Hirak (Algeria): Difference between revisions

| title = 2019–2021 Algerian revolutionprotests

| partof = the [[2018–2022 Arab protests]]<ref name="TesbihMuzna_InvincibleArabSpring" />

* 18 February 2021 – 30 April 2021 <ref>{{cite web|title=Hirak supporters demonstrate in Algeria, reject elections|date=1 May 2021|agency=The Arab Weekly|url=https://thearabweekly.com/hirak-supporters-demonstrate-algeria-reject-elections}}</ref>}}

*President [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]] proposes new constitutional amendments to strengthen the judiciary and [[Parliament of Algeria|Parliament]]'s roles.<ref>{{Cite webnews|url=https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Afrique/Algerie-revision-cosmetique-Constitution-2020-01-09-1201070736|title=Algérie : une révision cosmétique de la Constitution|trans-title=Algeria: a cosmetic revision of the Constitution

*[[Pan-Arabism|Arabists]] (until 2 Apr 2019)

| side2 = [[File:Emblem of Algeria.svg|25px]] '''[[Government of Algeria]]'''

{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]]<br /><small>(Former [[President of Algeria|President]])</small><br />{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Abdelkader Bensalah]]<br /><small>(Former acting [[President of Algeria|President]])</small><br />{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]]<br /><small>([[President of Algeria|President]])</small><br />{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Ahmed Gaid Salah]] [[Death by natural causes|#]]<br /><small>(Former [[Chief of Staff of the People's National Army|Chief of Staff]])</small><br />{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Saïd Chengriha]] <br /><small>([[Chief of Staff of the People's National Army|Chief of Staff]])</small><br />{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Ahmed Ouyahia]]<br /><small>(Former [[Prime Minister of Algeria|Prime Minister]])</small><br />{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Abdelmalek Sellal]]<br /><small>(Former [[Prime Minister of Algeria|Prime Minister]] and Bouteflika's campaign manager)</small><br />{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Noureddine Bedoui]]<br /><small>(Former [[Prime Minister of Algeria|Prime Minister]])</small><br />{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Sabri Boukadoum]]<br /><small>(Former acting [[Prime Minister of Algeria|Prime Minister]])</small><br />{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Abdelaziz Djerrad]]<br /><small>([[Prime Minister of Algeria|Prime Minister]])</small><br />{{flagicon|Algeria}} Mouad Bouchareb <br /><small>(Former [[List of presidents of the People's National Assembly (Algeria)|Assembly Speaker]])</small><br />{{flagicon|Algeria}} Slimane Chenine<br /><small>([[List of presidents of the People's National Assembly (Algeria)|Assembly Speaker]])</small><br />{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Tayeb Belaiz]]<br /><small>(Former Head of Constitutional Council)</small><br />{{flagicon|Algeria}} Belkacem Zeghmati<br /><small>([[Ministry of Justice (Algeria)|Minister of Justice, Keeper of the Seals]])</small><br />{{flagicon|Algeria}} Salah Eddine Dahmoune<br /><small>(Former Minister of Interior and Local Government)</small><br />{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Kamel Beldjoud]]<br /><small>(Minister of Interior and Local Government)</small>

The '''2019–2021 Algerian protests''', also called '''Revolution of Smiles'''<ref name="Meddi">{{cite web|author=Adlène Meddi|website=[[Le Point]]|language=fr|title=Algérie, les 4 pièges à éviter pour la "révolution du sourire"|trans-title=Algeria, the 4 traps to avoid for the "smile revolution"|url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/algerie-les-4-pieges-a-eviter-pour-la-revolution-du-sourire-15-03-2019-2301261_24.php|date=15 March 2019|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326001528/https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/algerie-les-4-pieges-a-eviter-pour-la-revolution-du-sourire-15-03-2019-2301261_24.php|archive-date=26 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Sourire>{{cite news|newspaper=HuffPost Maghreb|author=Myriam Belkaïd|title=La révolution du sourire, Acte 1, scène 4|trans-title=The Smile Revolution, Act 1, Scene 4|url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/la-revolution-du-sourire-acte-i-scene-4_mg_5c9097dde4b071a25a861aff|date=19 March 2019|access-date=2 April 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085851/https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/la-revolution-du-sourire-acte-i-scene-4_mg_5c9097dde4b071a25a861aff|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> or '''Hirak Movement''', ({{lang-ar|rtl=yes|1=الحِرَاك|links=|lit=The movement|translit=al-Ḥirāk}}<ref>{{cite news|title=26th Friday Protest Marches Reiterate Main Hirak Movement's Demands|url=http://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/30521-26th-friday-protest-marches-reiterate-main-hirak-movement-s-demands|newspaper=[[Algeria Press Service]]|date=16 August 2019|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824102431/http://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/30521-26th-friday-protest-marches-reiterate-main-hirak-movement-s-demands|archive-date=24 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>), began on 16 February 2019,<ref name="LeMonde_Kherrata_16Feb" /><ref name="AlgPat_Kherrata_16Feb" /> six days after [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]] announced his candidacy for a fifth presidential term in a signed statement. These protests, without precedent since the [[Algerian Civil War]], were peaceful and led the military to insist on Bouteflika's immediate resignation, which took place on 2 April 2019.<ref name="Carnegie_Tlemçani" /> By early May, a significant number of power-brokers close to the deposed administration, including the former president's younger brother [[Saïd Bouteflika|Saïd]], had been arrested.<ref name="DW">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/algeria-said-bouteflika-and-two-spy-chiefs-arrested/a-48604645|title=Algeria: Said Bouteflika and two spy chiefs arrested|publisher=DW|date=4 May 2019|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526015417/https://www.dw.com/en/algeria-said-bouteflika-and-two-spy-chiefs-arrested/a-48604645|archive-date=26 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="awsat">{{Cite web|url=https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/1709101/algeria-military-judge-orders-arrest-bouteflika%E2%80%99s-brother|title=Algeria Military Judge Orders Arrest of Bouteflika's Brother|publisher=Asharq Al-Awsat|date=5 May 2019|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526015417/https://aawsat.com/english/home/article/1709101/algeria-military-judge-orders-arrest-bouteflika%25E2%2580%2599s-brother|archive-date=26 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The rising tensions within the Algerian regime can be traced back to the beginning of Bouteflika's rule which has been characterized by the state's monopoly on natural resources revenues used to finance the government's [[clientelism|clientelist]] system and ensure its stability.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Algeria Modern: From opacity to complexity|editor1=Rasmus Alenius Boserup|editor2=Luis Martinez|series=CERI/Sciences Po.|publisher=Hurst|year=2016|isbn=9781849045872978-1-84904-587-2|location=London}}</ref> The majorMajor demonstrations have takentook place in the largest urban centers of [[Algeria]] from February to December 2019. Due to their significant scale, the protests attracted international media coverage and provoked reactions from several heads of states and scholarly figures.

[[File:Abdelaziz Bouteflika casts his ballot in May 10th's 2012 legislative election (cropped).jpg|alt=|left|thumb|upright|[[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]], Thethe former President of Algeria from 1999 to 2019.]]

