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{{Short description|Overview of the Italian language in Canada}}
The '''Italian language in Canada''' has been widespread since the 19th century, particularly due to [[Italian diaspora|Italian emigration]]. According to the [[Canada 2021 Census|2021 Census of Canada]], 1,546,390 Canadians (4.3% of the total population) claimed [[Italian Canadians|full or partial Italian ancestry]],<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810033801|title=Ethnic or cultural origin by generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=2022-10-26|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=2022-10-26|archive-date=2022-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026151326/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810033801|url-status=live}}</ref> and Italian is the ninth most widely spoken language in Canada with 547,655 speakers, as well as 319,505 [[Demolinguistic descriptors used in Canada#Mother tongue|mother tongue]] speakers.<ref name=2021lang/> Italian is also being learned as a foreign language in Canada by 37,375 students as of 2019.<ref>Ministero degli Affari esteri, Rapporto diffusione italiano – 2019, p.19.</ref>
== History of Italian immigration to Canada ==
{{main|Italian Canadians}}
Immediately after the [[unification of Italy]], it experienced the phenomenon of emigration on a massive scale. While until that time the migratory destinations had been mostly European, starting in the second half of the 19th century [[Transatlantic migration|transatlantic emigration]] to the Americas emerged, in the direction of lands that became typical destinations for Italians.<ref name="Troilo">{{Harvtxt|Troilo|2011|ref=Troilo 2011|p=2}}</ref> The first immigrants, most of whom came from [[Basilicata]], Sicily, [[Apulia]], Piedmont, [[Lazio]], Abruzzo and [[Molise]], settled in Canadian lands in isolation; they were mostly single men who had left their country of origin due to population growth, lack of work and high taxation, intending to return soon.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Troilo|2011|ref=Troilo 2011|p=3}}</ref>
By the 1880s Canada was a booming country in need of major infrastructure works that could improve transportation and communication between the vast areas of its territory. Dating back to these years was the construction of major railroad and canal sections that generated a growing demand for labor. The number of Italians moved to Canada for the construction of the Canadian railway, the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]],<ref>{{Harvtxt|Scarfi|2011|ref=Scarfi 2011|p=46}}</ref> in the 1881 census amounted to 1,849 citizens.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Cameron|2004|ref=Cameron 2004|p=73}}</ref> Around the turn of the century, there was a further growth in the number of Italians in Canada, with a change in the migratory flows, consisting not only of adult men between the ages of twenty and forty-five, but also of women and children. From 1900 to 1913, although in smaller numbers than in the United States, Brazil and Argentina, Canada welcomed about 60,000 Italians, mostly from the south ([[Calabria]], Abruzzo, [[Molise]] and [[Campania]]) and the northeast ([[Veneto]] and [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]]) who went to settle not only in the industrial hubs in [[Ontario]], Toronto and [[Ottawa]], but also in small towns.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Troilo|2011|ref=Troilo 2011|pp=4–5}}</ref> Among them, the following cities have a significant presence of the Italian community even today: [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]], [[Guelph]], [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]] and [[Thunder Bay]].<ref name=1996cen/>
These years also saw the birth of the so-called ''[[Little Italy|Little Italies]]'',<ref name="Franzina">{{Harvtxt|Franzina|1989|ref=Franzina 1989|p=3}}</ref> neighborhoods with a strong Italian presence. Within these cities there was a move away from the typical occupations required of Italians, namely those of laborer and factory worker: Italians had the opportunity to open small businesses and practice the trades that had been learned in their countries of origin. Many of them became barbers, shoe repairers, grocers, fruit vendors and bakers. These stores thus began to characterize the appearance of Italian neighborhoods. There soon developed what is called a "migratory chain,"(MacDonald and MacDonald, 1964)<ref>A concept initially defined to describe Italian emigration to Australia and subsequently used for all migratory phenomena.</ref> that is, emigrants who arrived in the great oceanic country generally went to form homogeneous aggregates according to the geographical area of origin, creating a network of solidarity and economic, linguistic and social support.<ref name="Audenino&Tirabassi">{{Harvtxt|Audenino|Tirabassi|ref=Audenino e Tirabassi 2008|2008|pp=43–48}}</ref> Thus migrants from the same region, and often even the same municipality, went to live in the same cities, the same neighborhoods, even the same streets. Migrants learned about opportunities, methods of travel, obtained employment and housing through social relations with those in the land of destination.
