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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020|cs1-dates=y}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = 2019–2021 Algerian
| partof =
| image = File:Oran protests.jpg
| caption = Protesters on 22 February 2019 in Oran
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*[[2019 Algerian presidential election#12 December 2019 election|12 December 2019 presidential election]] boycotted by 92% ([[Rally for Culture and Democracy|RCD]])<ref name="ElWatan_RCD_8pourcent" /> or 60% (gov't figures)<ref name="APS_official_results" /> of electors
*Failure to remove 'le pouvoir'<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-algeria-protests/algerian-protests-blunted-without-a-shot-fired-in-anger-idUSKBN1ZT1RD|title=Algerian protests blunted without a shot fired in anger|date=30 January 2020|work=Al Jazeera|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref>
*President [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]] proposes new constitutional amendments to strengthen the judiciary and [[Parliament of Algeria|Parliament]]'s roles.<ref>{{Cite
|last=Guidara|first=Amin|date=30 January 2020|website=La Croix|access-date=9 January 2020}}</ref>
| side1 =
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'''Supported by:'''
*[[File:Europarl logo.svg|25px]] [[European Parliament]]<ref name="AlgiersHerald_EU_condemns_Algeria" /><ref name="EuroParl_condemns-Algeriaa" />
| side2 =
*[[President of Algeria|The Presidency]]
*[[Prime Minister of Algeria|Prime ministership]]
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| leadfigures2 =
'''Government leaders:'''<br />
{{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]]<br /
| howmany1 =
| howmany2 =
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| sidebox = {{Campaignbox 2018–2021 Arab protests}}
}}
The
The rising tensions within the Algerian regime can be traced back to the beginning of Bouteflika's rule which has been characterized by the state's monopoly on natural resources revenues used to finance the government's [[clientelism|clientelist]] system and ensure its stability.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Algeria Modern: From opacity to complexity|editor1=Rasmus Alenius Boserup|editor2=Luis Martinez|series=CERI/Sciences Po.|publisher=Hurst|year=2016|isbn=
== Background ==
=== Abdelaziz Bouteflika ===
[[File:Abdelaziz Bouteflika casts his ballot in May 10th's 2012 legislative election (cropped).jpg|alt=|left|thumb|upright|[[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]],
{{See also|2019 Algerian presidential election}}
Abdelaziz Bouteflika had been [[List of heads of state of Algeria|president of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria]] since 1999. Two amnesties (via referendum) for former combatants in the [[Algerian Civil War]] had taken place during his presidency (1999 and 2005). A complex "dirty war" between Islamic guerrillas and the government had claimed a contested number of approximately 200,000 lives between 1991–2002.<ref name=Jalabert>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Le Progrès]]|title=Bouteflika écoute le peuple et renonce|trans-title=Bouteflika listens to the people and gives up|author=Pascal Jalabert|url=https://www.leprogres.fr/france-monde/2019/03/12/face-a-la-contestation-le-renoncement-de-bouteflika|language=fr|pages=2–3|quote=Sa première prioité, rétablir la paix, alors que l'Algérie est plongée dans la guerre civile depuis 1992 contre le guérilla islamiste (quelque 200 000 morts en dix ans).|access-date=12 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112856/https://www.leprogres.fr/france-monde/2019/03/12/face-a-la-contestation-le-renoncement-de-bouteflika|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mellah |first1=Salima |title=The Massacres in Algeria |url=https://www.algeria-watch.org/pdf/pdf_en/massacres_algeria.pdf |access-date=26 April 2019 |ref=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516215129/http://www.algeria-watch.org/pdf/pdf_en/massacres_algeria.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nearly half of the Algerian population was born after the end of the conflict, amidst the din of repeated corruption scandals.
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===Monumentalism===
[[Djamaa el Djazaïr]], a large [[mosque]] under construction in Algiers, is nicknamed the Great Mosque of Bouteflika. Though its construction was touted as an Algerian job-
Broadly, cumulative grievances and aspirations were at the heart of the protest movement. Decade-long economic stagnation, unemployment, labour market segmentation, and chronic corruption fueled discontent. Plummeting oil and gas prices weakened the regime's capacity to continue buying off some sections of the lower classes and youth, and to contain discontent.<ref name="Amir Mohamed Aziz">{{cite journal|url=https://merip.org/2019/03/protesting-politics-in-algeria|title=Protesting Politics in Algeria|journal=Middle East Research and Information Project (MERIP)|author=Amir Mohamed Aziz|date=26 March 2019|access-date=15 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404002950/https://merip.org/2019/03/protesting-politics-in-algeria/|archive-date=4 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
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The protests were at first, following the 10 February formal announcement of Bouteflika's candidacy,<ref name="LeMonde_Kherrata_16Feb" /> limited geographically to northern Algeria.<ref>{{Cite journal |language=fr |title=Algérie: manifestations à Béjaïa contre la candidature de Bouteflika pour un cinquième mandat (vidéo) |trans-title=Algeria: protests in Béjaïa against Bouteflika's candidacy for a fifth term (video) |journal=[[France Maghreb]] |date=21 February 2019 |url=https://www.francemaghreb2.fr/news/algerie-manifestations-a-bejaia-contre-la-candidature-de-bouteflika-pour-un-cinquieme-mandat-video-20249 |access-date=9 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043428/https://www.francemaghreb2.fr/news/algerie-manifestations-a-bejaia-contre-la-candidature-de-bouteflika-pour-un-cinquieme-mandat-video-20249 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first major demonstration took place on 16 February 2019 in [[Kherrata]], at the eastern end of the wilaya of [[Bejaia Province|Bejaia]] in the [[Kabylie]] region, after the distribution in Kherrata and its surrounding villages of posters calling for "a peaceful march against the fifth term and against the existing system" on that date.<ref name="LeMonde_Kherrata_16Feb" /><ref name="AlgPat_Kherrata_16Feb" />
In [[Khenchela]], on 19 February, a giant poster of the President of the Republic was torn down from city hall and trampled. Two days later, another suffered a similar fate in Annaba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Algérie: retour sur une journée de mobilisation inédite contre la candidature de Bouteflika|trans-title=Algeria: return on a day of unprecedented mobilization against the candidacy of Bouteflika|url=http://afrique.lepoint.fr/actualites/algerie-retour-sur-une-journee-de-mobilisation-inedite-contre-la-candidature-de-bouteflika-22-02-2019-2295605_2365.php|website=Le Point Afrique|date=22 February 2019 |access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111344/http://afrique.lepoint.fr/actualites/algerie-retour-sur-une-journee-de-mobilisation-inedite-contre-la-candidature-de-bouteflika-22-02-2019-2295605_2365.php|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> This form of protest was related to the recent practice of offering gifts to a framed portrait of Bouteflika in the latter's absence.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Algérie: la rue ne peut plus "encadrer" la candidature de Bouteflika à un 5e mandat|trans-title=Algeria: the street can no longer "frame" the candidacy of Bouteflika for a 5th term|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/algerie/election-presidentielle-en-algerie/algerie-la-rue-ne-peut-plus-encadrer-la-candidature-de-bouteflika-a-un-5e-mandat_3200807.html|website=Franceinfo|date=21 February 2019 |access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111428/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/algerie/election-presidentielle-en-algerie/algerie-la-rue-ne-peut-plus-encadrer-la-candidature-de-bouteflika-a-un-5e-mandat_3200807.html|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|language=fr|title=Un cheval offert au portrait de Bouteflika: naissance d'un culte rituel?|trans-title=A horse offered to the portrait of Bouteflika: birth of a ritual worship?|journal=Al HuffPost Maghreb|date=26 April 2018|url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/un-cheval-offert-au-portrait-de-bouteflika-naissance-dun-culte-rituel_mg_5ae1bde9e4b04aa23f201d4e|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323125739/https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/un-cheval-offert-au-portrait-de-bouteflika-naissance-dun-culte-rituel_mg_5ae1bde9e4b04aa23f201d4e|archive-date=23 March 2019
=== Week 1: 22–28 February ===
Protests were organized via social media in major and mid-sized cities on 22 February. Those in [[Algiers]]—where street protests had been illegal since a demonstration on 14 June 2001—were the biggest in nearly 18 years.<ref name="akef">{{cite news|language=fr|author1=Amir Akef|author2=Charlotte Bozonnet|author3=Madjid Zerrouky|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/02/23/en-algerie-une-revolte-inedite-contre-le-cinquieme-mandat-d-abdelaziz-bouteflika_5427301_3212.html|date=23 February 2019|newspaper=[[Le Monde]]|title=Algérie:révolte inédite contre le pouvoir|access-date=25 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224170313/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/02/23/en-algerie-une-revolte-inedite-contre-le-cinquieme-mandat-d-abdelaziz-bouteflika_5427301_3212.html|archive-date=24 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Debut" /> Smaller protests, with slogans like "There is no president, there's a poster," had been taking place in Algiers since 11 February.<ref name="Liberté-Algerie">{{Cite web|language=fr|website=liberte-algerie.com|title=Une vague anti-5e mandat prend forme: Toute l'actualité sur|trans-title=An anti-5th term wave takes shape: All the news on|url=https://www.liberte-algerie.com/actualite/une-vague-anti-5e-mandat-prend-forme-309559|access-date=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216173812/https://www.liberte-algerie.com/actualite/une-vague-anti-5e-mandat-prend-forme-309559|archive-date=16 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Massives">{{Cite journal |
Regularly hospitalized for "periodic medical examinations", Abdelaziz Bouteflika was admitted to the [[Geneva University Hospitals|University Hospital of Geneva]] ([[Switzerland]]) on 24 February 2019.<ref name="Hospitalisation Geneva">{{Cite journal |language=fr |author=Olivier Bot |title=Les médias du monde parlent de Bouteflika et de Genève |trans-title=World media speak of Bouteflika and Geneva |journal=[[24 heures (Switzerland)|24 heures]] |date=1 March 2019 |url=https://www.24heures.ch/monde/Les-medias-du-monde-parlent-de-Bouteflika-et-de-Geneve/story/12589608 |access-date=9 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043819/https://www.24heures.ch/monde/Les-medias-du-monde-parlent-de-Bouteflika-et-de-Geneve/story/12589608 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