[[Djamaa el Djazaïr]], a large [[mosque]] under construction in Algiers, is nicknamed the Great Mosque of Bouteflika. Its minaret is 55m higher than the [[Hassan II Mosque]] in Morocco. Though its construction was touted as an Algerian job-creatercreator, immigrant workers did most of the work for [[China State Construction Engineering]] while living in prefab shantytowns around the construction site. The project still came in 2.5 times over-budget. The cost of the mosque's construction has been estimated to be between $1.4 and $2 billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://qz.com/africa/1606739/china-completes-africas-largest-mosque-in-algeria/amp|title=Africa's largest mosque has been completed with thanks to China|date=28 April 2019|publisher=Quartz Africa|access-date=29 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428192536/https://qz.com/africa/1606739/china-completes-africas-largest-mosque-in-algeria/amp/|archive-date=28 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2018/09/04/Algeria-set-to-finally-open-world-s-3rd-largest-mosque-built-at-a-cost-of-2-bln.html#|title=Algeria set to finally open world's 3rd largest mosque built at|date=29 April 2019|publisher=[[Al Arabiya English]]|access-date=29 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621195617/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2018/09/04/Algeria-set-to-finally-open-world-s-3rd-largest-mosque-built-at-a-cost-of-2-bln.html|archive-date=21 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A doctor quoted in ''[[Le Monde]]'' complained that "with $4 billion [sic], 200 hospitals could have been built." Converting the mosque into a hospital has been suggested. For the Algerian press, it became a symbol of the mismanagement of public funds and of the "capricious megalomania" of the former President.<ref name="GrandeMosquée">{{cite news|title=La Grande Mosquée d'Alger, le chantier de trop du président déchu Abdelaziz Bouteflika|newspaper=Le Monde|author=Ali Ezhar|date=3 April 2019|access-date=5 April 2019|language=fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/04/03/la-grande-mosquee-d-alger-le-chantier-de-trop-du-president-dechu-abdelaziz-bouteflika_5445169_3212.html|quote=Elle symbolise [...] tous les ratés du « système » algérien, la « gestion calamiteuse » de l'argent public par le chef de l'Etat, comme l'avait décrit la presse algérienne, mais aussi sa « mégalomanie » et ses « caprices ».|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405010051/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/04/03/la-grande-mosquee-d-alger-le-chantier-de-trop-du-president-dechu-abdelaziz-bouteflika_5445169_3212.html|archive-date=5 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=La folie des grandeurs du Président déchu|newspaper=[[El Watan]]|url=https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/la-folie-des-grandeurs-du-president-dechu-08-04-2019|date=8 April 2019|access-date=8 April 2019|language=fr|quote=Soit 55 m de plus que celui de la mosquée Hassan II de Casablanca, la grande rivale marocaine.}}</ref><ref name=Lovison>{{cite web|website=Francesco Lovison, architetto|title=Djamaa el Djazair – Algeria|url=http://www.francescolovison.it/portfolio-items/djamaa-el-djazair-algeria-interior-rendering/|access-date=7 April 2019|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407003059/http://www.francescolovison.it/portfolio-items/djamaa-el-djazair-algeria-interior-rendering/|archive-date=7 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Khenchela]], on 19 February, a giant poster of the President of the Republic was torn down from city hall and trampled. Two days later, another suffered a similar fate in Annaba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Algérie: retour sur une journée de mobilisation inédite contre la candidature de Bouteflika|trans-title=Algeria: return on a day of unprecedented mobilization against the candidacy of Bouteflika|url=http://afrique.lepoint.fr/actualites/algerie-retour-sur-une-journee-de-mobilisation-inedite-contre-la-candidature-de-bouteflika-22-02-2019-2295605_2365.php|website=Le Point Afrique|date=22 February 2019 |access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111344/http://afrique.lepoint.fr/actualites/algerie-retour-sur-une-journee-de-mobilisation-inedite-contre-la-candidature-de-bouteflika-22-02-2019-2295605_2365.php|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> This form of protest was related to the recent practice of offering gifts to a framed portrait of Bouteflika in the latter's absence.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Algérie: la rue ne peut plus "encadrer" la candidature de Bouteflika à un 5e mandat|trans-title=Algeria: the street can no longer "frame" the candidacy of Bouteflika for a 5th term|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/algerie/election-presidentielle-en-algerie/algerie-la-rue-ne-peut-plus-encadrer-la-candidature-de-bouteflika-a-un-5e-mandat_3200807.html|website=Franceinfo|date=21 February 2019 |access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111428/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/algerie/election-presidentielle-en-algerie/algerie-la-rue-ne-peut-plus-encadrer-la-candidature-de-bouteflika-a-un-5e-mandat_3200807.html|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|language=fr|title=Un cheval offert au portrait de Bouteflika: naissance d'un culte rituel?|trans-title=A horse offered to the portrait of Bouteflika: birth of a ritual worship?|journal=Al HuffPost Maghreb|date=26 April 2018|url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/un-cheval-offert-au-portrait-de-bouteflika-naissance-dun-culte-rituel_mg_5ae1bde9e4b04aa23f201d4e|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323125739/https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/un-cheval-offert-au-portrait-de-bouteflika-naissance-dun-culte-rituel_mg_5ae1bde9e4b04aa23f201d4e|archive-date=23 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Le FLN offre un cadre ... au cadre du président Bouteflika (Vidéo)|trans-title=FLN offers a framework ... to President Bouteflika's framework (Video)|url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/le-fln-offre-un-cadre-au-cadre-du-president-bouteflika-video_mg_5c5edbe8e4b0eec79b23cf1d|website=Al HuffPost Maghreb|access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214174216/https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/le-fln-offre-un-cadre-au-cadre-du-president-bouteflika-video_mg_5c5edbe8e4b0eec79b23cf1d|archive-date=14 February 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Protests were organized via social media in major and mid-sized cities on 22 February. Those in [[Algiers]]—where street protests had been illegal since a demonstration on 14 June 2001—were the biggest in nearly 18 years.<ref name="akef">{{cite news|language=fr|author1=Amir Akef|author2=Charlotte Bozonnet|author3=Madjid Zerrouky|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/02/23/en-algerie-une-revolte-inedite-contre-le-cinquieme-mandat-d-abdelaziz-bouteflika_5427301_3212.html|date=23 February 2019|newspaper=[[Le Monde]]|title=Algérie:révolte inédite contre le pouvoir|access-date=25 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224170313/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/02/23/en-algerie-une-revolte-inedite-contre-le-cinquieme-mandat-d-abdelaziz-bouteflika_5427301_3212.html|archive-date=24 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Debut" /> Smaller protests, with slogans like "There is no president, there's a poster," had been taking place in Algiers since 11 February.<ref name="Liberté-Algerie">{{Cite web|language=fr|website=liberte-algerie.com|title=Une vague anti-5e mandat prend forme: Toute l'actualité sur|trans-title=An anti-5th term wave takes shape: All the news on|url=https://www.liberte-algerie.com/actualite/une-vague-anti-5e-mandat-prend-forme-309559|access-date=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216173812/https://www.liberte-algerie.com/actualite/une-vague-anti-5e-mandat-prend-forme-309559|archive-date=16 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Massives">{{Cite journal |languagedate=fr2 March 2019 |title=Manifestations massive en Algérie contre un cinquième mandat de Bouteflika |trans-title=Massive protests in Algeria against Bouteflika's fifth term |journal=[[La Tribune (France)|La Tribune]] |date=2 March 2019 |url=https://www.latribune.fr/economie/international/manifestations-massive-en-algerie-contre-un-cinquieme-mandat-de-bouteflika-809355.html |accessurl-datestatus=9live March|journal=[[La 2019Tribune]] |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043806/https://www.latribune.fr/economie/international/manifestations-massive-en-algerie-contre-un-cinquieme-mandat-de-bouteflika-809355.html |archive-date=6 March 2019 |urlaccess-statusdate=live9 March 2019}}</ref> On 22 February, the portrait of the President was torn down from the landmark [[Grande Poste d'Alger|central post office]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Algérie: manifestations émaillées de heurts contre un 5e mandat de Bouteflika|trans-title=Algeria: Enamelled demonstrations of clashes against a 5th term of Bouteflika|url=http://www.francesoir.fr/actualites-monde/algerie-nombreuses-manifestations-contre-un-5e-mandat-de-bouteflika|website=FranceSoir|access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044046/http://www.francesoir.fr/actualites-monde/algerie-nombreuses-manifestations-contre-un-5e-mandat-de-bouteflika|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> There are no official government numbers published, but one expert put the number of demonstrators at 800,000 on 22 February 2019.<ref name="Debut" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Algérie: "un million de personnes dans la rue et aucune image à la télévision"|trans-title=Algeria: "a million people on the street and no picture on television"|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/algerie/election-presidentielle-en-algerie/un-million-de-personnes-dans-la-rue-contre-le-5e-mandat-de-bouteflika-et-aucune-image-a-la-television-les-algeriens-indignes_3206611.html|website=Franceinfo|date=25 February 2019 |access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|quote=Selon Akram Kharief, fondateur du site Menadefense, spécialisé dans la défense et le renseignement qui cite de sources policières, ils étaient entre 800 000 et un million dans la rue.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227143031/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/algerie/election-presidentielle-en-algerie/un-million-de-personnes-dans-la-rue-contre-le-5e-mandat-de-bouteflika-et-aucune-image-a-la-television-les-algeriens-indignes_3206611.html|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

183 people were injured and Hassan Benkhedda, son of former interim government president, [[Benyoucef Benkhedda]], died of a heart attack.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Le défunt Hassan Benkhedda inhumé au cimetière de Sidi Yahia à Alger|trans-title=The late Hassan Benkhedda buried at the cemetery of Sidi Yahia in Algiers|url=http://www.aps.dz/algerie/86343-le-defunt-hassan-benkhedda-inhume-au-cimetiere-de-sidi-yahia-a-alger|access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044515/http://www.aps.dz/algerie/86343-le-defunt-hassan-benkhedda-inhume-au-cimetiere-de-sidi-yahia-a-alger|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|language=fr|url=https://www.algeriemondeinfos.com/hassan-benkhedda-est-mort-lors-de-la-marche-de-la-dignite-la-famille-de-lancien-president-du-gpra-confirme/|title=Hassan Benkhedda est mort lors de la marche de la dignité: la famille de l'ancien président du GPRA confirme|trans-title=Hassan Benkhedda died during the walk of dignity: the family of the former president of the GPRA confirms|date=2 March 2019|access-date=14 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918161947/https://www.algeriemondeinfos.com/hassan-benkhedda-est-mort-lors-de-la-marche-de-la-dignite-la-famille-de-lancien-president-du-gpra-confirme/|archive-date=18 September 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Speaking as Interior Minister, [[Noureddine Bedoui]] confirmed that it was related to police action against "thugs unrelated to the protestorsprotesters."<ref name=benkhedda>{{cite news|author=Shehab Kahn|date=3 March 2019|access-date=17 March 2019|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/algeria-protests-hassan-benkhedda-death-bouteflika-a8805586.html|title=Algeria protests: Son of former prime minister dies in anti-government demonstration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309054758/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/algeria-protests-hassan-benkhedda-death-bouteflika-a8805586.html|archive-date=9 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 2 March 2019, Abdelaziz Bouteflika replaced his campaign director, the former prime minister [[Abdelmalek Sellal]], who had actively campaigned for the President since 2004, by the virtually unknown {{illminterlanguage link|Abdelghani Zaalane|fr|Abdelghani_Zaalane|ar|عبد_الغني_زعلان}}, a career [[Wilayah|provincial administrator]]. Considered to be a response to the ongoing protests,<ref name="Figaro Zalène" /> this dismissal followed the disclosure of a recording between Sellal and [[Ali Haddad]] in which the former is heard making threats.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Le verdict a été donné par le peuple!|trans-title=The verdict was given by the people!|url=https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/le-verdict-a-ete-donne-par-le-peuple-02-03-2019|website=El Watan|access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr}}</ref>