The migration "boom" from Italy to Canada occurred from the end of World War II and involved to a greater extent those from [[Lazio]], Abruzzo, [[Friuli]], Veneto, [[Campania]], Calabria and [[Sicily]]. There were also numerous Italians from [[Istria]] and [[Dalmatia]] who emigrated to Canada as a result of the Julian-Dalmatian exodus (also known as the [[Istrian exodus]]). Between the early 1950s and the mid-1960s, approximately 20,000 to 30,000 Italians immigrated to Canada each year,<ref name=pier/><ref name="troilo">{{Harvtxt|Troilo|ref=Troilo 2011|2011|p= 11}}</ref> surpassing those who went to the United States during the same period.<ref name="Gabaccia">{{Harvtxt|Gabaccia|ref=Gabaccia 2009|2009}}</ref> In the late 1960s, the Italian economy experienced a [[Italian economic miracle|period of growth and recovery]], removing one of the primary incentives for emigration.<ref name=pier>{{cite web|url=http://www.pier21.ca/culture-trunks/italy/history|title=History – Pier 21|website=www.pier21.ca|access-date=2017-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721010049/http://www.pier21.ca/culture-trunks/italy/history|archive-date=2017-07-21|url-status=live}}</ref> 90 percent of the Italians who immigrated to Canada after World War II remained in Canada, and decades after that period, the community still had fluency in the Italian language.<ref name=Stanger-Rossp90>Stanger-Ross, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tjFrv_4PmdcC&pg=PA30 30].</ref>
In 2019, Canada received the 11th highest number of Italian emigrants, and among non-European countries was the fourth highest after Brazil, the United States and Australia.<ref>''Rapporto Italiani nel Mondo-2019'', Fondazione Migrantes della Conferenza Episcopale Italiana. Available at [https://www.migrantes.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2019/10/Sintesi_RIM2019.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410190451/https://www.migrantes.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2019/10/Sintesi_RIM2019.pdf|date=2020-04-10}}</ref> Compared to the past, the skills of migrants have changed as today there are many researchers, skilled workers and entrepreneurs. In 2018, more than half of the Italian citizens who moved abroad (53 percent) had medium-high educational qualifications: 33,000 high school graduates and 29,000 college graduates.<ref>''Italia, in 10 anni espatriati oltre 180 mila laureati'', in ''L'economia'', 16 dicembre 2019.</ref><ref>Report Istat, ''Aumentano gli italiani che si trasferiscono all'estero, diminuiscono le immigrazioni'' [https://www.istat.it/it/files/2019/12/REPORT_migrazioni_2018.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213155621/https://www.istat.it/it/files/2019/12/REPORT_migrazioni_2018.pdf|date=2024-02-13}}.</ref> Highly qualified people are in demand in Canada in areas that are lacking in the territory, particularly in information and communication technologies.<ref name="Avveduto">{{Harvtxt|Avveduto|ref=Avveduto 2004|2004|p=14}}</ref>
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Italian immigrant population in Canada
|-
!Year
!Population
!% of immigrants
!% of Canadian
|-
| 1986<ref name=1996cen/>
| align="right" |366
| align="right" |9
| align="right" |1
|-
| 1991<ref name=
| align="right" |351
| align="right" |8
| align="right" |1
|-
| 1996<ref name=1996cen>[https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census96/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=1192&PRID=0&PTYPE=89103&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=5&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= Immigrant Population by Selected Places of Birth (84) and Sex (3), for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas, 1986–1996 Censuses (20% Sample Data)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322035831/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census96/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=1192&PRID=0&PTYPE=89103&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=5&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |date=2021-03-22 }}, [[Canada 1996 Census|1996 Census of Canada]]</ref>
| align="right" |332
| align="right" |6
| align="right" |1
|-
| 2001<ref>[https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=62125&PRID=0&PTYPE=55430,53293,55440,55496,71090&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2001&THEME=43&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=
