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{{Short description|Overview of the Italian language in Canada}}
The '''Italian language in Canada''' has been widespread since the 19th century, particularly due to [[Italian diaspora|Italian emigration]]. According to the [[Canada 2021 Census|2021 Census of Canada]], 1,546,390
== History of Italian immigration to Canada ==
{{main|Italian Canadians}}
Immediately after the [[unification of Italy]],
By the 1880s Canada was a booming country in need of major infrastructure works that could improve transportation and communication between the vast areas of its territory. Dating back to these years was the construction of major railroad and canal sections that generated a growing demand for labor. The number of Italians moved to Canada for the construction of the Canadian railway, the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]],<ref>{{Harvtxt|Scarfi|2011|ref=Scarfi 2011|p=46}}</ref> in the 1881 census amounted to 1,849 citizens.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Cameron|2004|ref=Cameron 2004|p=73}}</ref> Around the turn of the century, there was a further growth in the number of Italians in Canada, with a change in the migratory flows, consisting not only of adult men between the ages of twenty and forty-five, but also of women and children. From 1900 to 1913, although in smaller numbers than in the United States, Brazil and Argentina, Canada welcomed about 60,000 Italians, mostly from the south ([[Calabria]],
These years also saw the birth of the so-called ''[[Little Italy|Little Italies]]'',<ref name="Franzina">{{Harvtxt|Franzina|1989|ref=Franzina 1989|p=3}}</ref> neighborhoods with a strong Italian presence. Within these cities there was a move away from the typical occupations required of Italians, namely those of laborer and factory worker: Italians had the opportunity to open small businesses and practice the trades that had been learned in their countries of origin. Many of them became barbers, shoe repairers, grocers, fruit vendors and bakers. These stores thus began to characterize the appearance of Italian neighborhoods. There soon developed what is called a "migratory chain,"(MacDonald and MacDonald, 1964)<ref>A concept initially defined to describe Italian emigration to Australia and subsequently used for all migratory phenomena.</ref> that is, emigrants who arrived in the great oceanic country generally went to form homogeneous aggregates according to the geographical area of origin, creating a network of solidarity and economic, linguistic and social support.<ref name="Audenino&Tirabassi">{{Harvtxt|Audenino|Tirabassi|ref=Audenino e Tirabassi 2008|2008|pp=
The migration "boom" from Italy to Canada occurred from the end of World War II and involved to a greater extent those from [[Lazio]],
In 2019, Canada received the 11th highest number of Italian emigrants, and among non-European countries was the fourth highest after Brazil, the United States and Australia.<ref>''Rapporto Italiani nel Mondo-2019'', Fondazione Migrantes della Conferenza Episcopale Italiana. Available at [https://www.migrantes.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2019/10/Sintesi_RIM2019.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410190451/https://www.migrantes.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2019/10/Sintesi_RIM2019.pdf
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Italian immigrant population in Canada
Line 33 ⟶ 34:
| align="right" |1.3%
|-
| 1996<ref name=1996cen>[https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census96/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=1192&PRID=0&PTYPE=89103&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=5&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= Immigrant Population by Selected Places of Birth (84) and Sex (3), for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas,
| align="right" |332,110
| align="right" |6.7%
| align="right" |1.2%
|-
| 2001<ref>[https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=62125&PRID=0&PTYPE=55430,53293,55440,55496,71090&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2001&THEME=43&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= Place of birth for the immigrant population by period of immigration, 2006 counts and percentage distribution, for Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010072331/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=62125&PRID=0&PTYPE=55430,53293,55440,55496,71090&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2001&THEME=43&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |date=2021-10-10 }}, provinces and territories
| align="right" |315,455
| align="right" |5.8%
| align="right" |1.1%
|-
| 2006<ref>[https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-557/T404-eng.cfm?Lang=E&T=404&GH=4&GF=1&SC=1&S=1&O=D Topic-based tabulations|Place of birth for the immigrant population by period of immigration, 2006 counts and percentage distribution, for Canada, provinces and territories
| align="right" |296,850
| align="right" |4.8%
Line 83 ⟶ 84:
| align="right" |2.7%
|-
| 2022<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2024-02-10 |title=Anagrafe degli italiani residenti all'estero (A.I.R.E.)