The deadline for submitting candidatures for the presidential election was 3 March 2019.<ref name="Figaro Zalène">{{Cite journal |language=fr |title=Algérie: Bouteflika limoge son directeur de campagne |trans-title=Algeria: Bouteflika sacks his campaign director |journal=[[Le Figaro]]|date=2 March 2019 |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2019/03/02/01016-20190302ARTFIG00101-algerie-bouteflika-limoge-son-directeur-de-campagne.php |access-date=9 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308215820/http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2019/03/02/01016-20190302ARTFIG00101-algerie-bouteflika-limoge-son-directeur-de-campagne.php |archive-date=8 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The idea of postponing the election was put forward.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Algérie: l'option d'un report de la présidentielle a bien été évoquée – RFI|trans-title=Algeria: the option of a postponement of the presidential election has been raised – RFI|url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20190117-algerie-option-report-presidentielle-bien-ete-evoquee|website=RFI Afrique|date=17 January 2019 |access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043655/http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20190117-algerie-option-report-presidentielle-bien-ete-evoquee|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On 3 March, the candidacy of Bouteflika was filed by his campaign director, though the law stipulates that the candidate must be physically present for this process.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bouteflika formellement candidat à la présidentielle du 18 avril|trans-title=Bouteflika formally presidential candidate of 18 April|url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1159930/bouteflika-formellement-candidat-a-la-presidentielle-du-18-avril.html|website=L'Orient-Le Jour|date=3 March 2019 |access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044049/https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1159930/bouteflika-formellement-candidat-a-la-presidentielle-du-18-avril.html|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Another signed message announced that if re-elected, a national conference would be convened to adopt reforms as well as a new Constitution – to be approved by referendum – and that he would not take part in the next presidential election which he promised would be held early.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Algérie: Abdelaziz Bouteflika dit comprendre "l'inquiétude" mais maintient sa candidature|trans-title=Algeria: Abdelaziz Bouteflika says he understands "worry" but maintains his candidacy|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/03/03/algerie-abdelaziz-bouteflika-dit-comprendre-l-inquietude-mais-maintient-sa-candidature_5430885_3212.html|newspaper=Le Monde|access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309110603/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/03/03/algerie-abdelaziz-bouteflika-dit-comprendre-l-inquietude-mais-maintient-sa-candidature_5430885_3212.html|archive-date=9 March 2019|url-status=live|date=3 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Algeria Protests: President's Offer Fails to Temper Outrage|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/04/world/africa/algeria-protests-bouteflika.html|website=[[The New York Times]]|author=Adam Nossiter|date=3 March 2019|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309155632/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/04/world/africa/algeria-protests-bouteflika.html|archive-date=9 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> After the confirmation of Bouteflika's candidacy on Sunday, 3 March, and the withdrawal of several opposition candidates, including [[Ali Benflis]] and [[Louisa Hanoune]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Présidentielle en Algérie: Benflis, principal adversaire de Bouteflika, renonce|trans-title=Presidential election in Algeria: Benflis, Bouteflika's main opponent, gives up|url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/20190303.OBS1105/presidentielle-en-algerie-benflis-principal-adversaire-de-bouteflika-renonce.html|website=L'Obs|date=3 March 2019 |access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043054/https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/20190303.OBS1105/presidentielle-en-algerie-benflis-principal-adversaire-de-bouteflika-renonce.html|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> an anonymous call to strike was made the next day, as well as a call to protest on 8 March.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bouteflika s'engage à céder le pouvoir s'il est élu président en avril|trans-title=Bouteflika commits to hand over power if elected president in April|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2019/03/03/01003-20190303ARTFIG00048-algerie-bouteflika-devoile-son-patrimoine-prelude-a-l-annonce-de-sa-candidature.php|website=[[Le Figaro]]|access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308215742/http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2019/03/03/01003-20190303ARTFIG00048-algerie-bouteflika-devoile-son-patrimoine-prelude-a-l-annonce-de-sa-candidature.php|archive-date=8 March 2019|url-status=live|date=3 March 2019}}</ref>

Even before the candidacy was formalized, tens of thousands of protesters were out on the streets.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Algérie: Bouteflika brigue un cinquième mandat|trans-title=Algeria: Bouteflika seeks fifth term|url=https://www.latribune.fr/economie/international/algerie-bouteflika-brigue-un-cinquieme-mandat-809398.html|website=La Tribune|date=3 March 2019 |access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043535/https://www.latribune.fr/economie/international/algerie-bouteflika-brigue-un-cinquieme-mandat-809398.html|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> From Sunday night to Monday morning, hundreds of protesters marched peacefully,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manifestations nocturnes en Algérie contre la candidature de Bouteflika|trans-title=Nocturnal demonstrations in Algeria against Bouteflika's candidacy|url=https://www.europe1.fr/international/algerie-manifestation-a-alger-contre-la-candidature-de-bouteflika-3867350|website=Europe 1|date=3 March 2019 |access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043711/https://www.europe1.fr/international/algerie-manifestation-a-alger-contre-la-candidature-de-bouteflika-3867350|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> calling his candidacy a "provocation", an "insult" and a "masquerade".<ref>{{Cite news|title=A Alger, la colère de la jeunesse répond à la candidature de Bouteflika|trans-title=In Algiers, the anger of youth responds to Bouteflika's candidacy|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/03/04/a-alger-la-colere-de-la-jeunesse-repond-a-la-candidature-de-bouteflika_5431008_3212.html|newspaper=Le Monde|access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309110618/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/03/04/a-alger-la-colere-de-la-jeunesse-repond-a-la-candidature-de-bouteflika_5431008_3212.html|archive-date=9 March 2019|url-status=live|date=4 March 2019}}</ref> The next day, many students boycotted their classes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Algérie: les étudiants boycottent les cours pour dénoncer la candidature de Bouteflika|trans-title=Algeria: Students boycott courses to denounce Bouteflika's candidacy|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2019/03/04/97001-20190304FILWWW00178-algerie-les-etudiants-boycottent-les-cours-pour-denoncer-la-candidature-de-bouteflika.php|website=[[Le Figaro]]|access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310071354/http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2019/03/04/97001-20190304FILWWW00178-algerie-les-etudiants-boycottent-les-cours-pour-denoncer-la-candidature-de-bouteflika.php|archive-date=10 March 2019|url-status=live|date=4 March 2019}}</ref>

The "Pacifist and Civilized Walkers' 18 Commandments", written by {{illminterlanguage link|Lazhari Labter|fr}}, were widely circulated on social media prior to the 8 March demonstration.<ref name="Bourdillon" /><ref name="dix-huit">{{cite web|website=[[Nouvel Obs]]|title=Les "18 commandements" du manifestant en Algérie|trans-title=The "18 Commandments" of the protester in Algeria|url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/20190308.OBS1418/les-18-commandements-du-manifestant-en-algerie.html|date=8 March 2019|access-date=16 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414082432/https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/20190308.OBS1418/les-18-commandements-du-manifestant-en-algerie.html|archive-date=14 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The day after the announcement that Bouteflika would not seek a new term, that Interior Minister [[Noureddine Bedoui]] had replaced [[Ahmed Ouyahia]] as prime minister, and that the presidential election was to be postposed ''sine die'', university students protested for the third consecutive Tuesday across the country chanting "No Tricks, Bouteflika."<ref>{{cite news|via=AFP|url=https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Algerie-etudiants-mobilises-rue-contre-ruse-Bouteflika-2019-03-12-1301008157|date=12 January 2019|access-date=13 March 2019|language=fr|title=Algérie: les étudiants mobilisés dans la rue contre la "ruse" de Bouteflika|trans-title=Algeria: students mobilized in the street against the "ruse" of Bouteflika|newspaper=[[La Croix (newspaper)|La Croix]]|quote=le véritable révélateur sera vendredi, premier jour de week-end et traditionnelle journée de manifestation depuis bientôt trois semaines.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403215825/https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Algerie-etudiants-mobilises-rue-contre-ruse-Bouteflika-2019-03-12-1301008157|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On Wednesday, teachers protested. On Thursday, lawyers and judges were on the streets in several cities.<ref name="Zerrouky">{{cite news|author=Madjid Zerrouky|newspaper=[[Le Monde]]|title=En Algérie, l'opposition rejette le processus de "transition" du régime|trans-title=In Algeria, the opposition rejects the regime's "transition" process|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/03/15/algerie-l-opposition-rejette-le-processus-de-transition-propose-par-le-regime_5436497_3212.html|date=15 March 2019|access-date=19 March 2019|language=fr|quote=Pour le régime, il y a urgence. Après les étudiants et les enseignants, mardi et mercredi, les professions médicales, les avocats et les magistrats manifestaient jeudi dans plusieurs villes pour exiger le « départ immédiat » d'Abdelaziz Bouteflika.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319042136/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/03/15/algerie-l-opposition-rejette-le-processus-de-transition-propose-par-le-regime_5436497_3212.html|archive-date=19 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 March, [[Djamila Bouhired]] encouraged the younger generation demonstrating, saying: "Your elders liberated Algeria from colonial domination, and you are giving back to Algerians their liberties and their pride despoiled since independence"<ref name=France24>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190315-algeria-pressure-bouteflika-protests-elections|website=[[France 24]]|title=Algerians keep up pressure on Bouteflika with more mass protests|date=15 March 2019|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315135327/https://www.france24.com/en/20190315-algeria-pressure-bouteflika-protests-elections|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The protests on 15 March were estimated to have been larger than those the previous Friday.<ref name="marée" /> ''The Guardian'' reported that hundreds of thousands were in the streets,<ref>{{cite web|author1=Jason Burke|author2=Ruth Michaelson|newspaper=The Guardian|title=Algeria protests grow as elite distances itself from ailing president|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/15/algeria-protesters-bouteflik-movement|date=15 March 2019|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315235753/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/15/algeria-protesters-bouteflik-movement|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> ''La Croix'' put the number at over a million.<ref>{{cite news|author=Amine Kadi|newspaper=[[La Croix (newspaper)|La Croix]]|language=fr|title=Algérie, la transition dirigée par Bouteflika cale d'entrée|trans-title=Algeria, the transition directed by Bouteflika stalls before it starts|url=https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Afrique/Algerie-transition-dirigee-Bouteflika-cale-dentree-2019-03-15-1201009177?from_univers=lacroix|date=15 March 2019|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918161947/https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Afrique/Algerie-transition-dirigee-Bouteflika-cale-dentree-2019-03-15-1201009177|archive-date=18 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Protesters carried a banner criticizing France's comments that the cancellation of elections should lead to a "transition of reasonable length" saying, "It's the people who decide, not France!". Other signs included "Macron, deal with your [[Yellow vests movement|yellow vests]]" and "[[Elysée]], stop! It's 2019, not 1830."<ref name="marée">{{cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/03/15/des-milliers-de-manifestants-se-rassemblent-a-alger-pour-dire-non-a-bouteflika_5436624_3212.html|newspaper=[[Le Monde]]|language=fr|date=15 March 2019|access-date=15 March 2019|title=Marée humaine en Algérie pour le quatrième vendredi de manifestation contre le pouvoir|trans-title=Human tide in Algeria for the fourth Friday of protest against power|via=AFP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315132726/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/03/15/des-milliers-de-manifestants-se-rassemblent-a-alger-pour-dire-non-a-bouteflika_5436624_3212.html|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Manifestation d'Algériens à Montréal 2019.jpg|Protesters in [[Montreal]], [[Canada]] (10 March).

