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Line 7: The ancestors of today's [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas\|American Indigenous peoples]] were the [[Paleo-Indians]]; they were [[hunter-gatherer]]s who migrated into North America. The most popular theory asserts that migrants came to the [[Americas]] via [[Beringia]], the land mass now covered by the ocean waters of the [[Bering Strait]]. Small [[lithic stage]] peoples followed [[megafauna]] like bison, mammoth (now extinct), and caribou, thus gaining the modern nickname "big-game hunters." Groups of people may also have traveled into North America on shelf or sheet ice along the northern Pacific coast. Sedentary societies developed primarily in two regions: [[Mesoamerica]] and the [[Andean civilizations]]. Mesoamerican cultures include [[Zapotec civilization\|Zapotec]], [[Toltec]], [[Olmecs\|Olmec]], [[Maya civilization\|Maya]], [[Aztecs\|Aztec]], [[Mixtec]], [[Totonac]], [[Teotihuacan]], [[Huastec people]], [[Purépecha]], [[Izapa]] and [[Mazatec]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Mesoamerican civilization {{!}} History, Olmec, & Maya {{!}} Britannica \|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mesoamerican-civilization \|access-date=2023-07-02 \|website=www.britannica.com \|language=en}}</ref> Andean cultures include [[Inca]], [[Caral-Supe civilization\|Caral-Supe]], [[Wariʼ\|Wari]], [[Tiwanaku]], [[Chimor]], [[Moche culture\|Moche]], [[Muisca]], [[Chavín culture\|Chavin]], [[Paracas culture\|Paracas]], and [[Nazca]]. After the [[voyages of Christopher Columbus]] in 1492, [[Spanish Empire\|Spanish]] and later [[Portuguese Empire\|Portuguese]], [[British Empire\|English]], [[French colonial empire\|French]] and [[Dutch colonial empire\|Dutch]] colonial expeditions arrived in the New World, [[European colonization of the Americas\|conquering and settling]] the discovered lands, which led to a transformation of the cultural and physical landscape in the Americas. Spain colonized most of the Americas from present-day [[Southwestern United States]], [[Florida]] and the [[Caribbean]] to the southern tip of South America. Portugal settled in what is mostly present-day [[Brazil]] while England established colonies on the [[Thirteen Colonies\|Eastern coast of the United States]], as well as the [[Northwestern United States\|North Pacific coast]] and in most of [[Canada]]. France settled in [[Quebec]] and other parts of Eastern [[Canada]] and claimed an area in what is today the central United States. The Netherlands settled New Netherland (administrative centre New Amsterdam – now New York), some Caribbean islands and parts of Northern South America. Line 15: ==Pre-colonization== {{main\|Pre-Columbian era}} {{further\|History of ~~Canada~~North America\|History of the ~~United States\|History of Mexico~~Caribbean\|History of Central America\|History of South America~~\|History of the Caribbean~~}} ===Migration into the continents=== {{details\|Peopling of the Americas\|Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas}} [[File:Spreading homo sapiens la.svg\|thumb\|upright=2\|Map of [[early human migrations]]]] ~~{{details\|topic=Native American genetic heritage\|Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas}}~~ The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, are subject to ongoing research and discussion.<ref name="national">{{cite web\|title=Atlas of the Human Journey-The Genographic Project\|publisher=National Geographic Society\|date=1996–2008\|url=https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?era=e003\|access-date=2009-10-06 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501094643/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?era=e003\|archive-date=2011-05-01}}</ref> The traditional theory has been that these early migrants moved into the [[Beringia\|Beringia land bridge]] between eastern Siberia and present-day Alaska around 40,000 – 17,000 years ago, when sea levels were significantly lowered due to the [[Quaternary glaciation]].<ref name="national"/><ref name=Smithsonian>{{cite web\|first1=Drs. William \|last1=Fitzhugh \|first2=Ives \|last2=Goddard \|first3=Steve \|last3=Ousley \|first4=Doug \|last4=Owsley \|first5=Dennis \|last5=Stanford. \|url=http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/origin.htm \|title=Paleoamerican \|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Anthropology Outreach Office \|access-date=2009-01-15 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105215737/http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI//nmnh/origin.htm \|archive-date=2009-01-05 }}</ref> These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct [[Pleistocene]] [[megafauna]] along ''ice-free corridors'' that stretched between the [[Laurentide Ice Sheet\|Laurentide]] and [[Cordilleran ice sheet\|Cordilleran]] ice sheets.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.physorg.com/news169474130.html \|title=The peopling of the Americas: Genetic ancestry influences health\|work=Scientific American\|access-date=2009-11-17}}</ref> Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using [[boat#History\|primitive boats]], they migrated down the [[Pacific Northwest]] coast to South America.<ref>{{cite journal\|title=Alternate Migration Corridors for Early Man in North America\|journal=American Antiquity \|jstor=279189\|pages=55–69\|last1=Fladmark\|first1=K. R.\|volume=44\|issue=1\|year=1979\|doi=10.2307/279189\|s2cid=162243347 }}</ref> Evidence of the latter would since have been covered by a [[sea level rise]] of a hundred meters following the last ice age.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2009/01/sea-will-rise-to-levels-of-last-ice-age/\|title=68 Responses to "Sea will rise 'to levels of last Ice Age'"\|work=Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University \|date=26 January 2009 \|access-date=2009-11-17}}</ref> ~~[[File:Spreading homo sapiens la.svg\|thumb\|320px\|Map of [[early human migrations]]]]~~ ~~The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, are subject to ongoing research and discussion.<ref name="national">{{cite web~~ ~~\|title=Atlas of the Human Journey-The Genographic Project~~ ~~\|publisher=National Geographic Society.