| align="right" |315
| align="right" |5
| align="right" |1
|-
| 2006<ref>
| align="right" |296
| align="right" |4
| align="right" |0
|-
| 2011<ref>
| align="right" |260
| align="right" |3
| align="right" |0
|-
| 2016<ref name=2016imm>{{cite web
| align="right" |236
| align="right" |3
| align="right" |0
|-
| 2021<ref name=2021imm>{{cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810030701|title=Immigrant status and period of immigration by place of birth: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions|website=[[Statistics Canada]]|date=26 October 2022|access-date=2022-10-26|archive-date=2022-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026123851/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810030701|url-status=live}}</ref>
| align="right" |204,070
| align="right" |2.4%
| align="right" |0.6%
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Italian citizens residing abroad in Canada (AIRE)
|-
!Year
!Population
!% of total immigrants<br>abroad in Canada
|-
| 2012<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 May 2015 |title=Numero iscritti suddivisi per ripartizioni estere |url=http://servizidemografici.interno.it/it/content/statistiche-aire-anno-2012 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021202/http://servizidemografici.interno.it/it/content/statistiche-aire-anno-2012 |url-status=live }}<!-- auto-translated from Italian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
| align="right" |137,045
| align="right" |3.1%
|-
| 2016<ref>[http://ucs.interno.gov.it/FILES/AllegatiPag/1263/INT00041_Anagrafe_Italiani_estero_AIRE_ed_2017.pdf Censimento AIRE 2016] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911225226/http://ucs.interno.gov.it/FILES/AllegatiPag/1263/INT00041_Anagrafe_Italiani_estero_AIRE_ed_2017.pdf |date=11 settembre 2018 }}.</ref>
| align="right" |141,203
| align="right" |2.8%
|-
| 2017<ref>[http://ucs.interno.gov.it/files/allegatipag/1263/int_00041_anagrafe_degli_italiani_residenti_all_estero_-aire-_2018.pdf Censimento AIRE 2017] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027151945/https://ucs.interno.gov.it/FILES/AllegatiPag/1263/Int_00041_ANAGRAFE_DEGLI_ITALIANI_RESIDENTI_ALL_ESTERO_-AIRE-_2018.pdf |date=2023-10-27 }}.</ref>
| align="right" |140,633
| align="right" |2.7%
|-
| 2022<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2024-02-10 |title=Anagrafe degli italiani residenti all'estero (A.I.R.E.) – INT00041 ed 2023 |url=https://ucs.interno.gov.it/ucs/contenuti/Anagrafe_degli_italiani_residenti_all_estero_a.i.r.e._int_00041-8067961.htm |archive-date=2022-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120105405/http://ucs.interno.gov.it/ucs/contenuti/Anagrafe_degli_italiani_residenti_all_estero_a.i.r.e._int_00041-8067961.htm |url-status=live }}<!-- auto-translated from Italian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
| align="right" |142,996
| align="right" |2.4%
|}
{{-}}
{{col-end}}
== Use of the language ==
In 1991, Italian was the unofficial language with the most mother tongue speakers at 449,660, ahead of German and Chinese.<ref name=1991c/> As of the 2021 Canadian census, of the 1,546,390 Italian Canadians, 319,505 claim Italian as their [[Demolinguistic descriptors used in Canada#Mother tongue|mother tongue]].<ref name=2021lang/> Italian is the ninth most widely spoken language in Canada with 547,655 speakers.<ref name=2021know/> There has been an overall decline in the use of the Italian language since 2001.
As of the 2021 census, the majority of Italian mother tongue speakers live in the [[Greater Toronto Area]] (125,895; 39.4%) or the [[Greater Montreal Area]] (87,565; 27.4%).<ref name=2021lang/>
Data from 2011 on the use of Italian by young Italian-Montrealese in the family context report that "38% of them speak Italian, solely or in combination with other languages, in interactions with their mothers and 34
According to Bruno Villata, Italian:
Line 94 ⟶ 102:
* is spoken mostly by older people;
* is no longer employed to transmit knowledge;
* enjoys little prestige among young people because they perceive it as belonging to the past.<ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Italian mother tongue speakers in Canada
|-
!Year
!Population
!