On 16 March, twenty women created the group ''Femmes algériennes pour un changement vers l’égalitél'égalité'' (FACE), calling for full equality between men and women, proposing the creation of a regular ''feminist square'' in front of [[Algiers 1 University]] and calling for equal representation of men and women in citizens' initiatives resulting from the Hirak protests.<ref name="LeWatan_creation_FACE_3mars" /> On 17 March, the newly appointed Prime Minister announced the intention of forming a government of politically unaffiliated experts, which would "reflect the demographics of the Algerian society".<ref name="AlJazeera">{{cite web|author=News Agencies|website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|title=Algerian PM has started talks to form new government|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/algerian-pm-started-talks-form-government-190317123125084.html|date=17 March 2019|access-date=17 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317162032/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/algerian-pm-started-talks-form-government-190317123125084.html|archive-date=17 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Students were again in the streets on Tuesday, 18 March demanding that Bouteflika step down by the end of his term (28 April). The army chief of staff said that the army needed to deal with the crisis.<ref name="Chikhi">{{cite web|author1=Lamine Chikhi|author2=Hamid Ould Ahmed|website=[[Reuters]]|title=Thousands rally in Algiers as protest leaders tell army to stay away|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-algeria-protests/algeria-protest-leaders-tell-army-to-stay-out-of-politics-idUSKCN1R00R4|date=19 March 2019|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404003500/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-algeria-protests/algeria-protest-leaders-tell-army-to-stay-out-of-politics-idUSKCN1R00R4|archive-date=4 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bouteflika named a new government on 31 March 2019, two days before his resignation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/boutelfika-nomme-un-gouvernement-de-gestion-des-affaires-courantes_mg_5ca0fe6be4b00ba6327eb779|title=Bouteflika "nomme un nouveau gouvernement"|trans-title=Bouteflika "appoints a new government"|date=31 March 2019|website=HuffPost Maghreb|language=fr|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401161218/https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/boutelfika-nomme-un-gouvernement-de-gestion-des-affaires-courantes_mg_5ca0fe6be4b00ba6327eb779|archive-date=1 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The streets were again exuberant and crowded with hundreds of thousands on Friday 5 April, with marchers carrying signs demanding further resignations, specifically mentioning the 3B: Noureddine Bedoui (prime minister), Abdelkader Bensalah (who was officially appointed acting interim president on 9 April),<ref>{{Cite news|author1=Aomar Ouali|author2=Nadine Achoui-Lesage|title=Algeria's interim leader pledges to hold 'honest' election|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/algeria-parliament-names-interim-leader-after-protests/2019/04/09/b0e60354-5abc-11e9-98d4-844088d135f2_story.html?|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=10 April 2019|date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409182141/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/algeria-parliament-names-interim-leader-after-protests/2019/04/09/b0e60354-5abc-11e9-98d4-844088d135f2_story.html|archive-date=9 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Tayeb Belaiz]] (head of the constitutional council); as well as the Army Chief of Staff.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Zahra Chanoui|title=En Algérie, sans Bouteflika, les manifestants réclament le départ de ceux "qui ont mangé le pays"|trans-title=In Algeria, without Bouteflika, protesters demand the departure of those "who ate the country"|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/04/06/en-algerie-sans-bouteflika-les-manifestants-reclament-le-depart-de-ceux-qui-ont-mange-le-pays_5446676_3212.html|newspaper=[[Le Monde]]|date=6 April 2019|access-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406111105/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/04/06/en-algerie-sans-bouteflika-les-manifestants-reclament-le-depart-de-ceux-qui-ont-mange-le-pays_5446676_3212.html|archive-date=6 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The size of the protests on 19 April was similar to previous weeks.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} Ennahar TV reported that five billionaires were arrested on 22 April 2019: four brothers from the Kouninef family, close to Saïd Bouteflika, and [[Issad Rebrab]], the CEO of [[Cevital]].<ref name=billionaires/> The head of Cevital's communications department denied the reports.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=ObservAlgerie.com|url=https://www.observalgerie.com/actualite-algerie/economie/algerie-arrestation-issad-rebrab-explications-dementi/|title=Algérie. Arrestation de Issad Rebrab : Ce que l'on sait|trans-title=Algeria. Arrest of Issad Rebrab: What we know|language=fr|author=Shérazade|date=22 April 2019|access-date=22 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422173652/https://www.observalgerie.com/actualite-algerie/economie/algerie-arrestation-issad-rebrab-explications-dementi/|archive-date=22 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> A judge also called in the former prime minister and the current finance minister for questioning.<ref name=billionaires>{{Cite news|newspaper=France24|title=Algeria arrests five business tycoons|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190422-algeria-arrests-five-business-tycoons|date=22 April 2019|access-date=22 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422173651/https://www.france24.com/en/20190422-algeria-arrests-five-business-tycoons|archive-date=22 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

On Saturday 4 May, the former president's younger brother, Saïd Bouteflika, was arrested along with former secret service head General [[Mohamed Mediene]] ("Toufik") and intelligence chief {{illminterlanguage link|Athmane Tartag|fr|Athmane Tartag|ar|بشير_طرطاق}} ("Bachir").<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Le Point|language=fr|url=https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/algerie-said-bouteflika-a-ete-arrete-04-05-2019-2310867_3826.php|title=Algérie : Saïd Bouteflika a été arrêté|date=4 May 2019|access-date=4 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504175936/https://www.lepoint.fr/afrique/algerie-said-bouteflika-a-ete-arrete-04-05-2019-2310867_3826.php|archive-date=4 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=France 24|date=4 May 2019|access-date=5 May 2019|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190504-brother-algerian-ex-president-bouteflika-two-former-intelligence-chiefs-arrested|agency=AP|title=Brother of Algerian ex-president Bouteflika, two former intelligence chiefs arrested|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504234835/https://www.france24.com/en/20190504-brother-algerian-ex-president-bouteflika-two-former-intelligence-chiefs-arrested|archive-date=4 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="awsat" /><ref name="DW" />

On 15 September, the government announced a presidential election to take place on 12 December.<ref name="ElWatan_12DecElection" /><ref name="ElWatan_Act31" /> Demonstrations continued, calling for Ahmed Gaïd Salah and other members of the former Bouteflika governmental clique to resign. The authorities blocked road entries to the capital Algiers and arrested prominent protestorsprotesters in preparation for the following Friday. Protestorsprotesters called for a general strike each Tuesday starting 24 September.<ref name="ElWatan_Act31" />

On 1 November, the metro was shut down in Algiers and trains into the city were canceled as a result of a social media campaign calling for demonstrations. Police roadblocks also caused traffic jams.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=France 24|title=Algerians take to streets, call for 'new revolution' on independence anniversary|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20191101-algerians-take-to-streets-call-for-new-revolution-on-independence-anniversary|date=1 November 2019|language=en|access-date=1 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101205017/https://www.france24.com/en/20191101-algerians-take-to-streets-call-for-new-revolution-on-independence-anniversary|archive-date=1 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> For the 37th weekly Friday protest, which coincided with the celebration of the 65th anniversary of the start of the [[Algerian War]] for independence from France,<ref name="Ouali 2019">{{cite news | last=Ouali | first=Aomar | title=Algerians protest election plan, celebrate independence | newspaper=The Washington Post| date=1 November 2019 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/algerians-protest-election-plan-mark-independence-war/2019/11/01/f7616f20-fc8e-11e9-9e02-1d45cb3dfa8f_story.html | access-date=2 November 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103000721/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/algerians-protest-election-plan-mark-independence-war/2019/11/01/f7616f20-fc8e-11e9-9e02-1d45cb3dfa8f_story.html | archive-date=3 November 2019 | url-status=dead }}</ref> tens of thousands of demonstrators called for all members of the system of power in place to be dismissed and for a radical change in the political system.<ref name="AJE_1Nov_reject_election" /> They rejected the [[2019 Algerian presidential election|12 December election]], with slogans describing it as "an election with the gangs" and as an "election organised by a corrupt power [which] is a trap for idiots" ({{lang-fr|les élections d’und'un pouvoir corrompu est un piège à cons}}).<ref name="ElWatan_1Nov2019_demo" />

On 15 November, the 39th successive Friday of protests included objections to the 12 December presidential election and calls for arrested protestorsprotesters to be freed.<ref name="ElWatan_Chlef_191115_manif" />

On 17 November, the day that the presidential election candidates opened their campaigns, protestorsprotesters objecting to the election, perceiving it as a continuation of the same group of people retaining political power, posted sacks of garbage on panels allocated for presidential candidates' campaign posters. Protestorprotester Smain described the symbolism by stating that the election "is completely rejected ... as garbage".<ref name="ThomReut_garbage_campaign" />