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Three million people were estimated to have demonstrated on 1 March 2019, though no official figures were given.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Libération]]|author=Hacen Ouali|title=Algérie: et le camp "Boutef" flippa|trans-title=Algeria: and camp "Boutef" flippa|url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2019/03/07/algerie-et-le-camp-boutef-flippa_1713690|language=fr|date=7 March 2019|access-date=7 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401022924/https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2019/03/07/algerie-et-le-camp-boutef-flippa_1713690|archive-date=1 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The private channel [[Dzaïr News]] reported that one million people demonstrated across Algeria on 1 March, which was also the first time state television broadcast images of the protests.<ref>{{Cite journal |language=fr |title=Algérie. La télévision d'Etat diffuse des images des manifestations contre un 5e mandat |trans-title=Algeria. State television broadcasts footage of protests against a fifth term |journal=[[Ouest-France]] |date=2 March 2019 |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/monde/algerie/algerie-la-television-d-etat-diffuse-des-images-des-manifestations-contre-un-5e-mandat-6243467 |access-date=11 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302120917/https://www.ouest-france.fr/monde/algerie/algerie-la-television-d-etat-diffuse-des-images-des-manifestations-contre-un-5e-mandat-6243467 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
183 people were injured and Hassan Benkhedda, son of former interim government president, [[Benyoucef Benkhedda]], died of a heart attack.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Le défunt Hassan Benkhedda inhumé au cimetière de Sidi Yahia à Alger|trans-title=The late Hassan Benkhedda buried at the cemetery of Sidi Yahia in Algiers|url=http://www.aps.dz/algerie/86343-le-defunt-hassan-benkhedda-inhume-au-cimetiere-de-sidi-yahia-a-alger|access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044515/http://www.aps.dz/algerie/86343-le-defunt-hassan-benkhedda-inhume-au-cimetiere-de-sidi-yahia-a-alger|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|language=fr|url=https://www.algeriemondeinfos.com/hassan-benkhedda-est-mort-lors-de-la-marche-de-la-dignite-la-famille-de-lancien-president-du-gpra-confirme/|title=Hassan Benkhedda est mort lors de la marche de la dignité: la famille de l'ancien président du GPRA confirme|trans-title=Hassan Benkhedda died during the walk of dignity: the family of the former president of the GPRA confirms|date=2 March 2019|access-date=14 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918161947/https://www.algeriemondeinfos.com/hassan-benkhedda-est-mort-lors-de-la-marche-de-la-dignite-la-famille-de-lancien-president-du-gpra-confirme/|archive-date=18 September 2019
On 2 March 2019, Abdelaziz Bouteflika replaced his campaign director, the former prime minister [[Abdelmalek Sellal]], who had actively campaigned for the President since 2004, by the virtually unknown {{
The deadline for submitting candidatures for the presidential election was 3 March 2019.<ref name="Figaro Zalène">{{Cite journal |language=fr |title=Algérie: Bouteflika limoge son directeur de campagne |trans-title=Algeria: Bouteflika sacks his campaign director |journal=[[Le Figaro]]|date=2 March 2019 |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2019/03/02/01016-20190302ARTFIG00101-algerie-bouteflika-limoge-son-directeur-de-campagne.php |access-date=9 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308215820/http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2019/03/02/01016-20190302ARTFIG00101-algerie-bouteflika-limoge-son-directeur-de-campagne.php |archive-date=8 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The idea of postponing the election was put forward.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Algérie: l'option d'un report de la présidentielle a bien été évoquée – RFI|trans-title=Algeria: the option of a postponement of the presidential election has been raised – RFI|url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20190117-algerie-option-report-presidentielle-bien-ete-evoquee|website=RFI Afrique|date=17 January 2019 |access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043655/http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20190117-algerie-option-report-presidentielle-bien-ete-evoquee|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On 3 March, the candidacy of Bouteflika was filed by his campaign director, though the law stipulates that the candidate must be physically present for this process.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bouteflika formellement candidat à la présidentielle du 18 avril|trans-title=Bouteflika formally presidential candidate of 18 April|url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1159930/bouteflika-formellement-candidat-a-la-presidentielle-du-18-avril.html|website=L'Orient-Le Jour|date=3 March 2019 |access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044049/https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1159930/bouteflika-formellement-candidat-a-la-presidentielle-du-18-avril.html|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Another signed message announced that if re-elected, a national conference would be convened to adopt reforms as well as a new Constitution – to be approved by referendum – and that he would not take part in the next presidential election which he promised would be held early.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Algérie: Abdelaziz Bouteflika dit comprendre "l'inquiétude" mais maintient sa candidature|trans-title=Algeria: Abdelaziz Bouteflika says he understands "worry" but maintains his candidacy|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/03/03/algerie-abdelaziz-bouteflika-dit-comprendre-l-inquietude-mais-maintient-sa-candidature_5430885_3212.html|newspaper=Le Monde|access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309110603/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/03/03/algerie-abdelaziz-bouteflika-dit-comprendre-l-inquietude-mais-maintient-sa-candidature_5430885_3212.html|archive-date=9 March 2019|url-status=live|date=3 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Algeria Protests: President's Offer Fails to Temper Outrage|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/04/world/africa/algeria-protests-bouteflika.html|website=[[The New York Times]]|author=Adam Nossiter|date=3 March 2019|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309155632/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/04/world/africa/algeria-protests-bouteflika.html|archive-date=9 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> After the confirmation of Bouteflika's candidacy on Sunday, 3 March, and the withdrawal of several opposition candidates, including [[Ali Benflis]] and [[Louisa Hanoune]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Présidentielle en Algérie: Benflis, principal adversaire de Bouteflika, renonce|trans-title=Presidential election in Algeria: Benflis, Bouteflika's main opponent, gives up|url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/20190303.OBS1105/presidentielle-en-algerie-benflis-principal-adversaire-de-bouteflika-renonce.html|website=L'Obs|date=3 March 2019 |access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043054/https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/20190303.OBS1105/presidentielle-en-algerie-benflis-principal-adversaire-de-bouteflika-renonce.html|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> an anonymous call to strike was made the next day, as well as a call to protest on 8 March.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bouteflika s'engage à céder le pouvoir s'il est élu président en avril|trans-title=Bouteflika commits to hand over power if elected president in April|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2019/03/03/01003-20190303ARTFIG00048-algerie-bouteflika-devoile-son-patrimoine-prelude-a-l-annonce-de-sa-candidature.php|website=[[Le Figaro]]|access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308215742/http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2019/03/03/01003-20190303ARTFIG00048-algerie-bouteflika-devoile-son-patrimoine-prelude-a-l-annonce-de-sa-candidature.php|archive-date=8 March 2019|url-status=live|date=3 March 2019}}</ref>
Even before the candidacy was formalized, tens of thousands of protesters were out on the streets.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Algérie: Bouteflika brigue un cinquième mandat|trans-title=Algeria: Bouteflika seeks fifth term|url=https://www.latribune.fr/economie/international/algerie-bouteflika-brigue-un-cinquieme-mandat-809398.html|website=La Tribune|date=3 March 2019 |access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043535/https://www.latribune.fr/economie/international/algerie-bouteflika-brigue-un-cinquieme-mandat-809398.html|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> From Sunday night to Monday morning, hundreds of protesters marched peacefully,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manifestations nocturnes en Algérie contre la candidature de Bouteflika|trans-title=Nocturnal demonstrations in Algeria against Bouteflika's candidacy|url=https://www.europe1.fr/international/algerie-manifestation-a-alger-contre-la-candidature-de-bouteflika-3867350|website=Europe 1|date=3 March 2019 |access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043711/https://www.europe1.fr/international/algerie-manifestation-a-alger-contre-la-candidature-de-bouteflika-3867350|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> calling his candidacy a "provocation", an "insult" and a "masquerade".<ref>{{Cite news|title=A Alger, la colère de la jeunesse répond à la candidature de Bouteflika|trans-title=In Algiers, the anger of youth responds to Bouteflika's candidacy|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/03/04/a-alger-la-colere-de-la-jeunesse-repond-a-la-candidature-de-bouteflika_5431008_3212.html|newspaper=Le Monde|access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309110618/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/03/04/a-alger-la-colere-de-la-jeunesse-repond-a-la-candidature-de-bouteflika_5431008_3212.html|archive-date=9 March 2019|url-status=live|date=4 March 2019}}</ref> The next day, many students boycotted their classes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Algérie: les étudiants boycottent les cours pour dénoncer la candidature de Bouteflika|trans-title=Algeria: Students boycott courses to denounce Bouteflika's candidacy|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2019/03/04/97001-20190304FILWWW00178-algerie-les-etudiants-boycottent-les-cours-pour-denoncer-la-candidature-de-bouteflika.php|website=[[Le Figaro]]|access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310071354/http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2019/03/04/97001-20190304FILWWW00178-algerie-les-etudiants-boycottent-les-cours-pour-denoncer-la-candidature-de-bouteflika.php|archive-date=10 March 2019|url-status=live|date=4 March 2019}}</ref>
The opposition, meeting at the headquarters of the [[Justice and Development Front]], called for candidates to withdraw from the election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/international/les-mobilisations-anti-bouteflika-s-intensifient-en-algerie-04-03-2019-8024841.php|title=Les mobilisations anti-Bouteflika s'intensifient en Algérie|trans-title=Anti-Bouteflika mobilizations intensify in Algeria|author=Fayçal Métaoui|date=4 March 2019|website=www.leparisien.fr|language=fr|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044715/http://www.leparisien.fr/international/les-mobilisations-anti-bouteflika-s-intensifient-en-algerie-04-03-2019-8024841.php|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On the same day, following the example of the resignation the day before of Khaled Tazaghart, an elected representative (député) from the El Moustakbal party, & former minister [[Sid Ahmed Ferroukhi]] (FLN), resigned from the party.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Amayas Zmirli|title=Annonces de Bouteflika: les Algériens plus que sceptiques|trans-title=Bouteflika's announcements: Algerians more than skeptical|url=http://afrique.lepoint.fr/actualites/annonces-de-bouteflika-les-algeriens-plus-que-sceptiques-04-03-2019-2298039_2365.php|website=Le Point Afrique|date=4 March 2019|access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307030045/http://afrique.lepoint.fr/actualites/annonces-de-bouteflika-les-algeriens-plus-que-sceptiques-04-03-2019-2298039_2365.php|archive-date=7 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Zahir Kherraz, FLN mayor of Oued [[Amizour]], also said he did not support a fifth term.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Béjaïa: Le maire FLN de Oued Amizour s'oppose à un 5e mandat de Bouteflika|trans-title=Bejaia: Mayor FLN of Oued Amizour opposes a 5th term of Bouteflika|url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/bejaia-le-maire-fln-de-oued-amizour-soppose-a-un-5e-mandat-de-bouteflika_mg_5c7d1758e4b0e5e313cd15f0|website=Al HuffPost Maghreb|access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043249/https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/bejaia-le-maire-fln-de-oued-amizour-soppose-a-un-5e-mandat-de-bouteflika_mg_5c7d1758e4b0e5e313cd15f0|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Amar Benadouda (1931), doyen of the mayors of the country, resigned from the town hall of [[Guenzet]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Le doyen des maires algériens dit "non-au 5e mandat" et démissionne|trans-title=Algerian mayor says "no to 5th term" and resigns|url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/le-doyen-des-maires-algeriens-dit-non-au-5e-mandat-et-demissionne_mg_5c812795e4b06ff26ba6481d?ncid=other_trending_qeesnbnu0l8|website=Al HuffPost Maghreb|access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804171804/https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/le-doyen-des-maires-algeriens-dit-non-au-5e-mandat-et-demissionne_mg_5c812795e4b06ff26ba6481d?ncid=other_trending_qeesnbnu0l8|archive-date=4 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
