The Hollywood Sign is an American landmark and cultural icon overlooking Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. Originally the Hollywoodland Sign, it is situated on Mount Lee, in the Beachwood Canyon area of the Santa Monica Mountains. Spelling out the word "Hollywood" in 50-foot-tall (15.2 m) white uppercase letters and 450 feet (137.2 m) long,[1] it was originally erected in 1923 as a temporary advertisement for a local real estate development, but due to increasing recognition the sign was left up,[2] and replaced in 1978 with a more durable all-steel 45-foot-tall (13.7 m) structure.
Among the best-known landmarks in both California and the United States, the sign makes frequent appearances in popular culture, particularly in establishing shots for films and television programs set in or around Hollywood. Signs of similar style, but spelling different words, are frequently seen as parodies. The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce holds trademark rights to the Hollywood Sign[3] but only for certain uses.[4]
Because of its widespread recognizability, the sign has been a frequent target of pranks and vandalism across the decades. It has since undergone restoration, including the installation of a security system to deter mischief. The sign is protected and promoted by the nonprofit "The Hollywood Sign Trust",[5] while its site and the surrounding land are part of Griffith Park. -angeles/|archive-date=December 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
History
Origin
The original sign was erected in 1923 and originally read "HOLLYWOODLAND" to promote the name of a new housing development in the hills above the Hollywood district of Los Angeles.[6]
Real estate developers|In the 1970s, the sign reached its most dilapidated state. This image was taken shortly before the sign's 1978 restoration.]]
1940s
In time, the sign deteriorated. The letter H was destroyed in early 1944. A United Press report in 1949 indicated that winds were to blame,[7] while the Los Angeles Times said that the H was destroyed by "vandals or windstorms."[8]
In 1949, the sign drew complaints from local residents, who called it an "eyesore and detriment to the community" and advocated its demolition. The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce protested against the sign's removal and offered to repair it.[8] The Chamber entered into a contract with the City of Los Angeles Parks Department to repair and rebuild the sign. The contract stipulated that "LAND" be removed to spell "Hollywood" and reflect the district, not the "Hollywoodland" housing development.[9] The restoration and removal of the "land" portion of the sign was conducted in September 1949.[7]
1970s
The sign's unprotected wood-and-sheet-metal structure deteriorated over the years. After a severe windstorm on February 10, 1978, the first O was splintered and broken, resembling a lowercase u, and the third O had fallen down completely, leaving the now-dilapidated sign reading "HuLLYWO D."[10][11]
In 1978, in large part because of the public campaign by Alice Cooper to restore the landmark, the Chamber set out to replace the severely deteriorated sign with a more permanent structure. Nine donors gave US$27,778 each (totaling US$250,000, equivalent to $1,170,000 in 2023) to sponsor replacement letters, made of steel supported by steel columns on a concrete foundation (see Donors section below).[12]
The new letters were 44 ft (13.4 m) tall and ranged from 31 to 39 ft (9.4 to 11.9 m) wide. The new version of the sign was unveiled on November 11, 1978, as the culmination of a live CBS television special commemorating the 75th anniversary of Hollywood's incorporation as a city.[13]
Refurbishment, donated by Bay Cal Commercial Painting,[14] began in November 2005 as workers stripped the letters back to their metal base and repainted them white.