~~ ~~\|date=1996–2008~~ ~~\|url=https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?era=e003~~ ~~\|access-date=2009-10-06~~ ~~\|url-status=dead~~ ~~\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501094643/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?era=e003~~ ~~\|archive-date=2011-05-01~~ }} </ref> The traditional theory has been that these early migrants moved into the [[Beringia\|Beringia land bridge]] between eastern Siberia and present-day Alaska around 40,000 – 17,000 years ago, when sea levels were significantly lowered due to the [[Quaternary glaciation]].<ref name="national"/><ref name=Smithsonian>{{cite web\|first1=Drs. William \|last1=Fitzhugh \|first2=Ives \|last2=Goddard \|first3=Steve \|last3=Ousley \|first4=Doug \|last4=Owsley \|first5=Dennis \|last5=Stanford. \|url=http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/origin.htm \|title=Paleoamerican \|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Anthropology Outreach Office \|access-date=2009-01-15 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105215737/http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI//nmnh/origin.htm \|archive-date=2009-01-05 }}</ref> These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct [[Pleistocene]] [[megafauna]] along ''ice-free corridors'' that stretched between the [[Laurentide Ice Sheet\|Laurentide]] and [[Cordilleran ice sheet\|Cordilleran]] ice sheets.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.physorg.com/news169474130.html \|title=The peopling of the Americas: Genetic ancestry influences health\|work=Scientific American\|access-date=2009-11-17}}</ref> Another route proposed is that, either on foot or using [[boat#History\|primitive boats]], they migrated down the [[Pacific Northwest]] coast to South America.<ref>{{cite journal\|title=Alternate Migration Corridors for Early Man in North America\|journal=American Antiquity \|jstor=279189\|pages=55–69\|last1=Fladmark\|first1=K. R.\|volume=44\|issue=1\|year=1979\|doi=10.2307/279189\|s2cid=162243347 }}</ref> Evidence of the latter would since have been covered by a [[sea level rise]] of a hundred meters following the last ice age.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2009/01/sea-will-rise-to-levels-of-last-ice-age/\|title=68 Responses to "Sea will rise 'to levels of last Ice Age'"\|work=Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University \|date=26 January 2009 \|access-date=2009-11-17}}</ref> Archaeologists contend that the Paleo-Indian migration out of Beringia ([[Geography of Alaska\|eastern Alaska]]), ranges from 40,000 to around 16,500 years ago.<ref>{{cite web\|title=Introduction \|work=Government of Canada \|publisher=Parks Canada \|url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/docs/r/pfa-fap/sec1.aspx \|year=2009 \|access-date=2010-01-09 \|quote=Canada's oldest known home is a cave in Yukon occupied not 12,000 years ago like the U.S. sites, but at least 20,000 years ago \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424103401/http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/docs/r/pfa-fap/sec1.aspx \|archive-date=2011-04-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=Pleistocene Archaeology of the Old Crow Flats \|publisher=Vuntut National Park of Canada \|url=http://yukon.taiga.net/vuntutrda/archaeol/info.htm \|year=2008 \|access-date=2010-01-10 \|quote=However, despite the lack of this conclusive and widespread evidence, there are suggestions of human occupation in the northern Yukon about 24,000 years ago, and hints of the presence of humans in the Old Crow Basin as far back as about 40,000 years ago. \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022085345/http://yukon.taiga.net/vuntutrda/archaeol/info.htm \|archive-date=2008-10-22 }}</ref><ref name="kind">{{cite web \|url=http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/\|title=Journey of mankind\|work=Brad Shaw Foundation\|access-date=2009-11-17}}</ref> This time range is a hot source of debate. The few agreements achieved to date are the origin from [[Central Asia]], with widespread habitation of the Americas during the end of the [[Last Glacial Period\|last glacial period]], or more specifically what is known as the [[Late Glacial Maximum#North America\|late glacial maximum]], around 16,000 – 13,000 years before present.<ref name="kind"/><ref>{{cite journal \|title=A single and early migration for the peopling of the Americas supported by mitochondrial DNA sequence data \|pmc=20009 \|year=1997 \|volume=94 \|issue=5 \|pmid=9050871 \|last1=Bonatto \|first1=SL \|last2=Salzano \|first2=FM \|pages=1866–71 \|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America \|doi=10.1073/pnas.94.5.1866\|bibcode=1997PNAS...94.1866B \|doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[American Journal of Human Genetics]] released an article in 2007 stating "Here we show, by using 86 complete [[Mitochondrion\|mitochondrial]] [[Genome\|genomes]], that all Indigenous American [[Haplogroup\|haplogroups]], including [[Haplogroup X (mtDNA)]], were part of a single founding population."<ref name="dnaa">{{cite book \|url=http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/10794.php \|title= First Americans~~\|work=Southern Methodist University-David J. Meltzer, B.A., M.A., Ph. D~~\|isbn= 9780520267992\|access-date=2009-11-17\|last1= Meltzer\|first1= David J.\|date= 26 November 2023\|publisher= University of California Press}}</ref> Amerindian groups in the Bering Strait region exhibit perhaps the strongest DNA or mitochondrial DNA relations to [[Indigenous peoples of Siberia\|Siberian peoples]]. The genetic diversity of Amerindian indigenous groups increase with distance from the assumed entry point into the Americas.<ref name="mmm">{{cite web \|url=http://www.physorg.com/news169474130.html \|title=The peopling of the Americas: Genetic ancestry influences health\|work=Scientific American\|access-date=2009-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|title=First Americans Endured 20,000-Year Layover - Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News \|url=http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/02/13/beringia-native-american-02.html \|access-date=2009-11-18 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313061401/http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/02/13/beringia-native-american-02.html \|archive-date=2012-03-13 }}</ref> Certain genetic diversity patterns from West to East suggest, particularly in South America, that migration proceeded first down the west coast, and then proceeded eastward.