|women's roles]] and the [[Islamic ethics#Environmentalism|environment]].<ref name=":15">{{cite web |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/sharia|title=sharia |website=Lexico|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122164555/https://www.lexico.com/definition/sharia|archive-date=22 January 2020}}</ref>{{sfnp|Esposito|2002b|pp=17, 111–112, 118}} Prominent [[religious festival]]s include [[Eid al-Fitr]], and [[Eid al-Adha]]. The [[holiest sites in Islam|three holiest sites in Islam]] in descending order are [[Masjid al-Haram]] in Mecca, [[Al-Masjid an-Nabawi]] in [[Medina]], and [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] in [[Jerusalem]].<ref>[[Yaroslav Trofimov|Trofimov, Yaroslav]]. 2008. ''The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine''. [[Knopf]]. New York. {{ISBN|978-0-307-47290-8}}. p. 79.</ref>
The religion of Islam originated in Mecca about 610 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=AQUZ6BGyohQC|page=5}} |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=2003 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |isbn=978-0-415-17587-6 |pages=5}}</ref> In 610 CE, Muslims believe Muhammad began receiving revelation.<ref name="610CE">{{harvc |c=Muhammad |in=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online |year=n.d. |last2=Welch |first2=A.T. |last1=Buhl |first1=F.}}</ref> By the time of his death, most of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] had [[Conversion to Islam|converted to Islam]].<ref name="610CE"/> Muslim rule expanded outside Arabia under the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] and the subsequent [[Umayyad Caliphate]] ruled from the [[Al-Andalus|Iberian Peninsula]] to the [[Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent|Indus Valley]]. In the [[Islamic Golden Age]], mostly during the reign of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]], much of the [[Muslim world]] experienced a [[Science in the medieval Islamic world|scientific]], [[History of Islamic economics|economic]] and [[Islamic culture|cultural flourishing]].<ref>[[George Saliba|Saliba, George]]. 1994. ''A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam''. New York: [[New York University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-8147-8023-7}}. pp. 245, 250, 256–57.</ref> The [[Spread of Islam|expansion]] of the Muslim world involved [[List of Muslim states and dynasties|various states and caliphates]] as well as extensive trade and religious conversion as a result of [[Islamic missionary activity|Islamic missionary activities]] ([[dawah]]),{{sfnp|Arnold|1896|pp=125–258}} and through [[Early Muslim conquests|conquests]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Da'wa: A Global History of Islamic Missionary Thought and Practice|first=Matthew|last=J. Kuiper|year= 2021| isbn=9781351510721| page =85|publisher=Edinburgh University Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lapidus|first=Ira M.|author-link=Ira M. Lapidus|title = A History of Islamic Societies|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-0-521-51430-9|pages=60–61}}</ref>
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