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On Tuesday, protests and student strikes continued, thousands were in the streets of Algiers,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Algérie: plusieurs milliers d'étudiants manifestent à Alger contre la candidature à un 5e mandat de Bouteflika|trans-title=Algeria: Several thousand students protest in Algiers against Bouteflika's fifth term|url=https://www.lci.fr/international/en-direct-algerie-des-milliers-d-etudiants-manifestent-a-alger-contre-la-candidature-a-un-5e-mandat-de-bouteflika-2114461.html|website=LCI|date=26 April 2019|access-date=17 May 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305123509/https://www.lci.fr/international/en-direct-algerie-des-milliers-d-etudiants-manifestent-a-alger-contre-la-candidature-a-un-5e-mandat-de-bouteflika-2114461.html|archive-date=5 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contestation en Algérie: les étudiants maintiennent la pression|trans-title=Challenging Algeria: Students keep up the pressure|url=http://afrique.lepoint.fr/actualites/contestation-en-algerie-les-etudiants-maintiennent-la-pression-05-03-2019-2298162_2365.php|website=Le Point Afrique|access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308043625/http://afrique.lepoint.fr/actualites/contestation-en-algerie-les-etudiants-maintiennent-la-pression-05-03-2019-2298162_2365.php|archive-date=8 March 2019|url-status=live|date=5 March 2019}}</ref> [[Oran]], [[Annaba]], Bejaia, [[Tizi Ouzou]], [[Bouira]], [[Blida]], [[Setif]], or [[Tlemcen]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Le Point, magazine|title=Algérie: nouvelles manifestations et mise en garde de l'armée|trans-title=Algeria: new demonstrations and warnings of the army|url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/algerie-les-manifestations-se-poursuivent-en-depit-des-promesses-de-bouteflika-05-03-2019-2298181_24.php|website=Le Point|access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306174818/https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/algerie-les-manifestations-se-poursuivent-en-depit-des-promesses-de-bouteflika-05-03-2019-2298181_24.php|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live|date=5 March 2019}}</ref> On Thursday, a thousand lawyers demonstrated in Algiers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Algérie: un millier d'avocats contre Bouteflika|trans-title=Algeria: a thousand lawyers against Bouteflika|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2019/03/07/97001-20190307FILWWW00092-algerie-un-millier-d-avocats-contre-bouteflika.php|website=[[Le Figaro]]|access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309052010/http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2019/03/07/97001-20190307FILWWW00092-algerie-un-millier-d-avocats-contre-bouteflika.php|archive-date=9 March 2019|url-status=live|date=7 March 2019}}</ref>
The "Pacifist and Civilized Walkers' 18 Commandments", written by {{
=== Week 3: 8–14 March ===
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In reaction to the Friday demonstrations, the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research moved the spring university holidays forward to the next day (10 March) and extended them by two weeks in an effort to calm matters down.<ref>{{Cite web|language=fr|title=Les vacances universitaires avancées pour tenter d'affaiblir la contestation|trans-title=Advanced university holidays to try to weaken the challenge|url=https://www.tsa-algerie.com/les-vacances-universitaires-aancees-pour-tenter-daffaiblir-la-contestation/|website=tsa-algerie.com|date=9 March 2019|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091822/https://www.tsa-algerie.com/les-vacances-universitaires-aancees-pour-tenter-daffaiblir-la-contestation/|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 March, the Army Chief of Staff [[Ahmed Gaid Salah]], close to Bouteflika, gave a speech to officer cadets saying the "army and the people had a common vision of the future". This speech was front-page news in ''[[El Khabar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|language=fr|url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20190311-algerie-armee-declare-partager-meme-vision-le-peuple|title=Algérie: l'armée déclare partager la même vision que le peuple|trans-title=Algeria: the army declares to share the same vision as the people|website=RFI|date=11 March 2019|access-date=12 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312014549/http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20190311-algerie-armee-declare-partager-meme-vision-le-peuple|archive-date=12 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> A 5-day general strike was begun the same day.<ref>{{cite news|author=Ruth Michaelson|newspaper=The Guardian|title=Algerian president says he will not run again after weeks of protests|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/11/algerian-president-says-he-will-not-run-again-after-weeks-of-protests|date=11 March 2019|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315043916/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/11/algerian-president-says-he-will-not-run-again-after-weeks-of-protests|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
The day after the announcement that Bouteflika would not seek a new term, that Interior Minister [[Noureddine Bedoui]] had replaced [[Ahmed Ouyahia]] as prime minister, and that the presidential election was to be postposed ''sine die'', university students protested for the third consecutive Tuesday across the country chanting "No Tricks, Bouteflika."<ref>{{cite news|via=AFP|url=https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Algerie-etudiants-mobilises-rue-contre-ruse-Bouteflika-2019-03-12-1301008157|date=12 January 2019|access-date=13 March 2019|language=fr|title=Algérie: les étudiants mobilisés dans la rue contre la "ruse" de Bouteflika|trans-title=Algeria: students mobilized in the street against the "ruse" of Bouteflika|newspaper=[[La Croix (newspaper)|La Croix]]|quote=le véritable révélateur sera vendredi, premier jour de week-end et traditionnelle journée de manifestation depuis bientôt trois semaines.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403215825/https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Algerie-etudiants-mobilises-rue-contre-ruse-Bouteflika-2019-03-12-1301008157|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On Wednesday, teachers protested. On Thursday, lawyers and judges were on the streets in several cities.<ref name="Zerrouky">{{cite news|author=Madjid Zerrouky|newspaper=[[Le Monde]]|title=En Algérie, l'opposition rejette le processus de "transition" du régime|trans-title=In Algeria, the opposition rejects the regime's "transition" process|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/03/15/algerie-l-opposition-rejette-le-processus-de-transition-propose-par-le-regime_5436497_3212.html|date=15 March 2019|access-date=19 March 2019|language=fr|quote=Pour le régime, il y a urgence. Après les étudiants et les enseignants, mardi et mercredi, les professions médicales, les avocats et les magistrats manifestaient jeudi dans plusieurs villes pour exiger le « départ immédiat » d'Abdelaziz Bouteflika.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319042136/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/03/15/algerie-l-opposition-rejette-le-processus-de-transition-propose-par-le-regime_5436497_3212.html|archive-date=19 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 March, [[Djamila Bouhired]] encouraged the younger generation demonstrating, saying: "Your elders liberated Algeria from colonial domination, and you are giving back to Algerians their liberties and their pride despoiled since independence"<ref name=France24>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190315-algeria-pressure-bouteflika-protests-elections|website=[[France 24]]|title=Algerians keep up pressure on Bouteflika with more mass protests|date=15 March 2019|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315135327/https://www.france24.com/en/20190315-algeria-pressure-bouteflika-protests-elections|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
The protests on 15 March were estimated to have been larger than those the previous Friday.<ref name="marée" /> ''The Guardian'' reported that hundreds of thousands were in the streets,<ref>{{cite web|author1=Jason Burke|author2=Ruth Michaelson|newspaper=The Guardian|title=Algeria protests grow as elite distances itself from ailing president|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/15/algeria-protesters-bouteflik-movement|date=15 March 2019|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315235753/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/15/algeria-protesters-bouteflik-movement|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> ''La Croix'' put the number at over a million.<ref>{{cite news|author=Amine Kadi|newspaper=[[La Croix (newspaper)|La Croix]]|language=fr|title=Algérie, la transition dirigée par Bouteflika cale d'entrée|trans-title=Algeria, the transition directed by Bouteflika stalls before it starts|url=https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Afrique/Algerie-transition-dirigee-Bouteflika-cale-dentree-2019-03-15-1201009177?from_univers=lacroix|date=15 March 2019|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918161947/https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Afrique/Algerie-transition-dirigee-Bouteflika-cale-dentree-2019-03-15-1201009177|archive-date=18 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Protesters carried a banner criticizing France's comments that the cancellation of elections should lead to a "transition of reasonable length" saying, "It's the people who decide, not France!". Other signs included "Macron, deal with your [[Yellow vests movement|yellow vests]]" and "[[Elysée]], stop! It's 2019, not 1830."<ref name="marée">{{cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/03/15/des-milliers-de-manifestants-se-rassemblent-a-alger-pour-dire-non-a-bouteflika_5436624_3212.html|newspaper=[[Le Monde]]|language=fr|date=15 March 2019|access-date=15 March 2019|title=Marée humaine en Algérie pour le quatrième vendredi de manifestation contre le pouvoir|trans-title=Human tide in Algeria for the fourth Friday of protest against power|via=AFP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315132726/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/03/15/des-milliers-de-manifestants-se-rassemblent-a-alger-pour-dire-non-a-bouteflika_5436624_3212.html|archive-date=15 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
<gallery>
Manifestation contre le 5e mandat de Bouteflika (Blida).jpg|Protesters in [[Blida]] (10 March).