<ref name=PLoSb>{{cite journal \|title=Genetic Variation and Population Structure in Native Americans\|journal=PLOS Genetics \|volume=3 \|issue=11 \|page=3(11)\|year=2007\|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.0030185 \|last1=Wang\|first1=Sijia\|last2=Lewis \|first2=Cecil M. \|last3=Jakobsson \|first3=Mattias \|last4=Ramachandran \|first4=Sohini \|last5=Ray \|first5=Nicolas \|last6=Bedoya \|first6=Gabriel \|last7=Rojas \|first7=Winston \|last8=Parra \|first8=Maria V. \|last9=Molina \|first9=Julio A. \|last10=Gallo \|first10=Carla \|last11=Mazzotti \|first11=Guido \|last12=Poletti \|first12=Giovanni \|last13=Hill \|first13=Kim \|last14=Hurtado \|first14=Ana M. \|last15=Labuda \|first15=Damian \|last16=Klitz \|first16=William \|last17=Barrantes \|first17=Ramiro \|last18=Bortolini \|first18=Maria Cátira \|last19=Salzano \|first19=Francisco M. \|last20=Petzl-Erler \|first20=Maria Luiza \|last21=Tsuneto \|first21=Luiza T. \|last22=Llop \|first22=Elena \|last23=Rothhammer \|first23=Francisco \|last24=Excoffier \|first24=Laurent \|last25=Feldman \|first25=Marcus W. \|last26=Rosenberg \|first26=Noah A. \|last27=Ruiz-Linares \|first27=Andrés \|pmc=2082466 \|pmid=18039031 \|doi-access=free }}</ref> Geneticists have variously estimated that peoples of Asia and the Americas were part of the same population from 42,000 to 21,000 years ago.<ref name=Fagundes>{{cite journal \|doi= 10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013 \|last1= Fagundes \|first1=Nelson J.R. \|author2= Ricardo Kanitz \|author3=Roberta Eckert \|author4=Ana C.S. Valls \|author5=Mauricio R. Bogo \|author6=Francisco M. Salzano \|author7=David Glenn Smith \|author8=Wilson A. Silva \|author9=Marco A. Zago \|author10=Andrea K. Ribeiro-dos-Santos \|author11=Sidney E.B. Santos \|author12=Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler \|author13=Sandro L. Bonatto \|title= Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas \|url= http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Fagundes-et-al.pdf \|journal= American Journal of Human Genetics \|volume= 82 \|issue= 3 \|year= 2008 \|pages= 583–592 \|access-date= 2009-11-19 \|pmid= 18313026 \|pmc= 2427228 \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090325120035/http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Fagundes-et-al.pdf \|archive-date= 2009-03-25 \|url-status= dead }}</ref> New studies shed light on the founding population of indigenous Americans, suggesting that their ancestry traced to both east Asian and western Eurasians who migrated to North America directly from Siberia. A 2013 study in the journal [[Nature (journal)\|Nature]] reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy in Mal’ta Siberia suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians, who may have "had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 years ago than commonly thought"<ref name=Raghavan>{{cite journal \|doi= 10.1038/nature12736 \|author1=Maanasa Raghavan \|author2=Pontus Skoglund \|author3=Kelly E. Graf \|author4=Mait Metspalu \|author5=Anders Albrechtsen \|author6=Ida Moltke \|author7=Simon Rasmussen \|author8=Thomas W. Stafford Jr \|author9=Ludovic Orlando \|author10=Ene Metspalu \|author11=Monika Karmin \|author12=Kristiina Tambets \|author13=Siiri Rootsi \|author14=Reedik Mägi \|author15=Paula F. Campos \|author16=Elena Balanovska \|author17=Oleg Balanovsky \|author18=Elza Khusnutdinova \|author19=Sergey Litvinov \|author20=Ludmila P. Osipova \|author21=Sardana A. Fedorova \|author22=Mikhail I. Voevoda \|author23=Michael DeGiorgio \|author24=Thomas Sicheritz-Ponten \|author25=Søren Brunak \|author26=Svetlana Demeshchenko \|author27=Toomas Kivisild \|author28=Richard Villems \|author29=Rasmus Nielsen \|author30=Mattias Jakobsson \|author31=Eske Willerslev \|title=Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans \|journal= Nature \|volume=505 \|issue= 7481\|year=2013 \|pages=87–91\|pmid=24256729 \|pmc=4105016 \|bibcode=2014Natur.505...87R}}</ref> Professor Kelly Graf said that "Our findings are significant at two levels. First, it shows that Upper Paleolithic Siberians came from a cosmopolitan population of early modern humans that spread out of Africa to Europe and Central and South Asia. Second, Paleoindian skeletons with phenotypic traits atypical of modern-day Native Americans can be explained as having a direct historical connection to Upper Paleolithic Siberia." A route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the [[Solutrean hypothesis]].<ref name=Ancient>{{cite web\|title=Ancient Siberian genome reveals genetic origins of Native Americans\|url=http://www.scienceworldreport.com/articles/11062/20131121/dna-study-reveals-first-native-americans-may-have-come-from-siberia.htm\|publisher=PHYSORG\|access-date=23 November 2013\|date=Nov 20, 2013}}</ref> Line 43 ⟶ 32: ===Lithic stage (before 8000 BCE)=== [[File:StemmedFlutedPoint-Surface.jpg\|thumb\|alt="Fishtail" point found in Belize.\|Stemmed fluted "Fishtail" point found in Belize]] ~~[[File:Obsidiana.jpg\|thumb\|right\|190px\|[[Obsidian]] projectile point from Puerta Parada, [[Guatemala]]]]~~ {{see also\|Paleo-Indians\|Aboriginal peoples in Canada#Paleo-Indians period\|Archaeology of the Americas}} The [[Lithic stage]] or ''[[Paleo-Indians\|Paleo-Indian period]]'', is the earliest classification term referring to the first stage of human habitation in the Americas, covering the [[Late Pleistocene]] epoch. The time period derives its name from the appearance of "[[Lithic flake]]d" stone tools. [[Stone tool]]s, particularly [[projectile point]]s and [[Scraper (archaeology)\|scrapers]], are the primary evidence of the earliest well known human activity in the [[Americas]]. [[Lithic reduction]] stone tools are used by [[Archaeology\|archaeologists]] and [[anthropologist]]s to classify cultural periods. Line 63 ⟶ 52: ===Mesoamerica, the Woodland Period, and Mississippian culture (2000 BCE – 500 CE)=== {{see also\|Indigenous peoples of the Americas\|List of pre-Columbian cultures}} [[File:Ameicas 1000 BCE crop.png\|thumb~~\|240px\|right~~\|Simple map of subsistence methods in the Americas at 1000 BCE: {{legend\|#FEFE00\|[[hunter-gatherers]]}} {{legend\|#00FE00\|[[Agriculture\|simple farming societies]]}} Line 100 ⟶ 90: {{Main\|Oasisamerica}} ;Pueblo people <gallery ~~widths="200px" heights="200px"~~> Chaco Canyon Chetro Ketl great kiva plaza NPS.jpg\|The Great Kiva of [[Chetro Ketl]] at the [[Chaco Culture National Historical Park]], [[~~World Heritage Site\|UNESCO~~ World Heritage Site]] mesaverde cliffpalace 