!% of all language mother tongue<br>speakers in Canada
!% of Italian Canadians
!Total % change
|-
| 1991<ref
| align="right" |449,660
| align="right" |12
| align="right" |1
| align="right" |39.2%
|N/A
|-
| 1996<ref>[https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census96/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=1199&PRID=0&PTYPE=89103&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=6&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= Population by Mother Tongue (27), Showing Age Groups (13)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322035832/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census96/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=1199&PRID=0&PTYPE=89103&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=6&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |date=2021-03-22 }}, [[Canada 1996 Census|1996 Census of Canada]]</ref>
| align="right" |484
| align="right" |10
| align="right" |1
| align="right" |40.1%
|{{change|484,500|449,660|dec=1|align=right|invert=on|disp=out}}
|-
| 2001<ref>[https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=55542&PRID=0&PTYPE=55430,53293,55440,55496,71090&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2001&THEME=41&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= Population by Mother Tongue (27), Showing Age Groups (13)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322035832/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=55542&PRID=0&PTYPE=55430%2C53293%2C55440%2C55496%2C71090&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2001&THEME=41&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |date=2021-03-22 }}, [[Canada 2001 Census|2001 Census of Canada]]</ref>
| align="right" |469
| align="right" |9
| align="right" |1
| align="right" |37.0%
|{{change|469,485|484,500|dec=1|align=right|invert=on|disp=out}}
|-
| 2006<ref>[https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=89199&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=701&Temporal=2006&THEME=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= Population by Mother Tongue (27), Showing Age Groups (13)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701114242/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=89199&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=701&Temporal=2006&THEME=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|date=2013-07-01}}, [[Canada 2006 Census|2006 Census of Canada]]</ref>
| align="right" |455
| align="right" |7
| align="right" |1
| align="right" |31.5%
|{{change|455,040|469,485|dec=1|align=right|invert=on|disp=out}}
|-
| 2011<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1#Note20 |title=Census Profile – Province/Territory, Note 20 |date=8 February 2012 |access-date=2020-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516201615/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1#Note20 |archive-date=2016-05-16 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| align="right" |407
| align="right" |6
| align="right" |1
| align="right" |27.4%
|{{change|407,485|455,040|dec=1|align=right|invert=on|disp=out}}
|-
| 2016<ref name=2016lang>{{Cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census – Canada|date=August 2, 2017|website=Statistics Canada|access-date=January 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015095154/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1|archive-date=October 15, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
| align="right" |375
| align="right" |5
| align="right" |1
| align="right" |23.7%
|{{change|375,645|407,485|dec=1|align=right|invert=on|disp=out}}
|-
| 2021<ref name=2021lang>{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1,2,3&STATISTICList=1&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada|title=Census Profile, 2021 Census – Canada|date=August 17, 2017|website=Statistics Canada|access-date=August 17, 2022|archive-date=October 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027195802/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D|url-status=live}}</ref>
| align="right" |319,505
| align="right" |4.1%
| align="right" |0.9%
| align="right" |20.7%
|{{change|319,505|375,645|dec=1|align=right|invert=on|disp=out}}
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Knowledge of the Italian language in Canada
|-
!Year
!Population
|-
| 1991<ref>{{Cite web |title=Topic-based tabulation:L9105 – Population Able to Speak Various Non-official Languages (11), Showing Age Groups (13b) – Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions | date=21 August 2018 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census91/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=58&PRID=0&PTYPE=4&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=1991&THEME=110&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322035831/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census91/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=97&PRID=0&PTYPE=4&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=1991&THEME=110&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |archive-date=March 22, 2021}}</ref>
| align="right" |701,910
|-
| 1996<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Able to Speak Various Non-official Languages (73), Showing Age Groups (13A) and Sex (3), for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 1996 Census (20% Sample Data) | date=3 March 1998 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census96/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=13637&PRID=0&PTYPE=89103&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=6&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120013044/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census96/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=13637&PRID=0&PTYPE=89103&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=6&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |archive-date=November 20, 2022}}</ref>
| align="right" |694,125
|-
| 2001<ref>[https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=55542&PRID=0&PTYPE=55430,53293,55440,55496,71090&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2001&THEME=41&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= Population by Mother Tongue (27), Showing Age Groups (13)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322035832/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=55542&PRID=0&PTYPE=55430%2C53293%2C55440%2C55496%2C71090&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2001&THEME=41&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |date=2021-03-22 }} [[Canada 2001 Census|2001 Census of Canada]]</ref>