Manifestation d'Algériens à Montréal 2019.jpg|Protesters in [[Montreal]],
</gallery>
=== Week 4: 15–21 March ===
[[File:Algerian protests2.jpg|thumb|right|17 March 2019: Demonstration at [[Ohio Statehouse]] ([[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]])]]▼
On 16 March, twenty women created the group ''Femmes algériennes pour un changement vers
=== Week 5: 22–28 March ===
On 26 March, in a speech given in [[Ouargla]] and covered live on [[Télévision Algérienne|Algerian television]], Ahmed Gaid Salah urged the Constitutional Council to declare Bouteflika unfit. The Council began deliberations the same day. When the sitting president is removed, the president of the [[Council of the Nation]]—at the time [[Abdelkader Bensalah]]—becomes acting president for a maximum of 90 days while elections are organized.<ref name="Nossiter">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/26/world/africa/algeria-army-president-bouteflika.html|title=Algeria Army Chief Opens Path to End of Bouteflika's Rule|author=Adam Nossiter|date=26 March 2019|access-date=28 March 2019|newspaper=The New York Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328010301/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/26/world/africa/algeria-army-president-bouteflika.html|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On 27 March, [[Ahmed Ouyahia]] called on Bouteflika to resign.<ref>{{cite news|title=Algérie: un nouvel allié lâche le président Bouteflika|trans-title=Algeria: a new loose ally President Bouteflika|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2019/03/27/01003-20190327ARTFIG00043-algerie-un-nouvel-allie-lache-le-president-bouteflika.php|newspaper=[[Le Figaro]]|access-date=1 April 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331152042/http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2019/03/27/01003-20190327ARTFIG00043-algerie-un-nouvel-allie-lache-le-president-bouteflika.php|archive-date=31 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The same day the [[Workers' Party (Algeria)|Workers' Party]] announced the resignation of their elected members of the [[People's National Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Le PT démissionne de l'APN|trans-title=PT resigns from the NPC|url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/le-pt-demissionne-de-lapn_mg_5c9b6654e4b072a7f6026032|website=[[HuffPost Maghreb]]|date=27 March 2019|access-date=1 April 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403010128/https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/le-pt-demissionne-de-lapn_mg_5c9b6654e4b072a7f6026032|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
<gallery>
5ème vendredi de manifestations à Alger.jpg|Demonstration in Algiers on 22 March 2019.
Grande poste.jpg|Demonstration in Algiers on 26 March 2019.
</gallery>
=== Week 6: 29 March–4 April ===
On Friday 29 March, the Algerian authorities denied Reuters' reports that there were a million protesters in the capital, but did not put forward numbers of their own.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-algeria-protests-denial/algeria-authorities-deny-algiers-protest-drew-one-million-demonstrators-idUSKCN1RA294|title=Algeria authorities deny Algiers protest drew one million demonstrators|date=29 March 2019|newspaper=Reuters|access-date=31 March 2019|editor=William Maclean|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331012255/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-algeria-protests-denial/algeria-authorities-deny-algiers-protest-drew-one-million-demonstrators-idUSKCN1RA294|archive-date=31 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
Bouteflika named a new government on 31 March 2019, two days before his resignation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/boutelfika-nomme-un-gouvernement-de-gestion-des-affaires-courantes_mg_5ca0fe6be4b00ba6327eb779|title=Bouteflika "nomme un nouveau gouvernement"|trans-title=Bouteflika "appoints a new government"|date=31 March 2019|website=HuffPost Maghreb|language=fr|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401161218/https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/boutelfika-nomme-un-gouvernement-de-gestion-des-affaires-courantes_mg_5ca0fe6be4b00ba6327eb779|archive-date=1 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
Investigations were opened into a dozen oligarchs who were prevented from leaving the country. [[Ali Haddad]]{{'}}s resignation from the [[:fr:Forum des chefs d'entreprises|FCE]]—an employers federation, which had seen a wave of recent resignations over his remarks about the protests<ref>{{cite web|website=HuffPost Mahgreb|url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/des-patrons-claquent-la-porte-du-fce_mg_5c7aa6b7e4b0614614da76b9|language=fr|date=2 March 2019|access-date=6 April 2019|title=Des patrons claquent la porte du FCE|trans-title=Bosses slam the door of the FCE|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406162953/https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/des-patrons-claquent-la-porte-du-fce_mg_5c7aa6b7e4b0614614da76b9|archive-date=6 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>—and his subsequent arrest at the Tunisian border were widely reported.<ref name=oligarchs />
Line 217 ⟶ 222:
=== Week 7: 5–11 April ===
The streets were again exuberant and crowded with hundreds of thousands on Friday 5 April, with marchers carrying signs demanding further resignations, specifically mentioning the 3B: Noureddine Bedoui (prime minister), Abdelkader Bensalah (who was officially appointed acting interim president on 9 April),<ref>{{Cite news|author1=Aomar Ouali|author2=Nadine Achoui-Lesage|title=Algeria's interim leader pledges to hold 'honest' election|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/algeria-parliament-names-interim-leader-after-protests/2019/04/09/b0e60354-5abc-11e9-98d4-844088d135f2_story.html?|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=10 April 2019|date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409182141/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/algeria-parliament-names-interim-leader-after-protests/2019/04/09/b0e60354-5abc-11e9-98d4-844088d135f2_story.html|archive-date=9 April 2019
Tear gas and a water cannon were used repeatedly to prevent more than a thousand students chanting "''Silmiya, Silmiya''" (peaceful, peaceful) from going through the Tunnel des Facultés in Algiers on the 8th successive Tuesday of student demonstrations.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[El Watan]]|title=Marche des étudiants à Alger: La police charge les manifestants à coups de gaz lacrymogènes et de jets d'eau|trans-title=Student march in Algiers: Police charge protesters with tear gas and water jets|url=https://www.elwatan.com/a-la-une/marche-des-etudiants-a-alger-la-police-charge-les-manifestants-a-coups-de-gaz-lacrymogenes-et-de-jets-deau-10-04-2019|language=fr|date=10 April 2019|access-date=10 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501073714/https://www.elwatan.com/a-la-une/marche-des-etudiants-a-alger-la-police-charge-les-manifestants-a-coups-de-gaz-lacrymogenes-et-de-jets-deau-10-04-2019|archive-date=1 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
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=== Week 9: 19–25 April ===
[[File:Manifestation Grande-Poste.jpg|thumb|Demonstration on April 19 at the Grande-Poste in Algiers.]]
The size of the protests on 19 April was similar to previous weeks.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} Ennahar TV reported that five billionaires were arrested on 22 April 2019: four brothers from the Kouninef family, close to Saïd Bouteflika, and [[Issad Rebrab]], the CEO of [[Cevital]].<ref name=billionaires/> The head of Cevital's communications department denied the reports.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=ObservAlgerie.com|url=https://www.observalgerie.com/actualite-algerie/economie/algerie-arrestation-issad-rebrab-explications-dementi/|title=Algérie. Arrestation de Issad Rebrab
=== Week 10: 26 April-2 May ===
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[[File:Hakarrust n thlelli.jpg|thumb|alt=7 June 2019:people of the Aures|7 June 2019: Demonstrators from the [[Aures]] ]]
[[File:Béjaïa City 08.jpg|thumb|9 June 2019 in the town of [[Béjaïa]]]]
On Saturday 4 May, the former president's younger brother, Saïd Bouteflika, was arrested along with former secret service head General [[Mohamed Mediene]] ("Toufik") and intelligence chief {{
[[File:Berber_flag.svg|thumb|left|[[Berber flag]] banned from demonstrations]]
=== June 2019 ===
On 19 June 2019, Lieutenant general<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/32417-lieutenant-general-ahmed-gaid-salah-passes-away|title=Lieutenant General Ahmed Gaid Salah passes away|first=Nemoura|last=Farid|website=www.aps.dz|access-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> Salah reiterated that no flags other than the "national emblem" would be tolerated during demonstrations. In so doing, he was targeting the [[Berber flag|Amazigh flag]], a frequently-seen flyer during the Hirak (movement).<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Le Figaro|language=fr|date=19 June 2019|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/algerie-seul-le-drapeau-algerien-tolere-dans-les-manifestations-20190619|title=Algérie: seul le drapeau algérien toléré dans les manifestations|access-date=30 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106202011/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/algerie-seul-le-drapeau-algerien-tolere-dans-les-manifestations-20190619|archive-date=6 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
▲[[File:Algerian protests2.jpg|thumb|right|17 March 2019: Demonstration at [[Ohio Statehouse]] ([[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]])]]
=== July 2019 ===
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=== September 2019 ===
[[File:Drapeau alger.jpg|thumb|Demonstration in Algiers on September 20, 2019.]]