20030914.752.jpg\|Cliff Palace, [[Mesa Verde National Park]], a [[World Heritage Site~~\|UNESCO World Heritage Site]]~~ NMtrip-05-047.jpg\|[[Taos Pueblo]], a [[World Heritage Site~~\|UNESCO World Heritage Site]]~~, ~~is an Ancient Pueblo~~ belonging to a Native American tribe of [[Puebloans\|Pueblo people]], marking ~~the~~ cultural development ~~in the region~~ during the [[Pre-Columbian era]]. Canyon de Chelly1.jpg\|White House Ruins, [[Canyon de Chelly National Monument]] </gallery> The [[Puebloans\|Pueblo people]] of what is now occupied by the [[Southwestern United States]] and northern [[Mexico]], living conditions were that of large stone apartment like [[adobe]] structures. They live in Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, and possibly surrounding areas. [[File:ChanBahlumCatherwood.jpg\|thumb\|~~right\|200px~~upright=.7\|[[Kʼinich Kan Bahlam II\|K'inich Kan B'alam II]], the Classic period ruler of [[Palenque]], as depicted on a [[Stele\|stela]]]] ====Aridoamerica==== Line 120 ⟶ 110: ;Olmec The [[Olmecs\|Olmec]] civilization emerged around 1200 BCE in [[Mesoamerica]] and ended around 400 BCE. Olmec art and concepts influenced surrounding cultures after their downfall. This civilization was thought to be the first in America to develop a writing system. After the Olmecs abandoned their cities for unknown reasons, the Maya, Zapotec and Teotihuacan arose. ;Purepecha The [[Purépecha\|Purepecha]] civilization emerged around 1000 CE in [[Mesoamerica]]. They flourished from 1100 CE to 1530 CE. They continue to live on in the state of [[Michoacán]]. Fierce warriors, they were never conquered and in their glory years, successfully sealed off huge areas from Aztec domination. ;Maya Line 141 ⟶ 131: [[File:Inca Quipu.jpg\|thumb\|right\|200px\|Inca Quipu. [[Larco Museum\|Larco Museum Collection.]]]] {{main\|Pre-Columbian South America}} ;Valdivia culture [[Valdivia culture\|The Valdivia culture]] is one of the oldest settled cultures recorded in the Americas. It emerged from the earlier [[Las Vegas culture (archaeology)\|Las Vegas culture]] and thrived along the coast of [[Santa Elena Peninsula\|Santa Elena peninsula]] in [[Santa Elena Province]] of [[Ecuador]] between 3500 BCE and 1500 BCE.{{cn\|date=July 2024}} ;Norte Chico ~~The~~One of the oldest known civilization of the Americas was established in the [[Caral-Supe civilization\|Norte Chico]] region of modern Peru. Complex society emerged in the group of coastal valleys, between 3000 and 1800 BCE. The [[Quipu]], a distinctive recording device among Andean civilizations, apparently dates from the era of Norte Chico's prominence.{{cn\|date=July 2024}} ;Chavín The [[Chavín culture\|Chavín]] established a trade network and developed agriculture by as early as (or late compared to the Old World) 900 BCE according to some estimates and archaeological finds. Artifacts were found at a site called Chavín in modern [[Peru]] at an elevation of 3,177 meters. Chavín civilization spanned from 900 BCE to 300 BCE.{{cn\|date=July 2024}} '''Upano Valley''' The [[Upano Valley sites]] in present-day eastern Ecuador predate all known complex Amazonian societies, spanning from approximately 500 BCE to 300-600 CE.<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Yuhas \|first=Alan \|last2=Jiménez \|first2=Jesus \|date=2024-01-23 \|title=Remnants of Sprawling Ancient Cities Are Found in the Amazon \|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/23/science/ecuador-amazon-cities-discovery.html \|access-date=2024-07-06 \|work=[[The New York Times]] \|language=en-US \|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ;Inca ;{{main\|Inca Empire}} Holding their capital at the great city of [[Cusco]], the [[History of the Incas\|Inca civilization]] dominated the Andes region from 1438 to 1533. Known as ''Tawantinsuyu'', or "the land of the four regions", in [[Quechuan languages\|Quechua]], the Inca culture was highly distinct and developed. Cities were built with precise, unmatched stonework, constructed over many levels of mountain terrain. [[Terrace (earthworks)\|Terrace farming]] was a useful form of agriculture. There is evidence of excellent metalwork and even successful [[Trepanning\|trepanation]] of the skull in Inca civilization. Line 229 ⟶ 226: In the U.S. the [[Reagan era\|Reagan Era]] of conservative national policies, deregulation and tax cuts took control with the election of [[Ronald Reagan]] in 1980. By 2010, political scientists were debating whether the election of [[Barack Obama]] in 2008 represented an end of the Reagan Era, or was only a reaction against the bubble economy of the 2000s (decade), which burst in 2008 and became the [[Great Recession\|Late-2000s recession]] with prolonged unemployment. {{Off topic\|date=December 2023}} {\| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="font-size:100%" \|- style="background:#ececec;" ! [[Country]] or<br />[[Territory]] with [[flag]] ! [[List of countries by area\|Area]]<br />(km²<sup>2</sup>)<ref name="factbook2008">Land areas and population estimates are taken from ''The 2008 World Factbook'' which currently uses July 2007 data, unless otherwise noted.</ref> (sq mi) ! [[List of countries by population\|Population]]<br />(~~July 2009~~2021 est.)<{{UN Population\|ref ~~name="factbook2008" />~~}} ! [[List of countries by population density\|Population density]]<br />per km²<sup>2</sup> (per sq mi) ! [[Capital (political)\|Capital]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Bermuda\|{{flag\|Bermuda}}}} (United Kingdom) \| align="right" \| {{sort\|54\|{{convert\|54\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 6364,~~913~~185 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|1,338\|1,338/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 14.3 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Hamilton, Bermuda\|Hamilton]] Line 276 ⟶ 273: \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|United States\|{{flag\|United States}}}} \| align="right" \| {{sort\|3796742\|{{convert\|3796742\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| ~~333~~336,~~287~~997,~~557~~624 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|87\|87/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 22.0 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Washington, D.C.]] Line 282 ⟶ 279: ! Total \| align="right" \| {{convert\|24,709,000\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}} \| align="right" \| ~~592~~496,~~296~~858,~~233~~409 \| align="right" \| 25.7/km²<sup>2</sup> (66.4/sq mi) \| \|} Line 294 ⟶ 291: In 1907, a [[Central American Integration System\|Central American Court of Justice]] was created. On December 13, 1960, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua established the [[Central American Integration System\|Central American Common Market]] ("CACM"). Costa Rica, because of its relative economic prosperity and political stability, chose not to participate in the CACM. The goals for the CACM were to create greater political unification and success of [[import substitution industrialization]] policies. The project was an immediate economic success, but was abandoned after the 1969 "[[Football War]]" between El Salvador and Honduras. A [[Central American Parliament]] has operated, as a purely advisory body, since 1991. Costa Rica has repeatedly declined invitations to join the regional parliament, which seats deputies from the four other former members of the Union, as well as from [[Panama]] and the [[Dominican Republic]]. {{Off topic\|date=December 2023}} {\| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="font-size:100%" \|- style="background:#ececec;" ! [[Country]] or<br />[[Territory]] with [[flag]] ! [[List of countries by area\|Area]]<br />(km²<sup>2</sup>)<ref name="factbook2008">Land areas and population estimates are taken from ''The 2008 World Factbook'' which currently uses July 2007 data, unless otherwise noted.</ref> (sq mi) ! [[List of countries by population\|Population]]<br />(~~July 2009~~2021 est.)<{{UN Population\|ref ~~name="factbook2008" />~~}} ! [[List of countries by population density\|Population density]]<br />per km²<sup>2</sup> (per sq mi) ! [[Capital (political)\|Capital]] \|- Line 348 ⟶ 345: \| align="right" \| {{convert\|560,988\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}} \| align="right" \| 50,807,776 \| align="right" \| 74/km²<sup>2</sup> (191/sq mi) \| \|} Line 357 ⟶ 354: [[Debt of developing countries\|International indebtedness]] became a notable problem, as most recently illustrated by [[Argentina]]'s [[1998–2002 Argentine great depression\|default]] in the early 21st century. In recent years, South American governments have drifted to the left, with [[Socialism\|socialist]] leaders being elected in Chile, [[Bolivia]], Brazil, [[Venezuela]], and a leftist president in Argentina and [[Uruguay]]. Despite the move to the left, South America is still largely capitalist. With the founding of the [[Union of South American Nations]], South America has started down the road of economic integration, with plans for political integration in the [[European Union]] style. {{Off topic\|date=December 2023}} {\| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="font-size:100%" \|- style="background:#ececec;" ! [[Country]] or<br />[[Territory]] with [[flag]] ! [[List of countries by area\|Area]]<br />(km²<sup>2</sup>)<ref name="factbook2008">Land areas and population estimates are taken from ''The 2008 World Factbook'' which currently uses July 2007 data, unless otherwise noted.</ref> (sq mi) ! [[List of countries by population\|Population]]<br />(~~July 2009~~2021 est.)<{{UN Population\|ref ~~name="factbook2008" />~~}} ! [[List of countries by population density\|Population density]]<br />per km²<sup>2</sup> (per sq mi) ! [[Capital (political)\|Capital]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Argentina\|{{flag\|Argentina}}}} \| align="right" \| {{sort\|2766890\|{{convert\|2766890\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 4045,~~482~~276,~~000~~780 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|1430\|14.3/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 14.3 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Buenos Aires]] Line 374 ⟶ 371: \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Bolivia\|{{flag\|Bolivia}}}} \| align="right" \| {{sort\|1098580\|{{convert\|1098580\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 912,~~863~~079,~~000~~472 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|0810\|8.4/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 8.4 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Sucre]]; [[La Paz]]<ref>[[La Paz]] is the administrative capital of [[Bolivia]];<br /></ref> \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Brazil\|{{flag\|Brazil}}}} \| align="right" \| {{sort\|8514877\|{{convert\|8514877\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| ~~191~~214,~~241~~326,~~714~~223 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|2200\|22.0/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 22.0 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Brasília]] Line 386 ⟶ 383: \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Chile\|{{flag\|Chile}}}}<ref>Includes [[Easter Island]] in the Pacific Ocean, a [[Chile]]an territory frequently reckoned in [[Oceania]]. [[Santiago, Chile\|Santiago]] is the administrative capital of Chile; [[Valparaíso]] is the site of legislative meetings.<br /></ref> \| align="right" \| {{sort\|756950\|  {{convert\|756950\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 1619,~~928~~493,~~873~~184 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|2110\|22/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 22 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Santiago]] Line 392 ⟶ 389: \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Colombia\|{{flag\|Colombia}}}} \| align="right" \| {{sort\|1138910\|{{convert\|1138910\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 4551,~~928~~516,~~970~~562 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|3770\|40/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 40 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Bogotá]] Line 398 ⟶ 395: \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Ecuador\|{{flag\|Ecuador}}}} \| align="right" \| {{sort\|0283560\|  {{convert\|283560\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 1417,~~573~~797,~~101~~737 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|4710\|53.8/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 53.8 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Quito]] Line 404 ⟶ 401: \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Falkland Islands\|{{flag\|Falkland Islands}}}} (United Kingdom)<ref>Claimed by [[Argentina]].