Donors
Following the 1978 public campaign to restore the sign, the following nine donors gave $27,778 each (which totaled $250,002):
- H: Terrence Donnelly (publisher of the Hollywood Independent Newspaper)
- O: Alice Cooper (singer), who donated in memory of comedian Groucho Marx[15]
- L: Les Kelley (founder of Kelley Blue Book)
- L: Gene Autry (actor)
- Y: Hugh Hefner (founder of Playboy)
- W: Andy Williams (singer)
- O: Giovanni Mazza (Italian movie producer, co-founder of Panaria Film)
- O: Warner Bros. Records, currently known as Warner Records
- D: Dennis Lidtke (businessman, graphics company Gribbitt), donated in the name of Matthew Williams[12]: 166–167
The original sign and restoration of the "H"
The original 1923 sign was presumed to have been destroyed until 2005, when it was put up for sale on eBay by producer/entrepreneur Dan Bliss.[16] It was sold to artist Bill Mack, who used the sheet metal as a medium to paint the likenesses of stars from the Golden Age of Hollywood.[17] In August 2012, Mack constructed an exact replica of the letter H from the metal.[18] On August 9, 2012, Herb Wesson and Tom LaBonge of the Los Angeles City Council presented Mack with a Certificate of Recognition for his restoration efforts and preservation of the sign.[19]
Access issues
Considerable public concern has arisen over certain access points to the trails leading to the sign that are in residential areas. Some residents of the neighborhoods adjoining the sign, such as Beachwood Canyon and Lake Hollywood Estates, have expressed concerns about the congestion and traffic caused by tourists and sightseers attracted to the sign. The Los Angeles Times reported in 2013 that "there are more than 40 tour companies running buses and vans in and out of the canyon..." and residents "...are most concerned about safety issues because the curving hillside roads were not designed for so many cars and pedestrians."[20][21] The Los Angeles Fire Department identifies Griffith Park, where the sign resides, as a high fire risk area due to the brush and dry climate.[22] Local residents have created fake 'no access' and other misleading signs to discourage people from visiting the sign.[23]
In 2012, at the behest of residents of the Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles City Councilman Tom LaBonge petitioned GPS manufacturers Garmin and Google Maps to redirect traffic away from residential streets, which lack the infrastructure (e.g. parking, restrooms, potable water) to deal with the large influx of tourists, towards two designated viewing areas, Griffith Observatory and the Hollywood and Highland Center.[24] The Hollywood Sign Trust, the nonprofit that maintains the sign, also endorses these two viewing platforms.[25] Other mapping services, such as Apple Maps and Bing Maps, have subsequently followed suit.[26][27] This was considered deceptive by some as the hike from Griffith Observatory could take up to two hours one way,[28]
An aerial tramway to the top of Mount Lee and the sign has been proposed numerous times.[29] In June 2018, Warner Bros. proposed to fund an estimated $100 million tramway that would run from its Burbank studio lot and up the north face of Mount Lee to a new visitors' area near the sign.[30] Other proposals stakeholders have set forth include establishing an official visitors' center for the sign, public shuttle service to lead tourists to the sign or trails, or even erecting a duplicate sign on the opposite side of Mount Lee.[31]
Suicide of Peg Entwistle
In September 1932, 24-year-old actress Peg Entwistle died by suicide by climbing a workman's ladder up to the top of the 'H' and jumping to her death.[32][33]
Location
The sign is on the southern side of Mount Lee in Griffith Park, north of the Mulholland Highway, and to the south of the Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills) cemetery.
The sign is on rough, steep terrain, and there are barriers to prevent unauthorized access. In 2000, the Los Angeles Police Department installed a security system featuring motion detection and closed-circuit cameras. Any movement in the marked restricted areas triggers an alarm that notifies the police.[34]
It is at an elevation of 1,578 ft (481 m).