On 15 September, the government announced a presidential election to take place on 12 December.<ref name="ElWatan_12DecElection" /><ref name="ElWatan_Act31" /> Demonstrations continued, calling for Ahmed Gaïd Salah and other members of the former Bouteflika governmental clique to resign. The authorities blocked road entries to the capital Algiers and arrested prominent
Protests continued for the 31st Friday on 20 September, with two thousand protesting in [[Béjaïa]]<ref name="ElWatan_Act31" /> and two thousand in [[Bouïra]],<ref name="ElWatan_12DecElection" /> calling for Salah to resign, for the peaceful revolution to continue, and stating that it would be better to go to prison than to vote in the 12 December 2019 presidential election.<ref name="ElWatan_12DecElection" />
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=== November 2019 ===
On 1 November, the metro was shut down in Algiers and trains into the city were canceled as a result of a social media campaign calling for demonstrations. Police roadblocks also caused traffic jams.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=France 24|title=Algerians take to streets, call for 'new revolution' on independence anniversary|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20191101-algerians-take-to-streets-call-for-new-revolution-on-independence-anniversary|date=1 November 2019|language=en|access-date=1 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101205017/https://www.france24.com/en/20191101-algerians-take-to-streets-call-for-new-revolution-on-independence-anniversary|archive-date=1 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> For the 37th weekly Friday protest, which coincided with the celebration of the 65th anniversary of the start of the [[Algerian War]] for independence from France,<ref name="Ouali 2019">{{cite news | last=Ouali | first=Aomar | title=Algerians protest election plan, celebrate independence | newspaper=The Washington Post| date=1 November 2019 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/algerians-protest-election-plan-mark-independence-war/2019/11/01/f7616f20-fc8e-11e9-9e02-1d45cb3dfa8f_story.html | access-date=2 November 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103000721/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/algerians-protest-election-plan-mark-independence-war/2019/11/01/f7616f20-fc8e-11e9-9e02-1d45cb3dfa8f_story.html | archive-date=3 November 2019
On 15 November, the 39th successive Friday of protests included objections to the 12 December presidential election and calls for arrested
On 17 November, the day that the presidential election candidates opened their campaigns,
=== December 2019 ===
On 6 December, crowds in Algiers, Constantine, Oran, and in Kabylie were massive, calling for a boycott of the elections scheduled for the following week and for a general strike starting on 8 December.<ref name="LeFigaro_6Dec_pre_election" />
The presidential election was [[2019 Algerian presidential election#12 December 2019 election|held on 12 December 2019]], despite wide popular opposition,<ref name="LeSoirdAlg_FCC_s_explique" /><ref name="Reporters_FCC_creation_9mars2019" /><ref name="LibAlg_6juillet2019" /> with a turnout of 8% according to the [[Rally for Culture and Democracy]]<ref name="ElWatan_RCD_8pourcent" /> or 39.88% officially,<ref name="APS_official_results" /> with [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]] officially elected in the first round with 58.13% of the valid votes.<ref name="APS_official_results" /> During the three days around the election, 11–13 December 1200
Gaid Salah suffered a heart attack on the morning of 23 December 2019 and was rushed to a military hospital in Algiers, where he died a few hours later. He was 79 years old. His last public appearance was four days earlier when he received the National Order of Merit from President Abdelmadjid Tebboune.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
=== January 2020 ===
[[File:Demonstration against Algerian government in Berlin 2020-01-19 17.jpg|thumb|Demonstrators in Berlin, Germany, 19 January 2020]]
In the first week of January 2020, the new president elected in the mostly boycotted election, [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]], appointed [[Abdelaziz Djerad]] as [[Prime Minister of Algeria|prime minister]] and the rest of his cabinet mostly consisting of ministers of the previous government<ref name="FR24_Dzejad_govt" /> under Bensalah as acting president and [[Ahmed Gaid Salah]] as ''de facto'' leader of Algeria.<ref name="Buries2019">{{cite web | title=Algeria buries military chief, de facto ruler amid protests | url=https://apnews.com/ff9c303e4597fcf4ddc9dc2764ed04c4 | date=25 December 2019 | work=[[Associated Press]] | access-date=25 December 2019 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20200114173502/https://apnews.com/ff9c303e4597fcf4ddc9dc2764ed04c4 | archive-date=14 January 2020 | url-status=live }}</ref> On 2 January, 76 prisoners of conscience detained because of their protest actions were released, some of them conditionally.<ref name="ElWatan_dizaines_arretes_200117" /> Protests continued.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/police-disperse-protesters-in-algerian-capital-20200110|title=Police disperse protesters in Algerian capital|date=10 January 2020|website=News24|access-date=1 February 2020|archive-date=2020-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115160453/https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/police-disperse-protesters-in-algerian-capital-20200110
On 15 January, 13 detainees held in {{ill|El-Harrach prison|fr|prison d'El-Harrach}} since 1 March 2019 started a [[hunger strike]], with the aim of getting a fair trial. Their cases had rested frozen for 10 months and their court appearances were scheduled for 16 March 2020.<ref name="Alg360_13detenus_grevedefaim" /><ref name="ElWatan_100RAJ_120CNLD_200118" />
In the 17 January Hirak protest marches, twenty of the first
=== February 2020 ===
In early February, close to the anniversary of the first protests on 16 and 22 February 2019, President Tebboune signed a decree pardoning several thousand prisoners, who were released from jail, but the Hirak protest prisoners of conscience were not included in the pardon.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/algeria-president-pardons-thousands-but-not-protesters-20200206|title = Algeria president pardons thousands but not protesters|date = 6 February 2020|access-date = 2020-02-11 |archive-date = 2020-02-07 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200207140949/https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/algeria-president-pardons-thousands-but-not-protesters-20200206
=== March 2020 ===
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=== April 2020 ===
Abdallah Benadouda, an Algerian exile in the US with experience in Algerian public radio and private television ([[Dzaïr TV]]), started Radio Corona International 21 April 2020 to keep the Hirak flame alive during the lockdown. Benadouda encourages comparison to [[pirate radio in Europe]] in the 1970s and has discussed government crackdown on journalists (Khaled Draini) and opposition figures (Karim Tabbou).<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Le Monde|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/04/24/radio-corona-internationale-la-station-satirique-qui-maintient-la-flamme-du-hirak-algerien_6037653_3212.html|title=Radio Corona internationale, la station qui maintient la flamme du Hirak algérien|author=Madjid Zerrouky|date=24 April 2020|language=fr|quote='Nous ne prétendons pas être une radio du Hirak, tenait-il à insister. 'Nous sommes là pour maintenir la flamme,
=== October 2020 ===
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On 5 October, Algerian protesters marked the 32nd anniversary of a pro-democracy movement, with hundreds of protesters gathering in the streets of the capital, Algiers.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/5/hundreds-protest-in-algiers-despite-ban-on-gatherings |title= Hundreds take to Algiers streets despite ban on protests. }}</ref>
On 9 October, following the rape and killing of a teenage girl, protests erupted in several cities across Algeria, decrying gender-based violence.<ref>{{Cite
A [[2020 Algerian constitutional referendum|constitutional referendum]] had previously been announced in July that was to be held in November as a result of the protests earlier in the year, but critics said it fails to address popular concerns of overreach by the government.
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These are the largest protests in Algeria since 2001. The demonstrators are primarily young people who did not experience the "Black Decade".<ref name="Debut" /> One observer lauded the millennials' reappropriation of corporate branding to their own uses, as well as their respect for their living space through peaceful demonstrations, saying: {{blockquote|text=Algerian millennials thrive on positive messages. They flooded the web with images of young demonstrators kissing, handing flowers to police officers and women on international women's day, distributing water bottles, volunteering for first aid or encouraging people to clean the streets after the demonstrations.<ref>{{cite web|author=Nacima Ourahmoune|title=Algeria: how millennials used humour and creativity to force Abdelalziz Bouteflika to stand aside|date=13 March 2019|url=http://theconversation.com/algeria-how-millennials-used-humour-and-creativity-to-force-abdelalziz-bouteflika-to-stand-aside-113417|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322002827/http://theconversation.com/algeria-how-millennials-used-humour-and-creativity-to-force-abdelalziz-bouteflika-to-stand-aside-113417|archive-date=22 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
Women's active role in the protests was credited with minimizing violence,<ref name="Tripp">{{cite news|author=Aili Mari Tripp|author-link=Aili M. Tripp|newspaper=The Washington Post|title=Women are deeply involved in the Algerian protests – on International Women's Day, and all the time|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/03/08/women-are-deeply-involved-algerian-protests-international-womens-day-all-time/|date=8 March 2019|access-date=15 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404003459/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/03/08/women-are-deeply-involved-algerian-protests-international-womens-day-all-time/|archive-date=4 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and marked a sharp contrast with the 1988 protests predominantly led by salafists.<ref>{{cite news|author=Amine Kadi|newspaper=[[La Croix (newspaper)|La Croix]]|language=fr|title=Les Algériennes descendent en masse manifester|trans-title=Algerian women go down in protest|url=https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Afrique/Algeriennes-descendent-masse-manifester-2019-03-06-1201006929|date=7 March 2019|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306211958/https://www.la-croix.com/Monde/Afrique/Algeriennes-descendent-masse-manifester-2019-03-06-1201006929|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> An old mother of five unemployed children told the BBC: "There's nothing for the young generation," she said. "No jobs and no houses. They can't get married. We want this whole system to go."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-africa-47927296|title=Algeria protests: Youth lead the movement for change|publisher=BBC|date=14 April 2014|access-date=15 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414144031/https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/world-africa-47927296|archive-date=14 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
Demonstrations also took place abroad, particularly in France,<ref>{{Cite journal |language=fr |title=Lyon: une manifestation contre un 5e mandat de Bouteflika en Algérie |trans-title=Lyon: a protest against a 5th term of Bouteflika in Algeria |journal=[[Le Parisien]]|date=2 March 2019 |url=http://www.leparisien.fr/international/lyon-une-manifestation-contre-un-5e-mandat-de-bouteflika-en-algerie-02-03-2019-8023440.php |access-date=9 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044156/http://www.leparisien.fr/international/lyon-une-manifestation-contre-un-5e-mandat-de-bouteflika-en-algerie-02-03-2019-8023440.php |archive-date=6 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/plusieurs-rassemblements-auront-lieu-a-partir-de-vendredi-la-diaspora-algerienne-sorganise-contre-le-5e-mandat-20-02-2019 |title=Plusieurs rassemblements auront lieu à partir de vendredi: La diaspora algérienne s'organise contre le 5e mandat |trans-title=Several rallies will be held from Friday: The Algerian diaspora is organizing against the 5th term |journal=[[El Watan]] |date=20 February 2019 |access-date=9 March 2019 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804164701/https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/plusieurs-rassemblements-auront-lieu-a-partir-de-vendredi-la-diaspora-algerienne-sorganise-contre-le-5e-mandat-20-02-2019 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Thousands join Algeria protests in France |journal=The Local |date=10 March 2019 |url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20190310/thousands-join-algeria-protests-in-france |access-date=26 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414060156/https://www.thelocal.fr/20190310/thousands-join-algeria-protests-in-france |archive-date=14 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> where 10,000 demonstrated in Paris on 8 March.<ref name="Bourdillon">{{cite news|author=Yves Bourdillon|newspaper=[[Les Échos (France)|Les Échos]]|title=Algérie: Bouteflika rentre dans une capitale en pleine ébullition|trans-title=Algeria: Bouteflika returns to a capital city boiling|date=11 March 2019|url=https://www.lesechos.fr/monde/afrique-moyen-orient/0600861659182-maree-humaine-en-algerie-contre-bouteflika-2250808.php|access-date=16 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308163505/https://www.lesechos.fr/monde/afrique-moyen-orient/0600861659182-maree-humaine-en-algerie-contre-bouteflika-2250808.php|archive-date=8 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