| align="right" |680,970
|-
| 2006<ref>[https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=89189&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=705&Temporal=2006&THEME=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= Population by Mother Tongue (27), Showing Age Groups (13)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025633/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=89189&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=705&Temporal=2006&THEME=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|date=2023-03-26}} Various Languages Spoken (147), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data, [[Canada 2006 Census|2006 Census of Canada]]</ref>
| align="right" |660,945
|-
| 2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census Profile – Province/Territory, Note 20 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=Non-official%20language&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107050543/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=Non-official%20language&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |archive-date=January 7, 2019}}</ref>
| align="right" |595,600
|-
| 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/lang/index-eng.cfm|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census – Canada|date=August 2, 2017|website=Statistics Canada|access-date=January 4, 2020|url-status=live|archive-date=February 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214194405/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/lang/index-eng.cfm}}</ref>
| align="right" |N/A
|-
| 2021<ref name=2021know>{{Cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810021701|title=Census Profile, 2021 Census – Canada|date=August 17, 2017|website=Statistics Canada|access-date=August 17, 2022|archive-date=November 16, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116205812/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810021701|url-status=live}}</ref>
| align="right" |547,655
|}
=== ''Italiese'' and ''Italianese'' ===
A distinction is made in the literature of the Italian-Canadian language into ''italiese'' and ''italianese''. The combination of English, Italian dialects and standard Italian gives rise to ''Italiese'', a term coined by Gianrenzo Clivio in 1975, referring to the language spoken by the descendants of Italian immigrants in Canada. ''Italiese'' has the morphosyntax of standard Italian, a largely English vocabulary and the typical pronunciation of the dialect of the area of origin.<ref name=Italianese>{{Cite web |title=Italianese |url=https://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/italianese_(Neologismi)/ |website=treccani.it}}</ref>
The term was later employed to refer to English used in the
''Italiese'' differs from the language spoken in French-speaking areas, ''Italianese'', in that the language borrowings come not only from Canadian English but also from Canadian French, another official language of Canada spoken particularly in [[Quebec]],
Thus, ''Italiese'' and ''Italianese'' consist of a mixture of Italian dialect, standard Italian (although not spoken fluently by the majority of speakers), borrowings from [[Canadian English]] or [[Canadian French]], and represent a common Italian code for communication between speakers of different dialects. Pronunciation varies depending on the dialect of origin of the speaker.<ref name=
=== Language erosion ===
Line 158 ⟶ 217:
* ''frisare'' (to freeze);
* ''smart''o (smart);
* ''cippe'' (cheap).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canadian Italian: How Language Adapts to Environment |url=https://www.mhso.ca/ggp/Polyphony/Can_Italian_language.html |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.mhso.ca |archive-date=2022-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121050909/http://www.mhso.ca/ggp/Polyphony/Can_Italian_language.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Below is a list of some common French word borrowings that have been transformed into the Italian-Canadian form:
Line 168 ⟶ 227:
* ''sciomaggio'' (''chomage'').
In some cases the possibility of borrowing from both languages has led to having two equivalent terms, one French and one English, to designate the same concept. For example, the Italian-Canadian word "''permesso''" comes from French ''permis de conduire'' which has as its equivalent from English "''licenza''" from driving license or "''magazine''" which comes from French ''magasin'' which has as its equivalent from English "''storo''" from store. According to Villata (1990), French was the basis for the Italian-Canadian lexicon of the first generation, while the second generation mostly used terms from English.<ref name=":1">{{Harvtxt|Reinke|ref=Reinke 2014|2014}}</ref>
There are also frequent occurrences of using Italian words that resemble English but have different meanings:
Line 176 ⟶ 235:
* "''principale''" (principal);
* "''sopportare''" (to support);
* "''tronco''" (trunk).<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=19 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119010145/http://italicissima.com/2013/10/14/italiese-its-not-just-for-immigrants-anymore/ |title=Copia archiviata |url=https://italicissima.com/2013/10/14/italiese-its-not-just-for-immigrants-anymore/}}<!-- auto-translated from Italian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
From the lexical point of view in Italian-Canadian, the phenomena of [[
The use of [[
==== Morphosyntax ====
In a study carried out by Kristin Reinke<ref
===== Nouns: gender and number =====
Regarding nouns and any errors determined by their use, there is a significant difference between the first generation and the second generation: 2.8% and 5.0% of the nouns used by the two groups of speakers, respectively, have deviations from the standard. While 65.5% of the errors are due to incorrect use of gender, 35.5% refer to number. These percentages confirm what has been shown by studies on learning Italian as a foreign language: gender is acquired later<ref>
===== Personal pronouns: use of voi instead of lei =====
The first generation of Italian-Canadians, according to Reinke's studies,<ref>
==== Morphology ====
===== Verbs: the subjunctive =====
89.9% of the verbs used during interviews conducted by Reinke<ref name=":2">
==== Syntax ====
Line 209 ⟶ 268:
Code-switching is now frequently used by second and third generations who, unlike their grandparents, rarely resort to the "Italianization" of English terms and, when they have difficulty with expressing themselves in Italian, use the corresponding English term ("''Arrivederci and take care easy''").