The building and tower just behind and to the right of the sign is the City of Los Angeles Central Communications Facility, which supports all cellphone, microwave, and radio towers used by the Los Angeles Police Department, the Fire Department, the Los Angeles Unified School District, and other municipal agencies. The building has no name and is a large maintenance building for the antennae. From 1939 to 1947, this site was the location of the studios and transmitter of the first television station in Los Angeles, W6XAO (now KCBS-TV25/what-does-it-take-to-light-the-hollywood-sign-bet-awards |access-date=2022-12-24 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
Guerilla
The sign has been unofficially altered a number of times, often eliciting a great deal of attention.[35] The modifications have included:
- HOLLYWeeD – January 1976 and January 2017: The sign was first altered in 1976 by Daniel Finegood following the passage of a state law decriminalizing cannabis.[36] The sign was altered again early on New Year's Day in 2017, likely as an homage to a new California law legalizing recreational cannabis which passed during the 2016 election and which became effective on January 1.[37][38][39]
- HOLYWOOD – April 1976 and September 1987: The 1976 alteration was for Easter sunrise service, viewable from the Hollywood Bowl.[36] The 1987 alteration was for Pope John Paul II when he visited; the second L was covered.[40][41]
- GO NAVY – December 1983: A group of Midshipmen, with permission, covered the sign for the Army-Navy football game's first and only West Coast appearance.[42]
- RAFFEYSOD – in 1985, an obscure rock band from New Orleans named the Raffeys altered the sign in an act of unauthorized self-promotion.[43][44]
- OLLYWOOD – In 1987 the first letter of the sign was obscured to protest the perceived hero worship of Oliver North during the Iran–Contra hearings.[36][38]
- OIL WAR – In 1990 the sign was changed to protest the Gulf War.[36]
- PEROTWOOD – Supporters of Ross Perot in the 1992 United States presidential election briefly changed the sign in October 1992.[38][45][46]
- JOLLYGOOD – 1993, unknown[46]
- CALTECH – 1987: Occurred on Hollywood's centennial (of its incorporation as a municipality), also one of Caltech's many senior pranks.[47]
- SAVE THE PEAK – February 11, 2010, the original letters were covered with a series of large banners reading "SAVE THE PEAK", part of a campaign by The Trust for Public Land to protect the land around the Hollywood Sign from real estate development (see above). As the changeover progressed, variations such as "SALLYWOOD", "SOLLYWOOD", and "SAVETHEPOOD" sprung up.[46]
- HOLLYBOOB – On February 1, 2021, the sign was altered by the YouTuber Joogsquad and Instagram influencer Julia Rose to challenge censorship on Instagram.[48]
- H🐮LLYWOOD – April 2, 2021: Los Angeles based band Junior Varsity put a cow face over the first "O" as a promotion for their single "Cold Blood".[49]
Proposed
Disney filed to put spots on the sign as a means of promoting its film 101 Dalmatians (1996); however, the request was later rescinded.[46]
Mayor Eric Garcetti signed an executive directive for a program to light up the sign on his last day in office in 2022. Mayor Karen Bass rescinded the order 10 days later because "there were concerns about the legality of the order".[50]
Depictions
Imitations
Multiple other places have imitated the sign in some way.
- System of a Down is an Armenian-American heavy metal band formed in Glendale, California, in 1994. On their album Toxicity, the Hollywood Sign is changed to "SYSTEM OF A DOWN", released on September 4, 2001. The neighborhood of East Hollywood is historically home to a large Armenian-American population.
- Mosgiel, a satellite suburb of the New Zealand city of Dunedin, erected an imitation of the Hollywood sign – reading MOSGIEL – in 1987.
- Since its opening in 1993, Mickey's Toontown at Disneyland has a faux hill with a sign that reads TOONTOWN and resembles the Hollywood sign.
- During the 2003 Scottish Parliament Election, the Scottish Conservative Party ran a billposter campaign depicting the Salisbury Crags of Holyrood Park with the message "FOLLYROOD" (in the style of the Hollywood Sign), with the uncompleted Scottish Parliament Building in the foreground. The poster was intended as a jibe to the cost overruns and alleged overly elaborate design of the Parliament building, which the Conservatives opposed.
- The 2004 video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas partially takes place in the fictional city of Los Santos, based on Los Angeles; an imitation of the sign, which displays the name "Vinewood", is included as an in-game location that corresponds to its real-life counterpart.
- In May 2008, the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce licensed exclusive rights to Plymouth Rock Studios of Massachusetts to merge "Hollywood" with "East", creating Hollywood East, a new industry trademark that represents the growing film industry in New England. The studio plans to find a site in Plymouth, Massachusetts for the permanent installation of the sign.[51]
- In 2009, a Hollinwood sign was erected by the side of the M60 motorway going through Hollinwood, Greater Manchester, to celebrate the City of Manchester's twinning with Los Angeles. The sign was erected during the night and then taken down by the Highways Agency, as it was considered a distraction to motorway drivers.[52]
- In March 2010, authorities announced the Wellington Airport in New Zealand would erect a WELLYWOOD sign on the hillside of the Miramar Peninsula. This was to reflect the filmmaking community in Wellington, notably Weta Digital, which produced effects for Lord of the Rings, King Kong, and Avatar. However, the proposed sign's widespread unpopularity with local residents persuaded the airport staff to consider alternatives.[53] On July 27, 2012, the city erected a sign that reads "Wellington" with the last letters blowing away to pay homage to Wellington's ever present wind.