<br /></ref> \| align="right" \| {{sort\|0012173\|   {{convert\|12173\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 3,398<ref>{{Cite web \|year=2017 \|title=2016 Census Report \|url=http://www.fig.gov.fk/policy/index.php/component/jdownloads/finish/5-statistics/4788-falkland-islands-census-2016-report/0?Itemid=0#page=14 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124232820/http://www.fig.gov.fk/policy/index.php/component/jdownloads/finish/5-statistics/4788-falkland-islands-census-2016-report/0?Itemid=0 \|archive-date=24 January 2018 \|publisher=Policy and Economic Development Unit, Falkland Islands Government \|format=PDF}}</ref> ~~\| align="right" \| 3,140<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/falkland-islands-islas-malvinas/ Falkland Islands: July 2008 population estimate]. CIA World Factbook.</ref>~~ \| align="right" \| {{sort\|0026\|0.26/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 0.26 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Stanley, Falkland Islands\|Stanley]] Line 410 ⟶ 407: \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|French Guiana\|{{Flagicon image\|Flag of French Guiana.svg}}}} [[French Guiana]] (France) \| align="right" \| {{sort\|0091000\|   {{convert\|91000\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 294,071<ref name="pop">{{cite web \|author=[[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (France)\|INSEE]] \|title=Estimation de population par région, sexe et grande classe d'âge – Années 1975 à 2021 \|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/1893198/estim-pop-nreg-sexe-gca-1975-2021.xls \|access-date=2021-01-21 \|language=fr}}</ref> \| align="right" \| 221,500<ref>(January 2009) {{cite web\| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=CMRSOS02137\| title=Population des régions au 1er janvier\| first=Government of France\| last=[[INSEE]]\| access-date=2009-01-20\|language=fr}}</ref> \| align="right" \| {{sort\|0210\|2.7/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 2.1 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Cayenne]] Line 416 ⟶ 413: \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Guyana\|{{flag\|Guyana}}}} \| align="right" \| {{sort\|0214999\|  {{convert\|214999\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| ~~772~~804,~~298~~567 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|0360\|3.5/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 3.5 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Georgetown, Guyana\|Georgetown]] Line 428 ⟶ 425: \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Peru\|{{flag\|Peru}}}} \| align="right" \| {{sort\|1285220\|{{convert\|1285220\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 2933,~~132~~715,~~013~~471 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|2170\|22/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 22 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Lima]] Line 440 ⟶ 437: \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Suriname\|{{flag\|Suriname}}}} \| align="right" \| {{sort\|0163270\|  {{convert\|163270\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| ~~472~~612,~~000~~985 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|0270\|3/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 3 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Paramaribo]] Line 452 ⟶ 449: \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Venezuela\|{{flag\|Venezuela}}}} \| align="right" \| {{sort\|0916445\|  {{convert\|916445\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 2628,~~814~~199,~~843~~867 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|2780\|30.2/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 27.8 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Caracas]] Line 458 ⟶ 455: ! Total \| align="right" \| {{convert\|17,824,513\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}} \| align="right" \| {{nts\|~~385~~434,~~742~~429,~~554~~423}} \| align="right" \| 21.5/km²<sup>2</sup> ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 21.5 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi) \| \|} Line 468 ⟶ 465: During the Cold War, the Caribbean has faced a series of military interventions from the United States, such as the [[Banana Wars]] and the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]]. {{Off topic\|date=December 2023}} {\| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="font-size:100%" \|- style="background:#ececec;" ! [[Country]] or<br />[[Territory]] with [[flag]] ! [[List of countries by area\|Area]]<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name="factbook2008">Land areas and population estimates are taken from ''The 2008 World Factbook'' which currently uses July 2007 data, unless otherwise noted.</ref> (sq mi) ! [[List of countries by population\|Population]]<br />(2021 est.){{UN Population\|ref}} ! [[List of countries by population density\|Population density]]<br />per km<sup>2</sup> (per sq mi) ! [[Capital (political)\|Capital]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Anguilla\|{{flag\|Anguilla}}}} (United Kingdom) \| align="right" \| {{sort\|102\|{{convert\|102\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 15,753 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|164.8\|164.8/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 164.8 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[The Valley, Anguilla\|The Valley]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Antigua and Barbuda\|{{flag\|Antigua and Barbuda}}}} \| align="right" \| {{sort\|442\|{{convert\|442\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 93,219 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|99.1\|99.1/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 99.1 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda\|St. John's]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Aruba\|{{flag\|Aruba}}}} ([[Netherlands]]) \| align="right" \| {{sort\|180\|   {{convert\|180\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 106,537 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|594.4\|594.4/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 594.4 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Oranjestad, Aruba\|Oranjestad]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|The Bahamas\|{{flag\|The Bahamas}}}} \| align="right" \| {{sort\|13943\|{{convert\|13943\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 407,906 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|24.5\|24.5/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 24.5 