| align="right" |142,996
| align="right" |2.4%
Line 91 ⟶ 92:
== Use of the language ==
In 1991, Italian was the unofficial language with the most mother tongue speakers at 449,660, ahead of German and Chinese.<ref name=1991c/> As of the 2021 Canadian census, of the 1,546,390 Italian Canadians, 319,505 claim
As of the 2021 census, the majority of Italian mother tongue speakers live in the [[Greater Toronto Area]] (125,895; 39.4%) or the [[Greater Montreal Area]] (87,565; 27.4%).<ref name=2021lang/>
Data from 2011 on the use of Italian by young Italian-Montrealese in the family context report that "38% of them speak Italian, solely or in combination with other languages, in interactions with their mothers and 34 percent in interactions with their fathers, while if only Italian is considered, these percentages drop to three percent with their mothers and seven percent with their fathers."<ref>{{Harvtxt|Villata|ref=Villata|p=49}}</ref> The percentages of Italian-only use go up in interaction with grandparents: 60 percent of young people speak only Italian with their grandmother and 58 percent speak only Italian with their grandfather.<ref>''Regional languages in Italy and Italian abroad
According to Bruno Villata, Italian:
Line 134 ⟶ 135:
|{{change|469,485|484,500|dec=1|align=right|invert=on|disp=out}}
|-
| 2006<ref>[https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=89199&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=701&Temporal=2006&THEME=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= Population by Mother Tongue (27), Showing Age Groups (13)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701114242/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=89199&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=701&Temporal=2006&THEME=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=
| align="right" |455,040
| align="right" |7.4%
Line 169 ⟶ 170:
!Population
|-
| 1991<ref>
| align="right" |701,910
|-
| 1996<ref>
| align="right" |694,125
|-
Line 179:
| align="right" |680,970
|-
| 2006<ref>[https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=89189&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=705&Temporal=2006&THEME=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= Population by Mother Tongue (27), Showing Age Groups (13)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025633/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=89189&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=705&Temporal=2006&THEME=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=
| align="right" |660,945
|-
| 2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census Profile – Province/Territory, Note 20 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=Non-official%20language&B1=All&Custom=&
| align="right" |595,600
|-
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A distinction is made in the literature of the Italian-Canadian language into ''italiese'' and ''italianese''. The combination of English, Italian dialects and standard Italian gives rise to ''Italiese'', a term coined by Gianrenzo Clivio in 1975, referring to the language spoken by the descendants of Italian immigrants in Canada. ''Italiese'' has the morphosyntax of standard Italian, a largely English vocabulary and the typical pronunciation of the dialect of the area of origin.<ref name=Italianese>{{Cite web |title=Italianese |url=https://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/italianese_(Neologismi)/ |website=treccani.it}}</ref>
The term was later employed to refer to English used in the
''Italiese'' differs from the language spoken in French-speaking areas, ''Italianese'', in that the language borrowings come not only from Canadian English but also from Canadian French, another official language of Canada spoken particularly in [[Quebec]],
Thus, ''Italiese'' and ''Italianese'' consist of a mixture of Italian dialect, standard Italian (although not spoken fluently by the majority of speakers), borrowings from [[Canadian English]] or [[Canadian French]], and represent a common Italian code for communication between speakers of different dialects. Pronunciation varies depending on the dialect of origin of the speaker.<ref name=Italianese/>
Line 235:
* "''principale''" (principal);
* "''sopportare''" (to support);