- In November 2010, the Chilean municipality of Renca erected a sign high on Renca Hill that reads "Renca la lleva" ("Renca rocks", in Spanish).[54]
- In 2010, in the hope of promoting new businesses in the town of Basildon in Essex, England, Basildon District Council erected the letters reading the name of the town alongside the A127 road at a cost of £90,000.[55]
- In 2010, Paddy Power, a large Irish betting company, erected a 270 ft (82.3 m) wide and 50 ft (15.2 m) high Hollywood-style sign reading Paddy Power on Cleeve Hill, in the regency town of Cheltenham, as part of a publicity campaign for Cheltenham Festival. It became the world's largest free-standing sign of its kind.[56]
- In 2011, a 20-foot tall replica was erected on the hillside of Monarch Hill Renewable Energy Park in Pompano Beach, Florida and used as a stand-in for the real sign during the filming of the film, Rock of Ages (2012).[57][58]
- Entertainer Dolly Parton has many times cited the Hollywood Sign as the impetus behind her own Dollywood theme park, telling Spin Magazine in 1986, "When I first saw the Hollywood Sign, I thought, how wonderful would it be if I could change the 'H' to a 'D' for the day."[59]
- The 2013 video game Grand Theft Auto V takes place in the fictional city of Los Santos, based on Los Angeles; an imitation of the sign, which displays the name "Vinewood", is included as an in-game location that corresponds to its real-life counterpart.
- In 2014, Druskininkai, Lithuania opened a sign to celebrate social media in the resort town Druskininkai, that was voted the most likeable by the followers of the "Likeable Lithuania campaign."[60][61]
- In 2015, an album cover revealed for hip hop musician Dr. Dre's third studio album, Compton, which the vertical backside of the Hollywood sign was imitated with the album's title, which is also Hollywood's sister city.[62]
- There is an imitation of the sign at Hollywood, County Wicklow in Ireland.[63]
- There is another imitation of the sign above the Harbor in Keelung, Taiwan along the Huzi Mountain trail.[64]
- There is an imitation of the sign near Szastarka, Poland.[65]
- There is an imitation of the sign on Mount Tâmpa in Brașov, Romania,[66] mounted in 2004.[67] Another one stands beside Râșnov Citadel.
- There is an imitation of the sign at the Mount Panorama Circuit in Bathurst in Australia. Unlike other imitations, it is not free-standing and the letters are a series of hillside letters forming the words "MOUNT PANORAMA".
- There is also an imitation of the sign in Marseille, France, in the north part of the city. It was erected in 2016 to promote the Netflix series Marseille.[68]
- There is an imitation of the sign near Osage Beach the reads "Lake of the Ozarks" which welcomes visitors. It was installed in 2012 and the sign is visible on westbound US Route 54 after crossing a bridge over the Osage River.[69]
- There is an imitation of the sign in Medora, North Dakota. It is behind the stage of the Burning Hills Amphitheatre.
- There is an imitation of the sign in Anguillara Sabazia, near Rome, Italy.[70]
- An imitation sign was erected within the Gwydir Forest, North Wales, spelling ‘Llanrwst’ for the 2019 National Eisteddfod of Wales which was held in Llanrwst.