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Nassau, Bahamas\|Nassau]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Bajo Nuevo Bank}} (United States / Colombia / Jamaica) \| align="right" \| {{sort\|100\|  {{convert\|100\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| Uninhabited \| align="right" \| {{sort\|0.0\|0.0/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 0.0 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| N/A \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Barbados\|{{flag\|Barbados}}}} \| align="right" \| {{sort\|430\|  {{convert\|430\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 287,025 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|595.3\|595.3/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 595.3 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Bridgetown]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Bonaire\|{{flag\|Bonaire}}}} (Netherlands) \| align="right" \| {{sort\|294\|{{convert\|294\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 20,104 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|41.1\|41.1/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 41.1 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Kralendijk]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|British Virgin Islands\|{{flag\|British Virgin Islands}}}} (United Kingdom) \| align="right" \| {{sort\|151\|  {{convert\|151\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 31,122 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|152.3\|152.3/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 152.3 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Road Town]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Cayman Islands\|{{flag\|Cayman Islands}}}} (United Kingdom) \| align="right" \| {{sort\|264\|  {{convert\|264\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 68,136 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|212.1\|212.1/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 212.1 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[George Town, Cayman Islands\|George Town]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Cuba\|{{flag\|Cuba}}}} \| align="right" \| {{sort\|109,886\|  {{convert\|109,886\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 11,256372 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|102.0\|102.0/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 102.0 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Havana]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Curaçao\|{{flag\|Curaçao}}}} (Netherlands) \| align="right" \| {{sort\|444\|  {{convert\|444\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 190,338 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|317.1\|317.1/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 317.1 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Willemstad]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Dominica\|{{flag\|Dominica}}}} \| align="right" \| {{sort\|751\|  {{convert\|751\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 72,412 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|89.2\|89.2/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 89.2 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Roseau]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Dominican Republic\|{{flag\|Dominican Republic}}}} \| align="right" \| {{sort\|48,671\|  {{convert\|48,671\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 11,117,873 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|207.3\|207.3/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 207.3 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Santo Domingo]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Federal Dependencies of Venezuela\|{{flag\|Federal Dependencies of Venezuela}}}} (Venezuela) \| align="right" \| {{sort\|342\|  {{convert\|342\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 2,155 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|2.4\|2.4/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 2.4 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| N/A \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Grenada\|{{flag\|Grenada}}}} \| align="right" \| {{sort\|344\|  {{convert\|344\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 124,610 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|302.3\|302.3/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 302.3 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[St. George's, Grenada\|St. George's]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Guadeloupe\|{{Flagicon image\|Flag of Guadeloupe (Local).svg}}}} [[Guadeloupe]] (France) \| align="right" \| {{sort\|1,628\|   {{convert\|1,620\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 396,051 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|246.7\|246.7/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 246.7 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Basse-Terre]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Haiti\|{{flag\|Haiti}}}} \| align="right" \| {{sort\|27,750\|  {{convert\|27,750\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 11,447,569 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|361.5\|361.5/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 361.5 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Port-au-Prince]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Jamaica\|{{flag\|Jamaica}}}} \| align="right" \| {{sort\|10,991\|  {{convert\|10,991\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 2,827,695 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|247.4\|247.4/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 247.4 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Kingston, Jamaica\|Kingston]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Martinique\|{{Flagicon image\|Flag of Martinique.svg}}}} [[Martinique]] (France) \| align="right" \| {{sort\|1,128\|   {{convert\|1,128\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 368,796 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|352.6\|352.6/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 352.6 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Fort-de-France]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Montserrat\|{{flag\|Montserrat}}}} (United Kingdom) \| align="right" \| {{sort\|102\|  {{convert\|102\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 4,417 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|58.8\|58.8/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 