* "''tronco''" (trunk).<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=19 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119010145/http://italicissima.com/2013/10/14/italiese-its-not-just-for-immigrants-anymore/ |title=Copia archiviata |url=https://italicissima.com/2013/10/14/italiese-its-not-just-for-immigrants-anymore/}}<!-- auto-translated from Italian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
From the lexical point of view in Italian-Canadian, the phenomena of [[
The use of [[
==== Morphosyntax ====
Line 245:
===== Nouns: gender and number =====
Regarding nouns and any errors determined by their use, there is a significant difference between the first generation and the second generation: 2.8% and 5.0% of the nouns used by the two groups of speakers, respectively, have deviations from the standard. While 65.5% of the errors are due to incorrect use of gender, 35.5% refer to number. These percentages confirm what has been shown by studies on learning Italian as a foreign language: gender is acquired later<ref>{{Harvtxt|Reinke|2014|ref=Reinke 2014|pp=
===== Personal pronouns: use of voi instead of lei =====
The first generation of Italian-Canadians, according to Reinke's studies,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Reinke|2014|ref=Reinke 2014|pp=
==== Morphology ====
===== Verbs: the subjunctive =====
89.9% of the verbs used during interviews conducted by Reinke<ref name=":2">{{Harvtxt|Reinke|2014|ref=Reinke 2014|pp=
==== Syntax ====
Line 268:
Code-switching is now frequently used by second and third generations who, unlike their grandparents, rarely resort to the "Italianization" of English terms and, when they have difficulty with expressing themselves in Italian, use the corresponding English term ("''Arrivederci and take care easy''").
In addition, code-switching is found, both in writing and speaking, to differentiate those dialogues and situations that occur in the home environment from the language used at work or in the community. For example, in the case of three Italian-Canadian authors such as [[Nino Ricci]] ([[Leamington, Ontario|Leamington]], 1959), [[Frank G. Paci|Frank Paci]] ([[Pesaro]], 1948), and [[Mary Melfi]] ([[Rome]], 1957), Italian and its dialects are employed to identify those who belong to the Italian community, for dialogues and for terms used in family intimacy (Camarca, 2005). Code-switching in literature is also employed as a tool to increase the realism of certain scenes, to highlight the importance of the language and culture of belonging (Jonsson, 2005) and to represent the author's internal voice when it appears within the narrative text (Callahan, 2004).<ref>{{cite
== Italian culture in Canada ==
Line 274:
=== Italian language teaching in Canada ===
As of 2019, Italian is being learned as a foreign language in Canada by 37,375 students, the 12th most of any country.<ref>Ministero degli Affari esteri, ''Rapporto diffusione italiano
Interest in the Italian language is mainly
==== The teaching of Italian in the school system ====
Line 288:
Ten Management Bodies are active in Canada:
Italian cultural institutes (IICs) also carry out activities for the dissemination of Italian language and culture in the world "[...]through the preparation of an annual cultural program as well as through the creation of a network of relationships with the institutions of the host countries, proposing themselves as propelling centers of cultural cooperation, activities and initiatives and contributing, in particular, to the creation of favorable conditions for the integration of Italian professionals in international cultural contexts."<ref>Camera dei Deputati, dossier ''Le attività nel campo della promozione culturale italiana all'estero nell'anno 2017''.[http://documenti.camera.it/leg18/dossier/pdf/ES0102.pdf]</ref> Two IICs are active in Canada: the one in Montréal and the one in Toronto. Also active in Canada is the [[Dante Alighieri Society]] with seven branches in Edmonton, Montreal, Ottawa, Québec, Vancouver, Windsor and Winnipeg. In addition to the Management Bodies and IICs, there are other associations involved in organizing Italian language courses, some internal to universities such as U.S. News Education and the Italian Association of Language Agents and Consultants for Study Abroad (IALCA). There is also Immigration Canada: Studying in Canada, which also deals with study-stay programs for foreign students.