The presidential election was [[2019 Algerian presidential election#12 December 2019 election|held on 12 December 2019]], despite wide popular opposition,<ref name="LeSoirdAlg_FCC_s_explique" /><ref name="Reporters_FCC_creation_9mars2019" /><ref name="LibAlg_6juillet2019" /> with a turnout of 8% according to the [[Rally for Culture and Democracy]]<ref name="ElWatan_RCD_8pourcent" /> or 39.88% officially,<ref name="APS_official_results" /> with [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]] officially elected in the first round with 58.13% of the valid votes.<ref name="APS_official_results" /> During the three days around the election, 11–13 December 1200 protestorsprotesters were detained by the authorities according to the [[National Committee for the Liberation of Detainees|CNLD]].<ref name="ElWatan_post_Tebboune_dialogue" /> Later in December, the CNLD estimated that according to its records, 180 [[prisoner of conscience|prisoners of conscience]] remained in prison, either under remand or serving sentences.<ref name="ElWatan_180_depuis_juin" />

In the first week of January 2020, the new president elected in the mostly boycotted election, [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]], appointed [[Abdelaziz Djerad]] as [[Prime Minister of Algeria|prime minister]] and the rest of his cabinet mostly consisting of ministers of the previous government<ref name="FR24_Dzejad_govt" /> under Bensalah as acting president and [[Ahmed Gaid Salah]] as ''de facto'' leader of Algeria.<ref name="Buries2019">{{cite web | title=Algeria buries military chief, de facto ruler amid protests | url=https://apnews.com/ff9c303e4597fcf4ddc9dc2764ed04c4 | date=25 December 2019 | work=[[Associated Press]] | access-date=25 December 2019 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20200114173502/https://apnews.com/ff9c303e4597fcf4ddc9dc2764ed04c4 | archive-date=14 January 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> On 2 January, 76 prisoners of conscience detained because of their protest actions were released, some of them conditionally.<ref name="ElWatan_dizaines_arretes_200117" /> Protests continued.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/police-disperse-protesters-in-algerian-capital-20200110|title=Police disperse protesters in Algerian capital|date=10 January 2020|website=News24|access-date=1 February 2020|archive-date=2020-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115160453/https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/police-disperse-protesters-in-algerian-capital-20200110|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="FR24_Dzejad_govt" />

In the 17 January Hirak protest marches, twenty of the first protestorsprotesters to arrive in the morning were arrested in Algiers.<ref name="ElWatan_dizaines_arretes_200117" /> {{As of|2020|01|18}}, {{ill|Youth Action Rally|fr|Rassemblement actions jeunesse}} (RAJ) estimated that a total of at least 100 Hirak prisoners of conscience were being held in Algerian prisons, while the [[National Committee for the Liberation of Detainees|CNLD]] estimated that 120 or more Hirak prisoners remained under detention.<ref name="ElWatan_100RAJ_120CNLD_200118" />

In early February, close to the anniversary of the first protests on 16 and 22 February 2019, President Tebboune signed a decree pardoning several thousand prisoners, who were released from jail, but the Hirak protest prisoners of conscience were not included in the pardon.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/algeria-president-pardons-thousands-but-not-protesters-20200206|title = Algeria president pardons thousands but not protesters|date = 6 February 2020|access-date = 2020-02-11 |archive-date = 2020-02-07 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200207140949/https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/algeria-president-pardons-thousands-but-not-protesters-20200206|url-status = dead}}</ref>

Abdallah Benadouda, an Algerian exile in the US with experience in Algerian public radio and private television ([[Dzaïr TV]]), started Radio Corona International 21 April 2020 to keep the Hirak flame alive during the lockdown. Benadouda encourages comparison to [[pirate radio in Europe]] in the 1970s and has discussed government crackdown on journalists (Khaled Draini) and opposition figures (Karim Tabbou).<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Le Monde|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/04/24/radio-corona-internationale-la-station-satirique-qui-maintient-la-flamme-du-hirak-algerien_6037653_3212.html|title=Radio Corona internationale, la station qui maintient la flamme du Hirak algérien|author=Madjid Zerrouky|date=24 April 2020|language=fr|quote='Nous ne prétendons pas être une radio du Hirak, tenait-il à insister. 'Nous sommes là pour maintenir la flamme, jusqu’àjusqu'à ce que le mouvement reparte.'}}</ref>

On 9 October, following the rape and killing of a teenage girl, protests erupted in several cities across Algeria, decrying gender-based violence.<ref>{{Cite webnews|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54465180 |title= Chaïma: Algeria women protest over teen's rape and murder. |work= BBC News |date= 8 October 2020 }}</ref> The body of Chaïma, 19, was said to have been discovered in an abandoned petrol station in Thenia, 50 miles east of Algiers, earlier in the month. Chaïma's family revealed that she went missing after going out for a walk to pay her phone bill, and was subsequently stabbed, raped and allegedly burnt alive.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.arabnews.com/node/1746281/middle-east |title= Rape and murder of woman in Algeria sparks outrage. |date= 9 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.9news.com.au/world/algeria-chaima-sadou-protests-rape-murder-of-woman-algiers/a2f12a78-c711-4089-97d4-d4e1579b13eb |title= Protests after teenage girl 'stabbed, raped, and burned alive' in Algeria. |date= 9 October 2020 }}</ref>

Women's active role in the protests was credited with minimizing violence,<ref name="Tripp">{{cite news|author=Aili Mari Tripp|author-link=Aili M. Tripp|newspaper=The Washington Post|title=Women are deeply involved in the Algerian protests – on International Women's Day, and all the time|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/03/08/women-are-deeply-involved-algerian-protests-international-womens-day-all-time/|date=8 March 2019|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404003459/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/03/08/women-are-deeply-involved-algerian-protests-international-womens-day-all-time/|archive-date=4 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and marked a sharp contrast with the 1988 protests predominantly led by salafists.<ref>{{cite news|author=Amine Kadi|newspaper=[[La Croix (newspaper)|La Croix]]|language=fr|title=Les Algériennes descendent en masse manifester|trans-title=Algerian women go down in protest|url=https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Afrique/Algeriennes-descendent-masse-manifester-2019-03-06-1201006929|date=7 March 2019|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306211958/https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Afrique/Algeriennes-descendent-masse-manifester-2019-03-06-1201006929|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> An old mother of five unemployed children told the BBC: "There's nothing for the young generation," she said. "No jobs and no houses. They can't get married. We want this whole system to go."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-africa-47927296|title=Algeria protests: Youth lead the movement for change|publisher=BBC|date=14 April 2014|access-date=15 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414144031/https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-africa-47927296|archive-date=14 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Yetnahaw Gaa !]], often written ''Yetnahaw ga3 !'', or, in Algerian Arabic, (يتنحاو ڨاع), means "they should all go" and became a rallying cry after Bouteflika renounced his run for a fifth term.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Haleh Davis|first1=Muriam|last2=Cheurfa|first2=Hiyem|last3=Serres|first3=Thomas|date=13 June 2019|title=A Hirak Glossary: Terms from Algeria and Morocco|url=https://www.jadaliyya.com/Details/38734|journal=Jadaliyya}}</ref><ref name="Boukaraoun">{{cite news|author=Hacène Boukaraoun|date=3 August 2019|title=Hirak et sécurité extérieure de l'Algérie : l'ANP est un socle|newspaper=[[El Watan]]|url=https://www.elwatan.com/edition/contributions/hirak-et-securite-exterieure-de-lalgerie-lanp-est-un-socle-03-08-2019|access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref>

Some slogans referred to the incumbent president as "the Moroccan" because of his birthplace<ref name="akef" /> and his reputed membership in a shadowy second [[Oujda Group|Oudja Clan]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Kimberly White|via=Reuters|url=http://www.slateafrique.com/82247/le-mystere-du-lieu-de-naissance-de-bouteflika|date=17 December 2013|access-date=11 March 2018|language=fr|title=Le Mystère des origines de Bouteflika|trans-title=The mystery of the origins of Bouteflika|website=[[Slate Afrique]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310230718/http://www.slateafrique.com/82247/le-mystere-du-lieu-de-naissance-de-bouteflika|archive-date=10 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Others, such as "bring back the commandos of the army and the BIS, there will be no fifth term" alluded to the ''baltaguias''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Algérie: "Non, c'est non!" Des étudiants se rassemblent à nouveau dans le centre d'Alger|trans-title=Algeria: "No, it's no!" Students gather again in the center of Algiers|url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/20190305.OBS1196/algerie-non-c-est-non-des-etudiants-se-rassemblent-a-nouveau-dans-le-centre-d-alger.html|website=L'Obs|date=5 March 2019 |access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306170109/https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/20190305.OBS1196/algerie-non-c-est-non-des-etudiants-se-rassemblent-a-nouveau-dans-le-centre-d-alger.html|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> By April, common slogans, placards, chants and hashtags included: "Leave means Leave" and "Throw them all out". Protesters in the capital chanted: "Bouteflika get out, and take Gaid Salah with you."<ref name="McDougall" />