58.8 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Plymouth, Montserrat\|Plymouth]]; [[Brades]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Navassa Island}} (United States / Haiti) \| align="right" \| {{sort\|5\|  {{convert\|5\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| Uninhabited \| align="right" \| {{sort\|0.0\|0.0/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 0.0 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Lulu Town]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Puerto Rico\|{{flag\|Puerto Rico}}}} (United States) \| align="right" \| {{sort\|8,870\|  {{convert\|8,870\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 3,256,028 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|448.9\|448.9/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 448.9 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[San Juan, Puerto Rico\|San Juan]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Saba\|{{Flag\|Saba}}}} (Netherlands) \| align="right" \| {{sort\|13\|  {{convert\|13\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 1,537 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|118.2\|118.2/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 118.2 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[The Bottom]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Saint Barthélemy\|{{Flagicon image\|Flag of Saint Barthélemy.svg}}}} [[Saint Barthélemy]] (France) \| align="right" \| {{sort\|21\|   {{convert\|21\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 7,448 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|354.7\|354.7/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 354.7 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Gustavia, Saint Barthélemy\|Gustavia]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Saint Kitts and Nevis\|{{flag\|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}}} \| align="right" \| {{sort\|261\|  {{convert\|261\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 47,606 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|199.2\|199.2/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 199.2 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Basseterre]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Saint Lucia\|{{flag\|Saint Lucia}}}} \| align="right" \| {{sort\|539\|  {{convert\|539\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 179,651 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|319.1\|319.1/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 319.1 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Castries]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Saint Martin\|{{Flagicon image\|Local flag of the Collectivity of Saint_Martin.svg}}}} [[Collectivity of Saint Martin\|Saint Martin]] (France) \| align="right" \| {{sort\|54\|   {{convert\|54\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 29,820 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|552.2\|552.2/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 552.2 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Marigot, Saint Martin\|Marigot]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\|{{flag\|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}}} \| align="right" \| {{sort\|389\|  {{convert\|389\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 104,332 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|280.2\|280.2/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 280.2 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Kingstown]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Serranilla Bank}} (United States / Colombia / Honduras) \| align="right" \| {{sort\|100\|  {{convert\|100\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| Uninhabited \| align="right" \| {{sort\|0.0\|0.0/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 0.0 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| N/A \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Sint Eustatius\|{{flag\|Sint Eustatius}}}} (Netherlands) \| align="right" \| {{sort\|21\|  {{convert\|21\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 2,739 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|130.4\|130.4/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 130.4 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Oranjestad, Sint Eustatius\|Oranjestad]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Sint Marteen\|{{Flag\|Sint Maarten}}}} (Netherlands) \| align="right" \| {{sort\|34\|  {{convert\|34\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 44,042 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|1176.7\|1176.7/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 1176.7 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Philipsburg, Sint Maarten\|Philipsburg]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Trinidad and Tobago\|{{flag\|Trinidad and Tobago}}}} \| align="right" \| {{sort\|5,130\|  {{convert\|5,130\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 1,525,663 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|261.0\|261.0/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 261.0 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Port of Spain]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|Turks and Caicos Islands\|{{flag\|Turks and Caicos Islands}}}} (United Kingdom) \| align="right" \| {{sort\|948\|  {{convert\|948\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 45,144 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|34.8\|34.8/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 34.8 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Cockburn Town]] \|- \| style="text-align:left;" \| {{sort\|United States Virgin Islands\|{{flag\|United States Virgin Islands}}}} (United States) \| align="right" \| {{sort\|347\|  {{convert\|347\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}}} \| align="right" \| 100,091 \| align="right" \| {{sort\|317.0\|317.0/km² ({{formatnum:{{#expr: 317.0 * 2.589988110336 round 1}} }}/sq mi)}} \| style="text-align:left;" \| [[Charlotte Amalie, U.S. Virgin Islands\|Charlotte Amalie]] \|- class="sortbottom" ! Total \| align="right" \| {{convert\|235,667\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}} \| align="right" \| 44,636,789 \| align="right" \| 189.4/km<sup>2</sup> (191/sq mi) \| \|} ==See also== Line 508 ⟶ 725: [[Category:History of the Americas\| ]] [[Category:World history\|Americas the]]