In 2017, under the [[Renzi government|Renzi]] and [[Gentiloni government|Gentiloni]] governments, four-year funds were established for the management bodies worth €150
=== Radio and television ===
Son to Italian immigrants, [[Johnny Lombardi]] was born in [[The Ward (Toronto)|The Ward]] in 1915, and went on to found one of the first multilingual
[[Dan Iannuzzi]] founded the first multicultural television station in Canada ([[CFMT]]-TV), which began operations in Toronto in 1979. Now owned by [[Rogers Sports & Media]], it is one of the flagship stations of the Canadian multilingual network [[Omni Television]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://corriere.com/chi_siamo2.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008074535/http://corriere.com/chi_siamo2.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-10-08|title=Corriere.com
Montreal's [[CJNT]] [[dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbed]] some of [[E!]]'s programming, including documentary-based shows such as ''[[E! True Hollywood Story]]'', in
[[Telelatino]] (TLN) is a Canadian English-language specialty channel that primarily broadcasts lifestyle programming surrounding the Latin American and Italian cultures, including cooking and travel-related programs, as well as coverage of international soccer, and mainstream television series and films. [[Telebimbi]] is an Italian language specialty channel owned by TLN Media Group that broadcasts programming primarily aimed at children.
Line 326:
=== Newspapers and magazines ===
The first Italian-language newspaper in Canada was ''Il Lavoratore'', an anti-Fascist publication which was founded in Toronto in 1936 and active for two years. Then came ''
Other newspapers include ''
''
=== Literature ===
Italian Canadian literature emerged in the 1970s as young Italian immigrants began to complete university degrees across Canada. This creative writing exists in English, French, or Italian. Some writers like [[Antonio D'Alfonso]], [[Marco Micone]], Alexandre Amprimoz and Filippo Salvatore are bilingual and publish in two languages. The older generation of authors like Maria Ardizzi, Romano Perticarini, Giovanni Costa and Tonino Caticchio publish in Italian or in bilingual volumes. In English the most notable names are novelists [[Frank G. Paci]], [[Nino Ricci]], [[Caterina Edwards]], Michael Mirolla and Darlene Madott. Poets who write in English include [[Mary di Michele]], [[Pier Giorgio Di Cicco]] and
== See also ==
Line 345:
== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |
* {{Cite book |last=Avveduto |first=S. |title=La mobilità delle alte qualifiche in Europa, Canada e USA in Studi emigrazione, anno XLI |publication-date=December 2004 |pages=
* {{Cite book |last=Babaee |first=Naghmeh |title=Heritage Language Learning in Canadian Public Schools: Language Rights Challenges |publisher=University of Manitoba |year=2012 |ref=Babaee 2012}}
* {{Cite book |last=Baldo |first=Michela |title=Italian-Canadian Narratives of Return: Analysing Cultural Translation in Diasporic Writing |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2019 |ref=Baldo 2019}}
* {{Cite book |last=Blake |first=Raymond |title=From Rights To Needs. A History of Family Allowances in Canada
* {{Cite book |last=Bumsted |first=Jack M. |title=A history of the Canadian peoples |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |location=Oxford |pages=
* {{Cite book |last=Cachey |first=T. |title=America amica-amara: sugli studi di letteratura italiana nell'America del Nord |year=2016 |ref=Cachey 2016}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cameron |first=E. |title=Multiculturalism and Immigration in Canada: An Introductory Reader |publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press |year=2004 |location=Toronto |ref=Cameron 2004}}
* {{Cite book |last=Casini |first=S. |title=Italianismi e pseudoitalianismi a Toronto: una ricerca tra gli studenti di italiano del St. George Campus della University of Toronto, in Italica |publication-date=April 2017 |pages=153–176 |ref=Casini 2017}}
* {{Cite book |
* {{Cite book |last=Costantini |first=Dino |title=Politiche migratorie e discriminazione: il caso francese, in Bollettino telematico di filosofia politica |year=2009 |ref=Costantini 2009}}