Cachir, an emblematic Algerian sausage, was brandished and tossed around during demonstrations as a reminder of the 2014 elections when the press reported that Bouteflika's re-election committee was increasing attendance at their meetings by handing out free sandwiches filled with the sausage. In the protestorprotester's eyes, cachir had become a "symbol of corruption and of the 'buying of votes and souls.'"<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mohamed Berkani|title=Algérie: le cachir, ce saucisson devenu symbole de la révolte des opposants au 5e mandat de Bouteflika|trans-title=Algeria: the cachir, this sausage become symbol of the revolt of the opponents of the 5th term of Bouteflika|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/algerie/election-presidentielle-en-algerie/algerie-le-cachir-ce-saucisson-devenu-symbole-de-la-revolte-des-opposants-au-5e-mandat-de-bouteflika_3217547.html|website=Franceinfo|access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306181719/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/algerie/election-presidentielle-en-algerie/algerie-le-cachir-ce-saucisson-devenu-symbole-de-la-revolte-des-opposants-au-5e-mandat-de-bouteflika_3217547.html|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live|date=4 March 2019}}</ref> The Algerians have also employed humour and comedy to express dissent and discontent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jadaliyya.com/Details/38495/The-Laughter-of-Dignity-Comedy-and-Dissent-in-the-Algerian-Popular-Protests|title=Comedy and Dissent in the Algerian Popular Protests|year=2019|website=jadaliyya.com|access-date=14 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414190215/http://jadaliyya.com/Details/38495/The-Laughter-of-Dignity-Comedy-and-Dissent-in-the-Algerian-Popular-Protests|archive-date=14 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Until 1 March 2019, public television, radio, and press totally ignored the demonstrations, while private television channels linked to powerthe establishment dealt with them in a limited way.<ref name="Médias L’OrientL'Orient">{{Cite journal|date=23 February 2019|title=Manifestations en Algérie: la radio nationale muette, une cadre démissionne|trans-title=Protests in Algeria: the national radio mute, an executive resigns|url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1158724/manifestations-en-algerie-la-radio-nationale-muette-une-cadre-demissionne.html|journal=[[L'Orient-Le Jour]]|language=fr|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306042645/https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1158724/manifestations-en-algerie-la-radio-nationale-muette-une-cadre-demissionne.html|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[boycott]] campaign was launched against the media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.observalgerie.com/actualite-algerie/algerie-news/libertes-en-algerie/algerie-campagne-de-boycott-a-lencontre-de-plusieurs-medias/|title=Algérie: Campagne de boycott à l'encontre de plusieurs médias|website=Observ'Algérie|language=fr|trans-title=Algeria: Boycott campaign against several media|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043230/https://www.observalgerie.com/actualite-algerie/algerie-news/libertes-en-algerie/algerie-campagne-de-boycott-a-lencontre-de-plusieurs-medias/|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> The editor-in-chief of {{illminterlanguage link|Channel III|ar|الإذاعة_الجزائرية_3|fr|Alger Chaîne 3}}, Meriem Abdou, resigned on 23 February as a protest against the treatment of the movement on the government-run radio station. Several journalists were arrested.<ref name="Médias L’OrientL'Orient" /> A hundred journalists and the NGO [[Reporters Without Borders]] publicly denounced the [[censorship]] practiced by the Algerian executive.<ref name="Censure">{{Cite journal|date=2 March 2019|title=Algérie: La télévision d'État évoque enfin les manifestations, tout en les censurant|trans-title=Algeria: State television finally evokes the demonstrations, while censoring them|url=https://parismatch.be/actualites/politique/245007/algerie-la-television-detat-evoque-pour-la-premiere-fois-les-manifestations|journal=[[L'Orient-Le Jour]]|language=fr|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043755/https://parismatch.be/actualites/politique/245007/algerie-la-television-detat-evoque-pour-la-premiere-fois-les-manifestations|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> When state TV channels did begin mentioning the protests, they were critical of the protesters and did not refer to their motives.<ref name="Massives" /><ref name="Censure" /> In contrast, the private print media and news sites reported widely on events from the beginning.<ref name="Médias L’OrientL'Orient" />

Despite the opening of the audiovisual media to competition in 2011, off-shore channels can be shut down at any time because of their precarious legal status.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/algerie/election-presidentielle-en-algerie/un-million-de-personnes-dans-la-rue-contre-le-5e-mandat-de-bouteflika-et-aucune-image-a-la-television-les-algeriens-indignes_3206611.html|title=Algérie: "un million de personnes dans la rue et aucune image à la télévision"|website=Franceinfo|language=fr|trans-title=Algeria: "a million people on the street and no picture on television"|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227143031/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/algerie/election-presidentielle-en-algerie/un-million-de-personnes-dans-la-rue-contre-le-5e-mandat-de-bouteflika-et-aucune-image-a-la-television-les-algeriens-indignes_3206611.html|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live|date=25 February 2019}}</ref> One foreign media outlet, [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]], has been banned from Algeria since 2004.<ref name="Listening Post">{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/listeningpost/2019/03/media-battle-algiers-190316061707924.html|title=The media battle of Algiers|author=Listening Post|date=8 March 2019|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316212338/https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/listeningpost/2019/03/media-battle-algiers-190316061707924.html|archive-date=16 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 6 July, the [[Forum civil pour le changement]], created on 9 March 2019 by 70 citizens' groups and led by Abderrahmane Arara,<ref name="Reporters_FCC_creation_9mars2019" /> and the [[Forces du changement]] held a conference at which they proposed the creation of a panel to dialogue with the government and in favour of the holding of a presidential election.<ref name="JAfrique_trois_coalitions" /><ref name="LibAlg_6juillet2019" /> The 13-person dialogue panel, the ''Instance nationale de dialogue et de médiation'', was created and led by {{ill|Karim Younes|fr}}. The dialogue panel and the holding of the election were widely criticised by the protestorsprotesters and by the ''Forces of the Democratic Alternative'', who stated that the arrests of protestorsprotesters for political reasons and the lack of basic conditions of democracy were conditions unsuitable for an election.<ref name="LeSoirdAlg_FCC_s_explique" /><ref name="Reporters_FCC_creation_9mars2019" /><ref name="LibAlg_6juillet2019" />

Citizens' groups to monitor the detentions of protest participants and call for their release were formed. The [[Network for fighting against repression, for the release of prisoners of conscience, and for democratic freedoms|Network for fighting against repression]] was created on 1 June 2019 to call for the release of prisoners including [[Louisa Hanoune]], the first woman to run for [[President of Algeria]], and [[Hadj Ghermoul]], a member of the {{ill|Algerian League for the Defense of Human Rights|fr|Ligue algérienne pour la défense des droits de l'homme}}.<ref name="ReseauLutteRep_creation20190601" /> The [[National Committee for the Liberation of Detainees]] (CNLD) was created on 26 August 2019.<ref name="JAfrique_appel_liberer" /> In late December, several weeks after the presidential election won by [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]], the CNLD had documentation of 180 "Hirak" prisoners under remand or sentenced, and saw "no sign" of the government ceasing its frequent arrests of the protestorsprotesters.<ref name="ElWatan_aucun_signe" /><ref name="ElWatan_180_depuis_juin" />

On 11 March, it was announced that President Bouteflika would not seek re-election; that Prime Minister [[Ahmed Ouyahia]] had resigned and been replaced by Interior Minister Noureddine Bedoui; and that the April 2019 presidential election was postponed indefinitely.<ref name="BBC_unsigned">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47531917|website=[[BBC]]|title=Algerian president Adelaziz Bouteflika drops bid for fifth term|date=11 March 2019|access-date=12 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312002005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47531917|archive-date=12 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Inquiries were announced into "corruption and illicit overseas capital transfers" on 1 April 2019. Ali Haddad was arrested trying to cross the border into Tunisia after liquidating stock worth €38m.<ref name=oligarchs>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/declenchement-de-l-operation-mains-propresa-contre-les-oligarques_mg_5ca22085e4b014390a162ad2|title=Déclenchement de l'opération "mains propres" contre les oligarques|trans-title=Triggering of the "clean hands" operation against the oligarchs|date=1 April 2019|website=HuffPostMaghreb|language=fr|access-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918161906/https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/declenchement-de-l-operation-mains-propres-contre-les-oligarques_mg_5ca22085e4b014390a162ad2|archive-date=18 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/algerian-businessman-ties-president-bouteflika-arrested-190331101052963.html|title=Algerian businessman with ties to President Bouteflika arrested|date=31 March 2019|website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|access-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401001747/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/algerian-businessman-ties-president-bouteflika-arrested-190331101052963.html|archive-date=1 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On the same day, Bouteflika promised to step down by the end of his term on 28 April.

On 7 May 2020, the preliminary draft of the constitutional amendment was published. It provides for the replacement of the post of First Minister by Head of Government, responsible to the Assembly, which can overthrow it by a [[Censure|motion of censure]], the possibility for the President of the Republic to appoint a vice-president, the replacement of the Constitutional Council by a Constitutional Court, the retention of the limit on the number of presidential mandates to two, consecutive or not, or the limitation of the mandate of deputy to one re-election.<ref>{{Cite webnews |date=7 May 2020|editor=pagesTSA-Tout-sur-lAlgérie135765743142770 |title=Mandats présidentiels, Armée, Tamazight : les principaux points du projet préliminaire de la révision constitutionnelle – TSA|trans-title=Presidential mandates, Army, Tamazight: the main points of the preliminary draft of the constitutional revision - TSA|url=https://www.tsa-algerie.com/mandats-presidentiels-armee-tamazight-les-principaux-points-du-projet-preliminaire-de-la-revision-constitutionnelle/|access-date=7 May 2020|websitework=TSA-Algeria}}</ref> In addition, the Hirak is inscribed in the preamble of the Constitution and the army is authorized to participate in theaters of operation abroad. Finally, the National Independent Election Authority (ANIE) is constitutionalised, the presidential third of the Council of Nation is abolished and the possibility of legislating by ordinance during parliamentary recess is abrogated.<ref>{{Cite webnews |date=7 May 2020|editor=pagesTSA-Tout-sur-lAlgérie135765743142770 |title=Révision de la Constitution : les six grands axes et 73 propositions du comité Laraba – TSA|trans-title=Revision of the Constitution: the six main axes and 73 proposals of the Laraba committee - TSA|url=https://www.tsa-algerie.com/projet-preliminaire-de-la-revision-de-la-constitution-ce-quil-faut-retenir/|access-date=7 May 2020|websitework=TSA-Algeria}}</ref>

On 8 September 2020, the final draft of the constitutional amendment was published. It revokes both of the vice-president post and the abolition of the presidential third of the Council of Nation.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rédaction AE|date=8 September 2020|title=Projet de révision de la Constitution : Les principales dispositions|trans-title=Draft revision of the Constitution: The main provisions|url=https://www.algerie-eco.com/2020/09/08/projet-de-revision-de-la-constitution-les-principales-dispositions/|access-date=8 September 2020|website=Algérie Eco}}</ref>