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=== Slogans, songs and symbols ===
[[Yetnahaw Gaa !]], often written ''Yetnahaw ga3 !'', or, in Algerian Arabic, (يتنحاو ڨاع), means "they should all go" and became a rallying cry after Bouteflika renounced his run for a fifth term.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Haleh Davis|first1=Muriam|last2=Cheurfa|first2=Hiyem|last3=Serres|first3=Thomas|date=13 June 2019|title=A Hirak Glossary: Terms from Algeria and Morocco|url=https://www.jadaliyya.com/Details/38734|journal=Jadaliyya}}</ref><ref name="Boukaraoun">{{cite news|author=Hacène Boukaraoun|date=3 August 2019|title=Hirak et sécurité extérieure de l'Algérie
Some slogans referred to the incumbent president as "the Moroccan" because of his birthplace<ref name="akef" /> and his reputed membership in a shadowy second [[Oujda Group|Oudja Clan]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Kimberly White|via=Reuters|url=http://www.slateafrique.com/82247/le-mystere-du-lieu-de-naissance-de-bouteflika|date=17 December 2013|access-date=11 March 2018|language=fr|title=Le Mystère des origines de Bouteflika|trans-title=The mystery of the origins of Bouteflika|website=[[Slate Afrique]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310230718/http://www.slateafrique.com/82247/le-mystere-du-lieu-de-naissance-de-bouteflika|archive-date=10 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Others, such as "bring back the commandos of the army and the BIS, there will be no fifth term" alluded to the ''baltaguias''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Algérie: "Non, c'est non!" Des étudiants se rassemblent à nouveau dans le centre d'Alger|trans-title=Algeria: "No, it's no!" Students gather again in the center of Algiers|url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/20190305.OBS1196/algerie-non-c-est-non-des-etudiants-se-rassemblent-a-nouveau-dans-le-centre-d-alger.html|website=L'Obs|date=5 March 2019 |access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306170109/https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/20190305.OBS1196/algerie-non-c-est-non-des-etudiants-se-rassemblent-a-nouveau-dans-le-centre-d-alger.html|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> By April, common slogans, placards, chants and hashtags included: "Leave means Leave" and "Throw them all out". Protesters in the capital chanted: "Bouteflika get out, and take Gaid Salah with you."<ref name="McDougall" />
Songs such as "Libérer l'Algérie", written by artists supporting the movement, "Allô le système!" by [[Raja Meziane]] and "La liberté" by [[Soolking]], became hits with the protesters upon their release.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Amale Ajebli|title=Libérer l'Algérie, la chanson contre un cinquième mandat de Bouteflika fait un tabac|trans-title=Free Algeria, the song against a fifth term of Bouteflika is a hit|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/culture/2019/03/04/03004-20190304ARTFIG00182--liberer-l-algerie-la-chanson-contre-un-cinquieme-mandat-de-bouteflika-fait-un-tabac.php|website=[[Le Figaro]]|access-date=9 March 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308215759/http://www.lefigaro.fr/culture/2019/03/04/03004-20190304ARTFIG00182--liberer-l-algerie-la-chanson-contre-un-cinquieme-mandat-de-bouteflika-fait-un-tabac.php|archive-date=8 March 2019|url-status=live|date=4 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="El Watan 2019">{{cite web | title=Plus de 4 millions de vues | trans-title=More than 4 million views | website=El Watan | date=12 March 2019 | url=https://www.elwatan.com/edition/culture/plus-de-4-millions-de-vues-12-03-2019 | language=fr | access-date=20 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="Hamrouche 2019">{{cite web | last=Hamrouche | first=Ghada | title="La Liberté" de Soolking repris en cœur à Alger | trans-title=Soolking's "Liberty" taken up again in Algiers | website=Al HuffPost Maghreb | date=15 March 2019 | url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/la-liberte-de-soolking-repris-en-coeur-a-alger_mg_5c8be54ee4b03e83bdc09f4d | language=fr | access-date=20 March 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320235124/https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/la-liberte-de-soolking-repris-en-coeur-a-alger_mg_5c8be54ee4b03e83bdc09f4d | archive-date=20 March 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref>
Cachir, an emblematic Algerian sausage, was brandished and tossed around during demonstrations as a reminder of the 2014 elections when the press reported that Bouteflika's re-election committee was increasing attendance at their meetings by handing out free sandwiches filled with the sausage. In the
Algerian activist Hamza Hamouchene captured the following on his iPhone:
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== Media coverage ==
Until 1 March 2019, public television, radio, and press totally ignored the demonstrations, while private television channels linked to
Despite the opening of the audiovisual media to competition in 2011, off-shore channels can be shut down at any time because of their precarious legal status.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/algerie/election-presidentielle-en-algerie/un-million-de-personnes-dans-la-rue-contre-le-5e-mandat-de-bouteflika-et-aucune-image-a-la-television-les-algeriens-indignes_3206611.html|title=Algérie: "un million de personnes dans la rue et aucune image à la télévision"|website=Franceinfo|language=fr|trans-title=Algeria: "a million people on the street and no picture on television"|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227143031/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/algerie/election-presidentielle-en-algerie/un-million-de-personnes-dans-la-rue-contre-le-5e-mandat-de-bouteflika-et-aucune-image-a-la-television-les-algeriens-indignes_3206611.html|archive-date=27 February 2019|url-status=live|date=25 February 2019}}</ref> One foreign media outlet, [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]], has been banned from Algeria since 2004.<ref name="Listening Post">{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/listeningpost/2019/03/media-battle-algiers-190316061707924.html|title=The media battle of Algiers|author=Listening Post|date=8 March 2019|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=16 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316212338/https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/listeningpost/2019/03/media-battle-algiers-190316061707924.html|archive-date=16 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 4 March, Nadia Madassi, [[Canal Algérie]]'s nightly news anchor for the past 15 years, resigned because she had been required to read a letter attributed to the president on the air.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2019/03/04/97001-20190304FILWWW00204-algerie-une-presentatrice-quitte-le-jtapres-avoir-du-lire-la-lettre-de-bouteflika.php|title=Algérie: une présentatrice quitte le JT après avoir dû lire la lettre de Bouteflika|website=[[Le Figaro]]|language=fr|trans-title=Algeria: Presenter leaves the news after reading Bouteflika's letter|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309021605/http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2019/03/04/97001-20190304FILWWW00204-algerie-une-presentatrice-quitte-le-jtapres-avoir-du-lire-la-lettre-de-bouteflika.php|archive-date=9 March 2019|url-status=live|date=4 March 2019}}</ref>
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Women created the feminist collective [[Femmes algériennes pour un changement vers l'égalité]] on 16 March 2019, which pioneered the ''feminist square'' in the Friday Algiers protests to strengthen the political role of women in the protests.<ref name="LeWatan_creation_FACE_3mars" /> Citizens' associations and individuals created the [[Dynamiques de la société civile]] alliance on 15 June, which was later joined by trade unions, with the aim of coordinating proposals to reorganise the political structure of the Algerian state.<ref name="LeMatindAlg_DSC_24aout" /><ref name="ElWatan_DSC_24aout_11nov" /> On 26 June, political parties and the {{ill|Algerian League for the Defense of Human Rights|fr|Ligue algérienne pour la défense des droits de l'homme}} created the [[Forces of the Democratic Alternative]] alliance with similar aims, including the organising of a [[constituent assembly]] for a new political system with an independent [[judiciary]].<ref name="LAvantGarde_creation_Forces" />
On 6 July, the [[Forum civil pour le changement]], created on 9 March 2019 by 70 citizens' groups and led by Abderrahmane Arara,<ref name="Reporters_FCC_creation_9mars2019" /> and the [[Forces du changement]] held a conference at which they proposed the creation of a panel to dialogue with the government and in favour of the holding of a presidential election.<ref name="JAfrique_trois_coalitions" /><ref name="LibAlg_6juillet2019" /> The 13-person dialogue panel, the ''Instance nationale de dialogue et de médiation'', was created and led by {{ill|Karim Younes|fr}}. The dialogue panel and the holding of the election were widely criticised by the
Citizens' groups to monitor the detentions of protest participants and call for their release were formed. The [[Network for fighting against repression, for the release of prisoners of conscience, and for democratic freedoms|Network for fighting against repression]] was created on 1 June 2019 to call for the release of prisoners including [[Louisa Hanoune]], the first woman to run for [[President of Algeria]], and [[Hadj Ghermoul]], a member of the {{ill|Algerian League for the Defense of Human Rights|fr|Ligue algérienne pour la défense des droits de l'homme}}.<ref name="ReseauLutteRep_creation20190601" /> The [[National Committee for the Liberation of Detainees]] (CNLD) was created on 26 August 2019.<ref name="JAfrique_appel_liberer" /> In late December, several weeks after the presidential election won by [[Abdelmadjid Tebboune]], the CNLD had documentation of 180 "Hirak" prisoners under remand or sentenced, and saw "no sign" of the government ceasing its frequent arrests of the
On 25 January 2020, 400 people from various political parties and citizens' associations participated in Algiers in a meeting organised by ''Forces of the Democratic Alternative''. The conclusion of the meeting was to hold another meeting to organise the detailed methods and rules for implementing a [[democratic transition]] during which existing "illegitimate" institutions would be dismantled and for organising a [[constituent assembly]].<ref name="ElWatan_PAD_20200125_assises" />
===Governmental institutions===
On 11 March, it was announced that President Bouteflika would not seek re-election; that Prime Minister [[Ahmed Ouyahia]] had resigned and been replaced by Interior Minister Noureddine Bedoui; and that the April 2019 presidential election was postponed indefinitely.<ref name="BBC_unsigned">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47531917|website=[[BBC]]|title=Algerian president Adelaziz Bouteflika drops bid for fifth term|date=11 March 2019|access-date=12 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190312002005/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47531917|archive-date=12 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Inquiries were announced into "corruption and illicit overseas capital transfers" on 1 April 2019. Ali Haddad was arrested trying to cross the border into Tunisia after liquidating stock worth €38m.<ref name=oligarchs>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/declenchement-de-l-operation-mains-propresa-contre-les-oligarques_mg_5ca22085e4b014390a162ad2|title=Déclenchement de l'opération "mains propres" contre les oligarques|trans-title=Triggering of the "clean hands" operation against the oligarchs|date=1 April 2019|website=HuffPostMaghreb|language=fr|access-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918161906/https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/declenchement-de-l-operation-mains-propres-contre-les-oligarques_mg_5ca22085e4b014390a162ad2|archive-date=18 September 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/algerian-businessman-ties-president-bouteflika-arrested-190331101052963.html|title=Algerian businessman with ties to President Bouteflika arrested|date=31 March 2019|website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|access-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401001747/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/algerian-businessman-ties-president-bouteflika-arrested-190331101052963.html|archive-date=1 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On the same day, Bouteflika promised to step down by the end of his term on 28 April.