* {{Cite book |last=De Gasperi |first=G. |title=La comunità italo-canadese di Dominion, Capo Bretone, Canada: Tradizione, continuità e cambiamento, in La Ricerca Folklorica |location=April 2011 |pages=135–143 |ref=De Gasperi 2011}}
* {{Cite book |last=Franzina |first=Emilio |title=Emigrazione transoceanica e ricerca storica in Italia: gli ultimi dieci anni (
* {{Cite book |last=Franzina |first=E. |title=Storia dell'emigrazione italiana, Arrivi |publisher=Donzelli |year=2002 |volume=II |location=Rome |pages=717–738 |ref=Franzina 2002}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gabaccia |first=Donna R. |title=L'Italia fuori d'Italia, in Storia d'Italia Annali 24. Migrazioni |publisher=Einaudi |year=2009 |location=Turin |pages=226–230 |ref=Gabaccia 2009}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gatto |first=V. |title=L'italiese in Canada: considerazioni sul lessico by Giovanni Scarola, in Italica |year=2012 |pages=126–127 |ref=Gatto 2012}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gebbia |first=A. |title=Gli italiani in Canada: storia e cultura, in Semestrale di studi e ricerche in geografia |year=2008 |ref=Gebbia 2008}}
* {{Cite book |
* {{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=D. |title=The Social Origins of the Welfare State. Québec Families, Compulsory Education and Family Allowances |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press |year=2006 |location=Waterloo (Ontario) |pages=
* {{Cite book |last=Maugeri |first=G. |title=L'insegnamento della lingua e della cultura italiana a Montréal: a colloquio con il direttore dell'Istituto italiano di cultura Martin Stiglio, in Bollettino Itals |publication-date=April 2016 |ref=Maugeri 2016}}
* {{Cite book |last=Messina |first=N. |title=Considerazioni sull'emigrazione italiana dopo l'unità (
* {{Cite book |last=Milani |first=C. |title=Aspetti dialettali nel lessico di emigrati italiani in ambiente anglofono, facente parte di Lessicografia dialettale |publisher=Antenore |year=2006 |location=Padova |pages=683–705 |ref=Milani 2006}}
* {{Cite book |last=Milani |first=C. |title=Varia Linguistica |publisher=EDUCatt Università Cattolica |year=2009 |location=Milan |pages=375–449 |ref=Milani 2009}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Saidero |first=D. |title=Le maschere dell'io: identità transculturale nella poesia italo-canadese, in Oltreoceano. Dialogare con la poesia: voci di donne dalle Americhe all'Australia |year=2009 |ref=Saidero 2009}}
* {{Cite book |last=Scarfi |first=S. |title=La costruzione di un'identità italo-canadese attraverso l'arte. Il ruolo dell'istituto italiano di cultura di Toronto., tesi di laurea presso Università Cà Foscari Venezia |year=2011 |pages=42–49 |ref=Scarfi 2011}}
* {{Cite book |last=Servizio studi Camera dei deputati
* {{Cite journal |last=Tirabassi |first=Maddalena |year=2002 |editor-last=Bevilacqua |editor-first=Piero |editor2-last=De Clementi |editor2-first=Andreina |editor3-last=Franzina |editor3-first=Emilio |title=Gli italiani sul web |journal=Storia
* {{Cite book |last=Troilo |first=M. |title=Lavoro ed imprenditoria degli italiani in Canada, tra vecchie e nuove generazioni, in Diacronie |year=2011 |ref=Troilo 2011}}
* {{Cite book |last=Vedovelli |first=M. |title=L'italiano lingua seconda, in Italia e all'estero |publisher=Institut de linguistique de l'Université de Neuchâtel |year=2001 |pages=11–48 |ref=Vedovelli 2001}}
* {{Cite book |last=Villata |first=B. |title=Parlate regionali in Italia e italiano all'estero due lingue diverse con gli stessi problemi, in Fondazione Enrico Eandi. |ref=Villata}}
* {{Cite book |last=Villata |first=B. |title=L'italianese- L'italiano comune parlato a Montréal |publisher=Lòsna & Tron |year=2010 |location=Montréal |ref=Villata 2010}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zanfino |first=A. |title=Sui calabresi a Toronto Associazionismo, folklore e... «italiese», in Rivista calabrese di Storia del
{{Italian language in the world}}{{Subject bar|portal1=Italy|portal2=Canada|portal3=Linguistics}}
[[Category:Geographical distribution of the Italian language]]
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