The weekend after Bouteflika stepped down, [[2018–2019 Sudanese protests|protestorsprotesters in Sudan]] called upon the army to take their side against sitting president [[Omar al-Bashir]]. Despite the state of emergency and the emergency courts the President created to treat the protests, demonstrators staged a sit-in in the public space outside the Khartoum headquarters of the Armed Forces.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|title=Clashes between rival Sudan armed forces risk 'civil war', protesters warn|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/sudan-civil-war-omar-al-bashir-khartoum-bouteflika-a8863881.html|date=10 April 2019|access-date=10 April 2019|quote=Protests [...] have been reignited by the successful 3 April ouster of Algeria's Abdelaziz Bouteflika [...]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410203729/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/sudan-civil-war-omar-al-bashir-khartoum-bouteflika-a8863881.html|archive-date=10 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

* {{flag|Algeria}}: On 5 March, the {{illminterlanguage link|National Organization of Mujahideen|ar|المنظمة الوطنية للمجاهدين (الجزائر)|fr|Organisation nationale des moudjahidine}} (the powerful organization of veterans of the [[Algerian War|Algerian War of Independence]]) announced by press release that they supported the demonstrations, lamenting "the collusion between both influential parties in the seat of power and unscrupulous businessmen who have profited illicitly from public money".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Algérie: le camp Bouteflika perd certains de ses soutiens – RFI|trans-title=Algeria: Bouteflika camp loses some of its support – RFI|url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20190306-algerie-camp-bouteflika-perd-soutiens-moudjahidines-avocats|website=RFI Afrique|access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|quote=collusion entre et des parties influentes au sein du pouvoir et des hommes d'affaires véreux qui ont bénéficié de manière illicite de l'argent public.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308235321/http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20190306-algerie-camp-bouteflika-perd-soutiens-moudjahidines-avocats|archive-date=8 March 2019|url-status=live|date=6 March 2019}}</ref>

International reactions were cautious:; most countries and international organizations remained silent until 5 March.

* {{flag|France}}: Speaking in [[Djibouti]] on 12 March, French Presidentpresident [[Emmanuel Macron]] welcomed Bouteflika's decision not to seek reelection and applauded the Algerian government's plan for a constitutional conference validated by a popular referendum after a "transition of reasonable length."<ref>{{cite web|website=France 24|title=Emmanuel Macron appelle à "une transition d'une durée raisonnable" en Algérie|trans-title=Emmanuel Macron calls for "a transition of a reasonable duration" in Algeria|date=12 March 2019|url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20190312-algerie-reaction-macron-transition-duree-raisonnable|access-date=16 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416125142/https://www.france24.com/fr/20190312-algerie-reaction-macron-transition-duree-raisonnable|archive-date=16 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

*{{flag|Italy}}: Prime Minister [[Giuseppe Conte]] advised listening to "requests for change from civil society" and believed that "Algeria will be able to guarantee a democratic and inclusive process with respect for its people and for its own benefit".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.algeriepatriotique.com/2019/03/19/situation-politique-en-algerie-litalie-conseille-a-lalgerie-decouter-son-peuple/ |language=fr |author=Fatiha |title=Situation politique en Algérie : l'Italie conseille à l'Algérie d'écouter son peuple |trans-title=Political situation in Algeria: Italy advises Algeria to listen to its people |date=19 March 2019 |website=algeriepatriotique.com |access-date=17 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517210353/https://www.algeriepatriotique.com/2019/03/19/situation-politique-en-algerie-litalie-conseille-a-lalgerie-decouter-son-peuple/ |archive-date=17 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

*{{flag|Tunisia}}: Although Tunisia's president [[Beji Caid Essebsi]] has stated that the Algerian people arewere "free to express themselves on their own governance as they wish",<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190314-anxious-silence-tunisia-morocco-algeria-political-crisis-bouteflika-protests|title=Tunisia and Morocco quietly 'uneasy' with Algeria's popular movement|last=Daou|first=Marc|date=15 March 2019|website=France 24|access-date=6 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506042719/https://www.france24.com/en/20190314-anxious-silence-tunisia-morocco-algeria-political-crisis-bouteflika-protests|archive-date=6 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> no further comment regarding Tunisia'sthe Tunisian government's stance on the events was made. Demonstrations were organized on 9 March during which Tunisian civilians showed their solidarity towith their Algerian counterparts.<ref name=":0" />

<ref name="ElWatan_Act31_detentions">{{cite news | last1= Nadir | first1=Iddir | language =fr | title= Des manifestants se sont vu retirer leur emblème national : Poursuite des arrestations et solidarité avec les détenus |trans-title = Protestors had their national emblem confiscated: further arrests and solidarity with the detained | date= 2019-09-21 |newspaper= [[El Watan]] | url= https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/poursuite-des-arrestations-et-solidarite-avec-les-detenus-21-09-2019 |access-date= 2019-09-21 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190921191610/https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/poursuite-des-arrestations-et-solidarite-avec-les-detenus-21-09-2019 |archive-date= 2019-09-21 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ElWatan_12DecElection">{{cite news | last1= Fedjkhi | first1=Amar | language = fr | title= Déferlante humaine à Bouira : "Trouvez-nous une place dans la prison !" |trans-title = Human overflow at Bouira: 'Give us a spot in prison!' | date= 2019-09-21 |newspaper= [[El Watan]] | url= https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/trouvez-nous-une-place-dans-la-prison-21-09-2019 |access-date=2019-09-21 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190921191524/https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/trouvez-nous-une-place-dans-la-prison-21-09-2019 |archive-date= 2019-09-21 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ElWatan_Act31">{{cite news | last1= Douici| first1=Nouredine | language = fr | title= Acte 31 du mouvement populaire à Béjaïa : "Empêcher l'élection pour sauver le pays" |trans-title = Act 31 of the popular movement at Béjaïa: 'Stop the election to save the country' | date= 2019-09-21 |newspaper= [[El Watan]] | url= https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/empecher-lelection-pour-sauver-le-pays-21-09-2019 |access-date= 2019-09-21 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190921191552/https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/empecher-lelection-pour-sauver-le-pays-21-09-2019 |archive-date= 2019-09-21 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ElWatan_1Nov2019_demo">{{cite news | last1= Djouadi | first1=Farouk | title= Marche du 1er novembre à Alger : l'incroyable force de la révolution pacifique |trans-title = <!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | date= 2019-11-01 |newspaper= [[El Watan]] | url= https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/marche-du-1er-novembre-a-alger-lincroyable-force-de-la-revolution-pacifique-01-11-2019 |access-date=2019-11-02 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191102201906/https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/marche-du-1er-novembre-a-alger-lincroyable-force-de-la-revolution-pacifique-01-11-2019 |archive-date= 2019-11-02 |url-status=live <!-- live|dead|unfit|usurped -->}}</ref>

<ref name="TesbihMuzna_InvincibleArabSpringElWatan_creation_Forces">{{cite news | last1 = HabbalLamriben | first1=Tesbih | last2= Hasnawi | first2= MuznaHocine | title= InRéunies thehier Midstau ofsiège Chaos,du an Invincible ArabRCD: SpringLes –Forces Thisde monthl'sAlternative protestsdémocratique inrejettent Syria,"l'agenda Iraq,de and Egypt prove that what began in 2010 was just the beginning of a long revolution.la présidentielle" |trans-title date= 2019-10-10 | newspaper = [[TheEl NationWatan]] |date =2019-09-10 | url = https://www.thenationelwatan.com/articleedition/protestsactualite/reunies-iraqhier-syriaau-egypt/siege-du-rcd-les-forces-de-lalternative-democratique-rejettent-lagenda-de-la-presidentielle-10-09-2019 | access-date = 2019-1011-2103 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/2019102123014420191103000314/httphttps://www.thenationelwatan.com/articleedition/protestsactualite/reunies-iraqhier-syriaau-egypt/siege-du-rcd-les-forces-de-lalternative-democratique-rejettent-lagenda-de-la-presidentielle-10-09-2019 |archive-date= 2019-1011-2103 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="ElWatan_Chlef_191115_manif">{{cite news | last1= Yechkour | first1= A. | language =fr | title= Chlef : Forte mobilisation pour la "libération des jeunes arrêtés et le rejet des élections" |trans-title = Chlef: strong turnout for "freeing the arrested youths and for rejecting the election"<!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | date= 2019-11-16 |newspaper= [[El Watan]] | url=https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/chlef-forte-mobilisation-pour-la-liberation-des-jeunes-arretes-et-le-rejet-des-elections-15-11-2019 |access-date=2019-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117184650/https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/chlef-forte-mobilisation-pour-la-liberation-des-jeunes-arretes-et-le-rejet-des-elections-15-11-2019 |archive-date= 2019-11-17 |url-status=live <!-- live|dead|unfit|usurped -->}}</ref>

<ref name="ElWatan_DSC_24aout_11nov">{{cite news | last1= Iddir | first1= Nadir | language =fr | title= Dynamiques de la société civile : Cap sur la conférence nationale |trans-title = Dynamiques de la société civile: towards a national meeting <!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | date= 2019-11-17 |newspaper= [[El Watan]] | url= https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/dynamiques-de-la-societe-civile-cap-sur-la-conference-nationale-17-11-2019 |access-date=2019-12-15 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191215220523/https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/dynamiques-de-la-societe-civile-cap-sur-la-conference-nationale-17-11-2019 |archive-date= 2019-12-15 |url-status=live <!-- live|dead|unfit|usurped -->}}</ref>