On 2 April 2019, Bouteflika resigned as president, after being pressured by the military to step down immediately.<ref name="Huffdémission" /><ref name="NYTresign">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/02/world/africa/Abdelaziz-Bouteflika-resigns.html|title=Algerian Leader Bouteflika Resigns Under Pressure From Army|author=Adam Nossiter|date=2 April 2019|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402224334/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/02/world/africa/Abdelaziz-Bouteflika-resigns.html|archive-date=2 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Under Article 102 of the [[Algerian Constitution]], he was succeeded as interim President by the President of the [[Council of the Nation]], [[Abdelkader Bensalah]], who was ineligible to run in the [[2019 Algerian presidential election|election for a successor]], which according to law had to be held in the next 90 days.<ref name=TASS2019-04-03a/><ref name=Monde2019-04-04a>{{cite news|title=Abdelkader Bensalah, un fidèle de Bouteflika qui va assurer l'intérim en Algérie|trans-title=Abdelkader Bensalah, a faithful Bouteflika who will ensure the interim in Algeria|newspaper=Le Monde|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/04/03/demission-de-bouteflika-en-algerie-qui-est-abdelkader-bensalah-qui-assure-l-interim_5445350_3212.html|date=4 April 2019|access-date=4 April 2019|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403233350/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/04/03/demission-de-bouteflika-en-algerie-qui-est-abdelkader-bensalah-qui-assure-l-interim_5445350_3212.html|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
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=== Constitutional amendment ===
On 7 May 2020, the preliminary draft of the constitutional amendment was published. It provides for the replacement of the post of First Minister by Head of Government, responsible to the Assembly, which can overthrow it by a [[Censure|motion of censure]], the possibility for the President of the Republic to appoint a vice-president, the replacement of the Constitutional Council by a Constitutional Court, the retention of the limit on the number of presidential mandates to two, consecutive or not, or the limitation of the mandate of deputy to one re-election.<ref>{{Cite
On 8 September 2020, the final draft of the constitutional amendment was published. It revokes both of the vice-president post and the abolition of the presidential third of the Council of Nation.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rédaction AE|date=8 September 2020|title=Projet de révision de la Constitution
== Influence ==
The weekend after Bouteflika stepped down, [[2018–2019 Sudanese protests|
== Commentary ==
Line 405 ⟶ 411:
==Reactions==
===National===
===International===
International reactions were cautious
* {{flag|Egypt}}: President [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] criticised the protesters' motives on 10 March and warned that due to the protests, "the people, young children and future generations will pay the price – that of a lack of stability".<ref name=":0" />
* {{flag|European Union}}: The [[European Commission]] called for respect for the [[Rechtsstaat|rule of law]], including freedom of expression and assembly.<ref name="North Africa Post">{{Cite journal |title=Washington & EU Support Algerian People's Right to Protest |journal=The North Africa Post |date=6 March 2019 |url=http://northafricapost.com/28650-washington-eu-support-algerian-peoples-right-to-protest.html |access-date=9 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804171736/http://northafricapost.com/28650-washington-eu-support-algerian-peoples-right-to-protest.html |archive-date=4 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |language=fr |title=Algérie: l'UE appelle au respect de la liberté d'expression |trans-title=Algeria: EU calls for respect for freedom of expression |journal=Le Figaro|date=5 March 2019 |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2019/03/05/97001-20190305FILWWW00139-algerie-l-ue-appelle-au-respect-de-la-liberte-d-expression.php |access-date=9 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308121741/http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2019/03/05/97001-20190305FILWWW00139-algerie-l-ue-appelle-au-respect-de-la-liberte-d-expression.php |archive-date=8 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flag|France}}: Speaking in [[Djibouti]] on 12 March,
*{{flag|Italy}}: Prime Minister [[Giuseppe Conte]] advised listening to "requests for change from civil society" and believed that "Algeria will be able to guarantee a democratic and inclusive process with respect for its people and for its own benefit".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.algeriepatriotique.com/2019/03/19/situation-politique-en-algerie-litalie-conseille-a-lalgerie-decouter-son-peuple/ |language=fr |author=Fatiha |title=Situation politique en Algérie
*{{flag|Morocco}}: Given the tense [[Algeria–Morocco relations|relations between Algeria and Morocco]], the [[Moroccan government]] has not issued any official statement regarding the protests.<ref name=":0" />
* {{flag|Russia}}: Newly-appointed deputy prime minister [[Ramtane Lamamra]] began a diplomatic tour in Moscow, where he met with [[Sergei Lavrov]],<ref name="Chikhi" /> who said in a joint press conference on 19 March that "Moscow does not meddle in the internal affairs of Algeria", adding that it was "up to the Algerian people to determine their destiny on the basis of their constitution and international laws."<ref>{{cite web |language=fr |author=Salim Mesbah |title=Conférence de presse conjointe Lamamra et Lavrov: "C'est au peuple algérien de décider de son destin" |trans-title=Joint press conference Lamamra and Lavrov: "It's up to the Algerian people to decide their destiny" |url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/conference-de-presse-conjointe-lamamra-et-lavrov-c-est-au-peuple-algerien-de-decider-de-son-destin_mg_5c90d855e4b04ed2c1ae94de |date=19 March 2019 |website=HuffPost Maghreb |access-date=4 April 2019 |quote=Moscou refuse toute ingérence dans les affaires internes de l'Algérie [...] C'est au peuple algérien de décider de son destin en s'appuyant sur sa constitution et les lois internationales. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404003334/https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/conference-de-presse-conjointe-lamamra-et-lavrov-c-est-au-peuple-algerien-de-decider-de-son-destin_mg_5c90d855e4b04ed2c1ae94de |archive-date=4 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*{{flag|Tunisia}}: Although Tunisia's president [[Beji Caid Essebsi]] has stated that the Algerian people
* {{flag|United States}}: The [[United States Department of State|US State Department]] issued a statement saying that the country "supports the Algerian people and their right to demonstrate peacefully."<ref name="North Africa Post" /><ref>{{Cite journal|language=fr|title=Les Etats-Unis "soutiennent le peuple algérien et son droit à manifester pacifiquement"|trans-title=The United States "supports the Algerian people and their right to demonstrate peacefully"|journal=[[HuffPost]]|date=6 March 2019|url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/les-etats-unis-soutiennent-le-peuple-algerien-et-son-droit-a-manifester-pacifiquement_mg_5c7f6f7ce4b06ff26ba38c5d|access-date=9 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306235049/https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/les-etats-unis-soutiennent-le-peuple-algerien-et-son-droit-a-manifester-pacifiquement_mg_5c7f6f7ce4b06ff26ba38c5d|archive-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
Line 430 ⟶ 437:
* [[2021 Algerian protests]]
* [[2019 Venezuelan protests]]
== Further reading ==
* Benderra, Omar; Gèze, François; Lebdjaoui, Rafik; Mellah, Salima (eds.) (2020), ''[https://www.cairn.info/hirak-en-algerie--9782358721929.htm Hirak en Algérie - L'invention d'un soulèvement]'', La Fabrique, Paris. {{in lang|fr}}.
* Grewal, Sharan (2023). "[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/military-repression-and-restraint-in-algeria/D4A88E1174702955FBA9D07F5E1CAF7B Military Repression and Restraint in Algeria]". ''American Political Science Review.'' (study of facebook surveys)
* [[Benjamin Stora|Stora, Benjamin]] (2020). ''Retours d'histoire. L'Algérie après Bouteflika''. Bayard, Paris. {{in lang|fr}}.