In addition, code-switching is found, both in writing and speaking, to differentiate those dialogues and situations that occur in the home environment from the language used at work or in the community. For example, in the case of three Italian-Canadian authors such as [[Nino Ricci]] ([[Leamington, Ontario|Leamington]], 1959), [[Frank G. Paci|Frank Paci]] ([[Pesaro]], 1948), and [[Mary Melfi]] ([[Rome]], 1957), Italian and its dialects are employed to identify those who belong to the Italian community, for dialogues and for terms used in family intimacy (Camarca, 2005). Code-switching in literature is also employed as a tool to increase the realism of certain scenes, to highlight the importance of the language and culture of belonging (Jonsson, 2005) and to represent the author's internal voice when it appears within the narrative text (Callahan, 2004).<ref>{{
== Italian
The dissemination of Italian language and culture was encouraged from the postwar period through the mass media and schools, which were important in keeping alive the sense of belonging to one's country of origin.
=== Italian language teaching in Canada ===
As of 2019, Italian is being learned as a foreign language in Canada by 37,375 students, the 12th most of any country.<ref>Ministero degli Affari esteri, ''Rapporto diffusione italiano – 2019'', p.19</ref>
Interest in the Italian language is mainly for personal reasons and the desire to relate to family members of Italian origin, as well as cultural and sometimes professional enrichment; several journalists, scholars, doctors and artists are Italian language learners.
==== The teaching of Italian in the school system ====
Within the Canadian school system Italian is one of the so-called International Languages and Italian language programs are called Extended Day. In 2023, there were 6,000 elementary-aged students enrolled in the Italian language extended day program in the [[York Catholic District School Board]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yorkregion.com/news/italian-language-program-at-york-catholic-district-school-board-gets-funding-boost-from-province/article_cd84233f-5276-5c47-9f74-16ffde2ff444.html|title=Italian language program at York Catholic District School Board gets funding boost from province|publisher=yorkregion.com|date=November 16, 2023}}</ref> Usually within schools, curricular subjects are taught only in French or English, and as a result the curricular teaching of a third language starting in secondary school is a limited experience. In general, in most classes, the teaching of Italian is optional and takes place on Saturday mornings; in others, where the majority of the district's residents are of Italian descent, the teaching of Italian is integrated with the other curricular subjects and involves all students, including those who are not of Italian descent. For elementary schools, no special qualifications are required of language teachers other than that they know the language. In middle and high schools, teaching staff are required to possess specific qualifications.
In many Canadian universities, such as those in the province of Quebec and the four main universities of Montreal, there are Italian sections in the Foreign Languages departments. However, it is necessary to have a minimum number of enrolled students to activate the course and universities often fail to meet these requirements.
==== The teaching of Italian outside of schools ====
Extracurricular Italian language courses are taught by Management Bodies, nonprofit organizations whose aim is to promote and disseminate the Italian language and culture.
Ten Management Bodies are active in Canada:
– The Italian Canadian Youth Formation Centre;
– ''Centro Scuola e Cultura Italiana'';
– ''Società Dante Alighieri – Comitato di Winnipeg'';
– Hamilton Dante Centre for Italian Language and Culture;
– Italian Cultural Centre;
– ''Centro Linguistico e Culturale italiano di Calgary'' (CLCIC).
Italian cultural institutes (IICs) also carry out activities for the dissemination of Italian language and culture in the world "[...]through the preparation of an annual cultural program as well as through the creation of a network of relationships with the institutions of the host countries, proposing themselves as propelling centers of cultural cooperation, activities and initiatives and contributing, in particular, to the creation of favorable conditions for the integration of Italian professionals in international cultural contexts."<ref>Camera dei Deputati, dossier ''Le attività nel campo della promozione culturale italiana all'estero nell'anno 2017''.[http://documenti.camera.it/leg18/dossier/pdf/ES0102.pdf]</ref> Two IICs are active in Canada: the one in Montréal and the one in Toronto. Also active in Canada is the [[Dante Alighieri Society]] with seven branches in Edmonton, Montreal, Ottawa, Québec, Vancouver, Windsor and Winnipeg. In addition to the Management Bodies and IICs, there are other associations involved in organizing Italian language courses, some internal to universities such as U.S. News Education and the Italian Association of Language Agents and Consultants for Study Abroad (IALCA). There is also Immigration Canada: Studying in Canada, which also deals with study-stay programs for foreign students.
