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==Pre-colonization==
{{main|Pre-Columbian era}}
{{further|History of
===Migration into the continents===
{{details|Peopling of the Americas|Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas}}
▲[[File:Spreading homo sapiens la.svg|thumb|320px|Map of [[early human migrations]]]]
The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, are subject to ongoing research and discussion.<ref name="national">{{cite web
|title=Atlas of the Human Journey-The Genographic Project
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Archaeologists contend that the Paleo-Indian migration out of Beringia ([[Geography of Alaska|eastern Alaska]]), ranges from 40,000 to around 16,500 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction |work=Government of Canada |publisher=Parks Canada |url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/docs/r/pfa-fap/sec1.aspx |year=2009 |access-date=2010-01-09 |quote=Canada's oldest known home is a cave in Yukon occupied not 12,000 years ago like the U.S. sites, but at least 20,000 years ago |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424103401/http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/docs/r/pfa-fap/sec1.aspx |archive-date=2011-04-24 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pleistocene Archaeology of the Old Crow Flats |publisher=Vuntut National Park of Canada |url=http://yukon.taiga.net/vuntutrda/archaeol/info.htm |year=2008 |access-date=2010-01-10 |quote=However, despite the lack of this conclusive and widespread evidence, there are suggestions of human occupation in the northern Yukon about 24,000 years ago, and hints of the presence of humans in the Old Crow Basin as far back as about 40,000 years ago. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022085345/http://yukon.taiga.net/vuntutrda/archaeol/info.htm |archive-date=2008-10-22 }}</ref><ref name="kind">{{cite web |url=http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/|title=Journey of mankind|work=Brad Shaw Foundation|access-date=2009-11-17}}</ref> This time range is a hot source of debate. The few agreements achieved to date are the origin from [[Central Asia]], with widespread habitation of the Americas during the end of the [[Last Glacial Period|last glacial period]], or more specifically what is known as the [[Late Glacial Maximum#North America|late glacial maximum]], around 16,000 – 13,000 years before present.<ref name="kind"/><ref>{{cite journal |title=A single and early migration for the peopling of the Americas supported by mitochondrial DNA sequence data |pmc=20009 |year=1997 |volume=94 |issue=5 |pmid=9050871 |last1=Bonatto |first1=SL |last2=Salzano |first2=FM |pages=1866–71 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |doi=10.1073/pnas.94.5.1866|bibcode=1997PNAS...94.1866B |doi-access=free }}</ref>
The [[American Journal of Human Genetics]] released an article in 2007 stating "Here we show, by using 86 complete [[Mitochondrion|mitochondrial]] [[Genome|genomes]], that all Indigenous American [[Haplogroup|haplogroups]], including [[Haplogroup X (mtDNA)]], were part of a single founding population."<ref name="dnaa">{{cite book |url=http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/10794.php |title= First Americans
New studies shed light on the founding population of indigenous Americans, suggesting that their ancestry traced to both east Asian and western Eurasians who migrated to North America directly from Siberia. A 2013 study in the journal [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy in Mal’ta Siberia suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians, who may have "had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 years ago than commonly thought"<ref name=Raghavan>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1038/nature12736 |author1=Maanasa Raghavan |author2=Pontus Skoglund |author3=Kelly E. Graf |author4=Mait Metspalu |author5=Anders Albrechtsen |author6=Ida Moltke |author7=Simon Rasmussen |author8=Thomas W. Stafford Jr |author9=Ludovic Orlando |author10=Ene Metspalu |author11=Monika Karmin |author12=Kristiina Tambets |author13=Siiri Rootsi |author14=Reedik Mägi |author15=Paula F. Campos |author16=Elena Balanovska |author17=Oleg Balanovsky |author18=Elza Khusnutdinova |author19=Sergey Litvinov |author20=Ludmila P. Osipova |author21=Sardana A. Fedorova |author22=Mikhail I. Voevoda |author23=Michael DeGiorgio |author24=Thomas Sicheritz-Ponten |author25=Søren Brunak |author26=Svetlana Demeshchenko |author27=Toomas Kivisild |author28=Richard Villems |author29=Rasmus Nielsen |author30=Mattias Jakobsson |author31=Eske Willerslev |title=Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans |journal= Nature |volume=505 |issue= 7481|year=2013 |pages=87–91|pmid=24256729 |pmc=4105016 |bibcode=2014Natur.505...87R}}</ref> Professor Kelly Graf said that "Our findings are significant at two levels. First, it shows that Upper Paleolithic Siberians came from a cosmopolitan population of early modern humans that spread out of Africa to Europe and Central and South Asia. Second, Paleoindian skeletons with phenotypic traits atypical of modern-day Native Americans can be explained as having a direct historical connection to Upper Paleolithic Siberia." A route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the [[Solutrean hypothesis]].<ref name=Ancient>{{cite web|title=Ancient Siberian genome reveals genetic origins of Native Americans|url=http://www.scienceworldreport.com/articles/11062/20131121/dna-study-reveals-first-native-americans-may-have-come-from-siberia.htm|publisher=PHYSORG|access-date=23 November 2013|date=Nov 20, 2013}}</ref>
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===Lithic stage (before 8000 BCE)===
[[File:StemmedFlutedPoint-Surface.jpg|thumb
{{see also|Paleo-Indians|Aboriginal peoples in Canada#Paleo-Indians period|Archaeology of the Americas}}
The [[Lithic stage]] or ''[[Paleo-Indians|Paleo-Indian period]]'', is the earliest classification term referring to the first stage of human habitation in the Americas, covering the [[Late Pleistocene]] epoch. The time period derives its name from the appearance of "[[Lithic flake]]d" stone tools. [[Stone tool]]s, particularly [[projectile point]]s and [[Scraper (archaeology)|scrapers]], are the primary evidence of the earliest well known human activity in the [[Americas]]. [[Lithic reduction]] stone tools are used by [[Archaeology|archaeologists]] and [[anthropologist]]s to classify cultural periods.
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===Mesoamerica, the Woodland Period, and Mississippian culture (2000 BCE – 500 CE)===
{{see also|Indigenous peoples of the Americas|List of pre-Columbian cultures}}
[[File:Ameicas 1000 BCE crop.png|thumb {{legend|#FEFE00|[[hunter-gatherers]]}}
{{legend|#00FE00|[[Agriculture|simple farming societies]]}}
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{{Main|Oasisamerica}}
;Pueblo people
<gallery
Chaco Canyon Chetro Ketl great kiva plaza NPS.jpg|The Great Kiva of [[Chetro Ketl]] at the [[Chaco Culture National Historical Park]], [[
mesaverde cliffpalace 20030914.752.jpg|Cliff Palace, [[Mesa Verde National Park]], a
NMtrip-05-047.jpg|[[Taos Pueblo]], a
Canyon de Chelly1.jpg|White House Ruins, [[Canyon de Chelly National Monument]]
</gallery>
The [[Puebloans|Pueblo people]] of what is now occupied by the [[Southwestern United States]] and northern [[Mexico]], living conditions were that of large stone apartment like [[adobe]] structures. They live in Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, and possibly surrounding areas.
[[File:ChanBahlumCatherwood.jpg|thumb|
====Aridoamerica====
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;Olmec
The [[Olmecs|Olmec]] civilization emerged around 1200 BCE in
;Purepecha
The [[Purépecha|Purepecha]] civilization emerged around 1000 CE in
;Maya
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