== References ==
Line 436 ⟶ 449:
<ref name="ECFR_algeria">{{cite web | last1= Amel | first1=Boubekeur | language = en | title= Demonstration effects: How the Hirak protest movement is reshaping Algerian politics | date= 2020-02-27 | website= European Council on Foreign Relations | url= https://www.ecfr.eu/publications/summary/demonstration_effects_how_hirak_movement_is_reshaping_algerian_politics}}</ref>
<ref name="ElWatan_Act31_detentions">{{cite news | last1= Nadir | first1=Iddir | language =fr | title= Des manifestants se sont vu retirer leur emblème national
<ref name="ElWatan_12DecElection">{{cite news | last1= Fedjkhi | first1=Amar | language = fr | title= Déferlante humaine à Bouira
<ref name="ElWatan_Act31">{{cite news | last1= Douici| first1=Nouredine | language = fr | title= Acte 31 du mouvement populaire à Béjaïa
<ref name="AJE_1Nov_reject_election">{{cite news | title=Algerians protest election plan, mark independence war |trans-title = <!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | date=2019-11-01 |newspaper= [[Al Jazeera English]] | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/algerians-protest-election-plan-mark-independence-war-191101114315912.html |access-date=2019-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102224741/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/11/algerians-protest-election-plan-mark-independence-war-191101114315912.html |archive-date= 2019-11-02 |url-status=live <!-- live|dead|unfit|usurped -->}}</ref>
<ref name="ElWatan_1Nov2019_demo">{{cite news | last1= Djouadi | first1=Farouk | title= Marche du 1er novembre à Alger
<ref name="
<ref name="ElWatan_Chlef_191115_manif">{{cite news | last1= Yechkour | first1= A. | language =fr | title= Chlef
<ref name="ThomReut_garbage_campaign">{{cite news | last1= Chikhi | first1= Lamine | title= Algerian protesters attack 'garbage' presidential campaign |trans-title = <!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | date= 2019-11-17 |agency= [[Thomson Reuters]] | url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-algeria-election-campaign/algerian-protesters-attack-garbage-presidential-campaign-idUSKBN1XR0HS |access-date=2019-11-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191117183442/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-algeria-election-campaign/algerian-protesters-attack-garbage-presidential-campaign-idUSKBN1XR0HS |archive-date= 2019-11-17 |url-status=live <!-- live|dead|unfit|usurped -->}}</ref>
Line 464 ⟶ 475:
<ref name="LeMatindAlg_DSC_24aout">{{cite news | language = fr | title= Dynamiques de la Société civile: la rencontre du 24 août, une "solution salutaire" |trans-title = Dynamiques de la Société civile: the 24 August meeting, "a good solution" <!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | date= 2019-08-19 |newspaper= [[Le Matin d'Algérie]] | url= https://www.lematindalgerie.com/dynamiques-de-la-societe-civile-la-rencontre-du-24-aout-une-solution-salutaire |access-date=2019-12-09 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191209010957/https://www.lematindalgerie.com/dynamiques-de-la-societe-civile-la-rencontre-du-24-aout-une-solution-salutaire |archive-date= 2019-12-09 |url-status=live <!-- live|dead|unfit|usurped -->}}</ref>
<ref name="ElWatan_DSC_24aout_11nov">{{cite news | last1= Iddir | first1= Nadir | language =fr | title= Dynamiques de la société civile
<ref name="AlgEco_pre_creation_CNLD">{{cite news | last1 = Litamine | first1 = Khelifa | language = fr | title = Création d'un comité national pour la libération des détenus du Hirak |trans-title = Creation of a national committee for the release of Hirak detainees | date= 2019-08-21 |newspaper = Algérie Eco | url= https://www.algerie-eco.com/2019/08/21/creation-dun-comite-national-pour-la-liberation-des-detenus-du-hirak/ |access-date=2019-12-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191224210310/https://www.algerie-eco.com/2019/08/21/creation-dun-comite-national-pour-la-liberation-des-detenus-du-hirak/ |archive-date= 2019-12-24|url-status=live}}</ref>
Line 474 ⟶ 485:
<ref name="Echorouk_regional_organizations_condemn_EP">{{cite web |language = en | title = Regional Organizations Condemn EP's Interference in Algeria's Affairs | date= 2019-11-29 | website= Echorouk Online | url= https://www.echoroukonline.com/regional-organizations-condemn-eps-interference-in-algerias-affairs/ |access-date= 2019-11-29 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200228112328/https://www.echoroukonline.com/regional-organizations-condemn-eps-interference-in-algerias-affairs/ |archive-date= 2020-02-28 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="JAfrique_trois_coalitions">{{cite news | last1= Poletti | first1=Arianne | language =fr | title= Algérie
<ref name="LibAlg_6juillet2019">{{cite news | last1= Kebir | first1= Karim | language =fr | title= Multiplication des initiatives pour une sortie de crise |trans-title = Multiple initiatives to solve the crisis <!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | date= 2019-07-20 |newspaper= [[Liberté (Algeria)|Liberté]] | url= https://www.liberte-algerie.com/actualite/multiplication-des-initiatives-pour-une-sortie-de-crise-320252 |access-date=2019-12-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191226004540/https://www.liberte-algerie.com/actualite/multiplication-des-initiatives-pour-une-sortie-de-crise-320252 |archive-date= 2019-12-26 |url-status=live <!-- live|dead|unfit|usurped -->}}</ref>
<ref name="Reporters_FCC_creation_9mars2019">{{cite news | language= fr | title= Le FCC en congrès pour porter appui à l'élection présidentielle
<ref name="APS_official_results">{{cite news | language =fr | title= Le Conseil Constitutionnel annonce les résultats définitifs de la présidentielle |trans-title = The Constitutional Council announces the final results of the presidential election<!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | date= 2019-12-16 |agency= [[Algeria Press Service]] | url= http://www.aps.dz/algerie/99035-le-conseil-constitutionnel-annonce-les-resultats-definitifs-de-la-presidentielle |access-date=2019-12-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191226175821/http://www.aps.dz/algerie/99035-le-conseil-constitutionnel-annonce-les-resultats-definitifs-de-la-presidentielle |archive-date= 2019-12-26 |url-status=live <!-- live|dead|unfit|usurped -->}}</ref>
Line 484 ⟶ 495:
<ref name="LeSoirdAlg_FCC_s_explique">{{cite news | last1= Aimeur | first1= Karim | language =fr | title= Le Forum civil pour le changement s'explique |trans-title = The Forum civil pour le changement explains <!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | date= 2019-07-29 |newspaper= [[Le Soir d'Algérie]] | url= https://www.lesoirdalgerie.com/actualites/le-forum-civil-pour-le-changement-sexplique-27835 |access-date=2019-12-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191226031608/https://www.lesoirdalgerie.com/actualites/le-forum-civil-pour-le-changement-sexplique-27835 |archive-date= 2019-12-26 |url-status=live <!-- live|dead|unfit|usurped -->}}</ref>
<ref name="ElWatan_RCD_8pourcent">{{cite news | language = fr | title= Le RCD s'offusque du comportement du pouvoir
<ref name="ReseauLutteRep_creation20190601">{{cite news | language =fr | title=Naissance du " Réseau de lutte contre la répression, pour la libération des détenus d'opinions, et pour les libertés démocratiques " |trans-title = Birth of the "Network for fighting against repression, for the release of prisoners of conscience, and for democratic freedoms"<!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | date=2019-06-02 | newspaper=
<ref name="JAfrique_appel_liberer">{{cite news | language = fr | title= Algérie
<ref name="ElWatan_aucun_signe">{{cite news | last1= Lamriben | first1=Hocine | language =fr | title= Kaci Tansaout. Coordinateur du CNLD
<ref name="ElWatan_180_depuis_juin">{{cite news | language = fr | title= La demande de liberté provisoire de Samir Benlarbi renvoyée à dimanche prochain |trans-title = Request for the provisional release of Samir Benlarbi delayed to next Sunday <!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | date= 2019-12-26 |newspaper= [[El Watan]] | url= https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/la-demande-de-liberte-provisoire-de-samir-benlarbi-renvoyee-a-dimanche-prochain-26-12-2019 |access-date=2019-12-26 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191226131642/https://www.elwatan.com/edition/actualite/la-demande-de-liberte-provisoire-de-samir-benlarbi-renvoyee-a-dimanche-prochain-26-12-2019 |archive-date= 2019-12-26 |url-status=live <!-- live|dead|unfit|usurped -->}}</ref>
<ref name="ElWatan_post_Tebboune_dialogue">{{cite news | last1=Nadir | first1= Iddir | language =fr | title= Réaction des autorités après l'invitation au dialogue de Tebboune
<ref name="FR24_Dzejad_govt">{{cite news | title= Algeria appoints new government amid political crisis | date= 2020-01-01 |newspaper= [[France 24]] | url= https://www.france24.com/en/20200102-algeria-appoints-new-government-amid-political-crisis-tebboune-djerad |access-date=2020-01-14 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200102223120/https://www.france24.com/en/20200102-algeria-appoints-new-government-amid-political-crisis-tebboune-djerad |archive-date= 2020-01-02 |url-status=live <!-- live|dead|unfit|usurped --> |url-access = <!-- (subscription/registration/limited) default=free -->}}</ref>
<ref name="ElWatan_dizaines_arretes_200117">{{cite news | last1= Makedhi | first1= Madjid | language =fr | title= Rétrécissement des espaces publics et interpellation de manifestants
<ref name="ElWatan_100RAJ_120CNLD_200118">{{cite news | last1= Iddir | first1= Nadir | language =fr | title= Plusieurs dizaines de détenus en prison et sans procès
<ref name="Alg360_13detenus_grevedefaim">{{cite news | language =fr | title= CNLD
<ref name="ElWatan_PAD_20200125_assises">{{cite news | last1=Ouali | first1=Hacen | language=fr | title=Le mouvement a tenu ses assises hier à Alger
<ref name="Haaretz_400_arrests">{{cite news | language =en | title= Algerian Police Arrest 400 in Protest Calling for Overhaul of Political System | date= 2019-12-12 |newspaper= [[Haaretz]] | url=https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/algerian-police-arrest-400-in-protest-calling-for-overhaul-of-political-system-1.8265575 |access-date=2019-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302121544/https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/algerian-police-arrest-400-in-protest-calling-for-overhaul-of-political-system-1.8265575 |archive-date=2020-03-02 |url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="LAvantGarde_creation_Forces">{{cite web | title= Création du Pacte de l'Alternative démocratique (PAD) France (Communiqué) |trans-title = <!-- trans-title is the English translation --> | website= [[L'Avant-Garde]] |date =2019-09-26 | url = https://www.lavantgarde-algerie.com/article/diaspora/creation-du-pacte-de-lalternative-democratique-pad-france-communique | access-date = 2019-11-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191103001521/https://www.lavantgarde-algerie.com/article/diaspora/creation-du-pacte-de-lalternative-democratique-pad-france-communique |archive-date= 2019-11-03 |url-status=live <!-- live|dead|unfit|usurped -->}}</ref>
<ref name="ElWatan_CNLD_1200">{{cite news | last1= Amir | first1= Nabila | language =fr | title= Le nombre de détenus d'opinion dépasserait les 1200
}}<!-- end of reflist -->
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Algerian protests, 2019-2020}}
[[Category:2019–2021 Algerian protests| ]]
[[Category:
[[Category:2019 in Algeria]]
[[Category:2019 protests|Algerian protests]]
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[[Category:October 2020 events in Africa|Algerian protests]]
[[Category:Politics of Algeria]]
[[Category:Labor disputes in Algeria]]
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