In 2017, under the [[Renzi government|Renzi]] and [[Gentiloni government|Gentiloni]] governments, four-year funds were established for the management bodies worth €150 million,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aise.it/anno2019/il-sistema-della-cultura-italiana-allestero/127406/142 |title=Agenzia Internazionale Stampa Estero |access-date=2024-04-18 |archive-date=2024-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418172655/https://www.aise.it/anno2019/il-sistema-della-cultura-italiana-allestero/127406/142 |url-status=live }}</ref> broken down as follows: €112,350,000 to the Toronto Centre School, €35,000 to PICAI, €15,000 to CESDA, €67,000 to the Vancouver ICC, €4,000 to the Edmonton management body, and €4,000 to the Dante Alighieri in Edmonton. These grants were made in order to promote Italian language and culture. In 2019, PICAI had to discontinue Italian language courses due to a lack of funding, mobilizing parents of students who signed a petition requesting that contributions be reinstated.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.corriereitaliano.com/comunita/3393/il-picai-ha-sospeso-i-corsi-ditaliano-per-mancanza-di-fondi/ |title=Corriere italiano, ''PICAI ha sospeso i corsi di italiano'' |date=22 January 2019 |access-date=2024-04-18 |archive-date=2024-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418172653/https://www.corriereitaliano.com/comunita/3393/il-picai-ha-sospeso-i-corsi-ditaliano-per-mancanza-di-fondi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Radio and television ===
Son to Italian immigrants, [[Johnny Lombardi]] was born in [[The Ward (Toronto)|The Ward]] in 1915, and went on to found one of the first multilingual radio stations in Canada, [[CHIN (AM)|CHIN]] in 1966, in [[Palmerston–Little Italy]].<ref name="multicultural">{{Cite news| url = http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1024896817683_20306017// | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051204212536/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1024896817683_20306017// | url-status = dead | archive-date = 4 December 2005 | title = Media legend Johnny Lombardi dies at 86 | publisher = [[CTV News]] | date = 19 March 2002 | access-date = 2010-04-11 | quote = Prime Minister Jean Chretien praised Lombardi's accomplishments upon hearing of his death. "I think he's done a lot to establish multiculturalism in Toronto and he will be missed by a lot of people," Chretien said.}}</ref><ref name=johnny>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chinradio.com/johnny-lombardi|title=Johnny Lombardi|website=www.chinradio.com|access-date=2020-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502051519/https://www.chinradio.com/johnny-lombardi|archive-date=2019-05-02|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Dan Iannuzzi]] founded the first multicultural television station in Canada ([[CFMT]]-TV), which began operations in Toronto in 1979. Now owned by [[Rogers Sports & Media]], it is one of the flagship stations of the Canadian multilingual network [[Omni Television]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://corriere.com/chi_siamo2.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008074535/http://corriere.com/chi_siamo2.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-10-08|title=Corriere.com – Corriere Canadese Online|date=2011-10-08|access-date=2019-09-23}}</ref>
Montreal's [[CJNT]] [[dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbed]] some of [[E!]]'s programming, including documentary-based shows such as ''[[E! True Hollywood Story]]'', in Spanish, [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and Italian, to help partially fulfill CJNT's ethnic programming requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.fagstein.com/2007/09/10/cjnt-multicultural-american-celebrity-news |title=CJNT: Multicultural American celebrity news |date=10 September 2007 |access-date=2024-04-20 |archive-date=2011-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720063143/http://blog.fagstein.com/2007/09/10/cjnt-multicultural-american-celebrity-news/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Montreal's [[CFMB]] multilingual radio station established in 1962 broadcasts Italian-language programs weekdays from 5:00 a.m. to 6:00 pm.
[[Telelatino]] (TLN) is a Canadian English-language specialty channel that primarily broadcasts lifestyle programming surrounding the Latin American and Italian cultures, including cooking and travel-related programs, as well as coverage of international soccer, and mainstream television series and films. [[Telebimbi]] is an Italian language specialty channel owned by TLN Media Group that broadcasts programming primarily aimed at children.
[[Rai Italia]], [[Mediaset Italia (Canadian TV channel)|Mediaset Italia]] and [[Mediaset TGCOM 24 (Canadian TV channel)|Mediaset TGCOM 24]] are also popular Italian-made channels that can be purchased.