<ref name="JAfrique_trois_coalitions">{{cite news | last1= Poletti | first1=Arianne | language =fr | title= Algérie : comprendre les différentes propositions de sortie de crise en une infographie |trans-title = Algeria: a diagram for understanding the different proposals for solving the crisis <!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | date= 2019-07-26 |newspaper= [[Jeune Afrique]] | url= https://www.jeuneafrique.com/808573/politique/algerie-comprendre-les-differentes-propositions-de-sortie-de-crise-en-une-infographie/ |access-date=2019-12-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191226003705/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/808573/politique/algerie-comprendre-les-differentes-propositions-de-sortie-de-crise-en-une-infographie/ |archive-date= 2019-12-26 |url-status=live <!-- live|dead|unfit|usurped -->}}</ref>

<ref name="Reporters_FCC_creation_9mars2019">{{cite news | language= fr | title= Le FCC en congrès pour porter appui à l'élection présidentielle : Son coordonnateur, et désormais président, Abderrahmane Arar se porte candidat au scrutin | trans-title= The FCC meets in support of the presidential election: its coordinator, and now its president, Abderrahmane Arar, runs for election<!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | date= 2019-10-06 | newspaper= {{ill|[[:fr:Reporters (newspaperjournal)|fr|Reporters (journal)}}]] | url= https://www.reporters.dz/2019/10/06/le-fcc-en-congres-pour-porter-appui-a-lelection-presidentielle-son-coordonnateur-et-desormais-president-abderrahmane-arar-se-porte-candidat-au-scrutin/ | access-date= 2019-12-26 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191226005525/https://www.reporters.dz/2019/10/06/le-fcc-en-congres-pour-porter-appui-a-lelection-presidentielle-son-coordonnateur-et-desormais-president-abderrahmane-arar-se-porte-candidat-au-scrutin/ | archive-date= 26 December 2019 | url-status= dead }}</ref>

<ref name="ElWatan_RCD_8pourcent">{{cite news | language = fr | title= Le RCD s'offusque du comportement du pouvoir : "Le taux de participation réel à la présidentielle n'a pas dépassé les 8%" |trans-title = RCD vexed by the authorities' behaviour: "The real participation rate in the presidential election was no more than 8%" <!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | date= 2019-12-15 |newspaper= [[El Watan]] | url= https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/le-rcd-soffusque-du-comportement-du-pouvoir-le-taux-de-participation-reel-a-la-presidentielle-na-pas-depasse-les-8-15-12-2019 |access-date=2019-12-16 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191216031221/https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/le-rcd-soffusque-du-comportement-du-pouvoir-le-taux-de-participation-reel-a-la-presidentielle-na-pas-depasse-les-8-15-12-2019 |archive-date= 2019-12-16 |url-status=live <!-- live|dead|unfit|usurped -->}}</ref>

<ref name="ReseauLutteRep_creation20190601">{{cite news | language =fr | title=Naissance du " Réseau de lutte contre la répression, pour la libération des détenus d'opinions, et pour les libertés démocratiques " |trans-title = Birth of the "Network for fighting against repression, for the release of prisoners of conscience, and for democratic freedoms"<!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | date=2019-06-02 | newspaper= {{ill|[[:fr:Reporters (newspaperjournal)|fr|Reporters (journal)}}]] | url=https://www.reporters.dz/2019/06/02/naissance-du-reseau-de-lutte-contre-la-repression-pour-la-liberation-des-detenus-dopinions-et-pour-les-libertes-democratiques/ |access-date=2019-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227210537/https://www.reporters.dz/2019/06/02/naissance-du-reseau-de-lutte-contre-la-repression-pour-la-liberation-des-detenus-dopinions-et-pour-les-libertes-democratiques/ |archive-date= 2019-12-27 |url-status=live <!-- live|dead|unfit|usurped -->}}</ref>

<ref name="JAfrique_appel_liberer">{{cite news | language = fr | title= Algérie : appel à libérer les personnes arrêtées lors des manifestations |trans-title = Algeria: a call for the release of people detained during the demonstrations <!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | date= 2019-08-29 |newspaper= [[Jeune Afrique]] | url= https://www.jeuneafrique.com/821440/politique/algerie-appel-a-liberer-les-personnes-arretees-lors-des-manifestations/ |access-date=2019-12-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191205001748/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/821440/politique/algerie-appel-a-liberer-les-personnes-arretees-lors-des-manifestations/ |archive-date= 2019-12-05 |url-status=live <!-- live|dead|unfit|usurped -->}}</ref>

<ref name="ElWatan_aucun_signe">{{cite news | last1= Lamriben | first1=Hocine | language =fr | title= Kaci Tansaout. Coordinateur du CNLD : "Il n'y a aucun signe d'apaisement" |trans-title = Kaci Tansaout. Coordinator of the CNLD: "There's no sign of deescalation"<!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | date= 2019-12-24 |newspaper= [[El Watan]] | url= https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/il-ny-a-aucun-signe-dapaisement-24-12-2019 |access-date=2019-12-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191224211733/https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/il-ny-a-aucun-signe-dapaisement-24-12-2019 |archive-date= 2019-12-24 |url-status=live <!-- live|dead|unfit|usurped -->}}</ref>

<ref name="ElWatan_post_Tebboune_dialogue">{{cite news | last1=Nadir | first1= Iddir | language =fr | title= Réaction des autorités après l'invitation au dialogue de Tebboune : Répression ou mesures d'apaisement ? |trans-title = Authorities' reaction after Tebboune's dialogue invitation: repression or deescalation? <!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | date= 2019-12-17 |newspaper= [[El Watan]] | url= https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/repression-ou-mesures-dapaisement-17-12-2019 |access-date=2019-12-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191217202858/https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/repression-ou-mesures-dapaisement-17-12-2019 |archive-date= 2019-12-17 |url-status=live <!-- live|dead|unfit|usurped -->}}</ref>

<ref name="ElWatan_dizaines_arretes_200117">{{cite news | last1= Makedhi | first1= Madjid | language =fr | title= Rétrécissement des espaces publics et interpellation de manifestants : Le pouvoir veut-il en finir avec le hirak ? |trans-title = Narrowing of public space and detentions of protestors: Do those in power wish to finish off Hirak?<!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | date= 2020-01-18 |newspaper= [[El Watan]] | url= https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/retrecissement-des-espaces-publics-et-interpellation-de-manifestants-le-pouvoir-veut-il-en-finir-avec-le-hirak-18-01-2020 |access-date=2020-01-18 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200118140010/https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/retrecissement-des-espaces-publics-et-interpellation-de-manifestants-le-pouvoir-veut-il-en-finir-avec-le-hirak-18-01-2020 |archive-date= 2020-01-18 |url-status=live <!-- live|dead|unfit|usurped --> |url-access = <!-- (subscription/registration/limited) default=free -->}}</ref>

<ref name="ElWatan_100RAJ_120CNLD_200118">{{cite news | last1= Iddir | first1= Nadir | language =fr | title= Plusieurs dizaines de détenus en prison et sans procès : Quelles sont les arrière-pensées des autorités ? |trans-title = Several tens of detainees imprisoned without a trial: What are the authorities' motives?<!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | date= 2020-01-18 |newspaper= [[El Watan]] | url= https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/plusieurs-dizaines-de-detenus-en-prison-et-sans-proces-quelles-sont-les-arriere-pensees-des-autorites-18-01-2020 |access-date=2020-01-18 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200118140520/https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/plusieurs-dizaines-de-detenus-en-prison-et-sans-proces-quelles-sont-les-arriere-pensees-des-autorites-18-01-2020 |archive-date= 2020-01-18 |url-status=live <!-- live|dead|unfit|usurped --> |url-access = <!-- (subscription/registration/limited) default=free -->}}</ref>

<ref name="Alg360_13detenus_grevedefaim">{{cite news | language =fr | title= CNLD : Treize détenus du Hirak entament une grève de la faim |trans-title = CNLD: Thirteen Hirak detainees start a hunger strike<!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | date= 2020-01-15 |newspaper= Algérie 360 | url= https://www.algerie360.com/cnld-treize-detenus-du-hirak-entament-une-greve-de-la-faim/ |access-date=2020-01-18 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200118140320/https://www.algerie360.com/cnld-treize-detenus-du-hirak-entament-une-greve-de-la-faim/ |archive-date= 2020-01-18 |url-status=live <!-- live|dead|unfit|usurped --> |url-access = <!-- (subscription/registration/limited) default=free -->}}</ref>

<ref name="ElWatan_PAD_20200125_assises">{{cite news | last1=Ouali | first1=Hacen | language=fr | title=Le mouvement a tenu ses assises hier à Alger : Le PAD tient à "la transition démocratique" | trans-title=The movement held its meeting yesterday in Algiers: PAD insists on a 'democratic transition' <!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | date=2020-01-26 | newspaper=[[El Watan]] | url=https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/le-mouvement-a-tenu-ses-assises-hier-a-alger-le-pad-tient-a-la-transition-democratique-26-01-2020 | access-date=2020-01-27 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20200127213907/https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/le-mouvement-a-tenu-ses-assises-hier-a-alger-le-pad-tient-a-la-transition-democratique-26-01-2020 | archive-date=27 January 2020 | url-status=live | url-access= }}</ref>

<ref name="ElWatan_CNLD_1200">{{cite news | last1= Amir | first1= Nabila | language =fr | title= Le nombre de détenus d'opinion dépasserait les 1200 : Le CNLD dénonce «l'opacité» qui entoure ce dossier | trans-title = The number of prisoners of conscience is said to exceed 1,200: The CNLD denounces the "opacity" surrounding this case | date= 30 March 2020 | newspaper= [[El Watan]] | url= https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/le-cnld-denonce-lopacite-qui-entoure-ce-dossier-30-03-2020 | access-date= 30 March 2020 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200331152534/https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/le-cnld-denonce-lopacite-qui-entoure-ce-dossier-30-03-2020 | archive-date= 31 March 2020 | url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Category:2018–2022Second Arab protestsSpring]]