===
The first Italian-language newspaper in Canada was ''Il Lavoratore'', an anti-Fascist publication which was founded in Toronto in 1936 and active for two years. Then came ''La Voce degli Italo Canadesi'', founded in Toronto (1938–1940) and ''[[Il Cittadino Canadese]]'', founded in Montreal in 1941, followed by ''La Vittoria'' of Toronto, in 1942–1943. After WWII came ''[[Il Corriere Italiano]]'', founded by Alfredo Gagliardi in Montreal in the early 1950s. ''[[Corriere Canadese]]'', founded by [[Dan Iannuzzi]] in 1954, is Canada's only Italian-language daily today and is published in Toronto; its weekend (English-language) edition is published as ''Tandem''.
Other newspapers include ''Il Marco Polo'' (Vancouver), founded in 1974, ''[[Insieme]]'' (Montreal), ''Lo Specchio'' (Toronto), ''Panoram Italia'' (Toronto) founded in 2002 by Antonio Zara, ''L'Ora di Ottawa'' (Ottawa) and ''Il Postino'' (Ottawa). ''Il Postino'' was established in 2000, by a young group of local Ottawa Italian Canadians to convey the history of the Italian community in Ottawa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilpostinocanada.com|title=Il Postino|website=www.ilpostinocanada.com|access-date=2020-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906073033/http://ilpostinocanada.com/|archive-date=2019-09-06|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Insieme'' was founded by the Italian Catholic parishes of Montreal but has since been put under private ownership. It nevertheless retains an emphasis on religious articles.
''Eyetalian'' magazine was launched in 1993 as a challenging, independent magazine of Italian-Canadian culture. It encountered commercial difficulty, and leaned towards a general lifestyle magazine format before concluding publication later in the 1990s. ''Italo'' of Montreal is published sporadically and is written in Italian, with some articles in French and English, dealing with current affairs and community news. ''La Comunità'', while an older publication, was taken over by the youth wing of the [[National Congress of Italian Canadians]] (Québec chapter) in the late 1990s. It experimented with different formats but was later cancelled due to lack of funding. In the 1970s the trilingual arts magazine ''Vice Versa'' flourished in Montreal. In, 2003 Domenic Cusmano founded ''Accenti'', the magazine which focused on culture and Italian-Canadian authors.
=== Literature ===
Italian Canadian literature emerged in the 1970s as young Italian immigrants began to complete university degrees across Canada. This creative writing exists in English, French, or Italian. Some writers like [[Antonio D'Alfonso]], [[Marco Micone]], Alexandre Amprimoz and Filippo Salvatore are bilingual and publish in two languages. The older generation of authors like Maria Ardizzi, Romano Perticarini, Giovanni Costa and Tonino Caticchio publish in Italian or in bilingual volumes. In English the most notable names are novelists [[Frank G. Paci]], [[Nino Ricci]], [[Caterina Edwards]], Michael Mirolla and Darlene Madott. Poets who write in English include [[Mary di Michele]], [[Pier Giorgio Di Cicco]] and Gianna Patriarca. In 1986 these authors established the Association of Italian-Canadian Writers,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aicw.ca/|title=aicw|website=www.aicw.ca|access-date=2015-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219110953/http://www.aicw.ca/|archive-date=2015-02-19|url-status=live}}</ref> and by 2001 there were over 100 active writers publishing books of poetry, fiction, drama and anthologies. With the 1985 publication of ''Contrasts: Comparative Essays on Italian-Canadian Writing'' by [[Joseph Pivato]], the academic study of this literature started, leading to the exploration of other ethnic minority writing in Canada and inspiring other scholars such as Licia Canton, Pasquale Verdicchio and [[George Elliott Clarke]]. The important collections of literary works are: ''The Anthology of Italian-Canadian Writing'' (1998) edited by Joseph Pivato and ''Pillars of Lace: The Anthology of Italian-Canadian Women Writers'' (1998) edited by Marisa De Franceschi. See also ''Writing Cultural Difference: Italian-Canadian Creative and Critical Works'' (2015) editors Giulia De Gasperi, Maria Cristina Seccia, Licia Canton and Michael Mirolla.
== See also ==
* [[Languages of Canada]]
* [[Italian Canadians]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |
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* {{Cite book |
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{{Italian language in the world}}{{Subject bar|portal1=Italy|portal2=Canada|portal3=Linguistics}}
[[Category:Geographical distribution of the Italian language]]
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