- There is an imitation of the sign in at Westview Park in Winnipeg, Manitoba. It is placed on a hill known locally as "Garbage Hill."[71]
- There is an imitation of the sign in Dildo, Newfoundland and Labrador, that reads "DILDO", and was a gift from Jimmy Kimmel.[72][73]
- There is an imitation sign outside of Craven, Saskatchewan. [citation needed]
- There is an imitation sign over the town of Hatta, United Arab Emirates. [74]
- There was an imitation of the sign near Palermo, Italy in 2001 as part of the Venice Biennal.[75]
- There is an imitation of the sign in Taytay, Palawan in the Philippines.[citation needed]
- There is an imitation sign in Laeva, Estonia - a village on the main road between the two biggest cities Tallinn and Tartu.
- In the video game Hill Climb Racing, in one of the worlds titled "Action Hero", a "FOLLYWOOD" sign can be seen.
In popular culture
In films and television shows, the Hollywood Sign is often used as an establishing shot for Los Angeles and Hollywood. The sign is also shown getting damaged or destroyed from the events of a particular scene; period pieces may show just the "LAND" portion of the original sign being destroyed. It is an example of national landmarks being destroyed, a common feature seen in many disaster movies to increase the drama and tension. It is frequently a shorthand device to indicate the destruction of all of Los Angeles or the state of California. The sign has been depicted getting destroyed in the movies Earthquake (1974), Superman The Movie (1978), The Rocketeer (1991), Demolition Man (1993), Independence Day (1996), The Day After Tomorrow (2004), 10.5 (2004), Terminator Salvation (2009), Sharknado (2013), San Andreas (2015), Despicable Me 3 (2017), Amphibia (2019-2022) and numerous other films.[76]
The sign is depicted in the Netflix Animation television show BoJack Horseman. During the middle of season 1, the "D" in the Hollywood sign is stolen. No attempt is made to replace it, and the neighborhood is referred to as "Hollywoo" for the remainder of the show, until its finale when it is accidentally renamed to "Hollywoob".[77]
See also
References
- ^ "Fast Facts About The Hollywood Sign". The Hollywood Sign. Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
- ^ "The Hollywood Sign: A Beat-by-Beat Plotline" (PDF). The Hollywood Sign. May 19, 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 9, 2007. Retrieved August 12, 2007.
- ^ "Licensing for the Walk of Fame". Hollywood Walk of Fame. Retrieved December 13, 2022.
- ^ "Op-Ed: The Hollywood sign is a public treasure, and no one should have to pay to use its image". Los Angeles Times. April 26, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
- ^ "About the Hollywood Sign Trust". The Hollywood Sign. Archived from the original on June 10, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
- ^ Fodor's Southern California. Fodor's Travel Guides. Fodor's. 2017. p. 258. ISBN 978-0804143912. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
- ^ a b "Putting the 'H' Back in Hollywood". The Tribune. United Press. September 27, 1949. p. 1. Retrieved August 17, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ a b "Ruling Asked in Case of Hollywoodland Sign". The Los Angeles Times. January 25, 1949. p. 21. Retrieved August 17, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ "The Hollywood Sign". Sign A Rama Davie. September 24, 2014. Archived from the original on October 3, 2014. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
- ^ "Water and Power Associates". May 24, 2017. Archived from the original on May 24, 2017. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
hollywoodhistoricphotos.comwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Braudy, Leo (2012). The Hollywood Sign: Fantasy and Reality of an American Icon (Icons of America). Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-18145-6.
- ^ "Sign Unveiled". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. November 11, 1978. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
- ^ "Hollywood Sign Restoration Project 2005". Bay Cal Painting. Archived from the original on January 10, 2008. Retrieved January 1, 2008.
- ^ Time Out Los Angeles. Time Out Group. 2011. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-84670-301-0. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
- ^ Seid, Jessica (November 17, 2005). "Buy a piece of HOLLYWOOD". CNN. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved February 14, 2007.
- ^ "Bill Mack's Hollywood Sign Project". Erin Taylor Editions. Archived from the original on April 23, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
- ^ "Minn. sculptor restores H". Minnesota Public Radio. Associated Press. August 8, 2012.
- ^ "Minneapolis sculptor unveils original H from Hollywood sign". KMSP-TV. August 9, 2012. Archived from the original on April 3, 2013.
- ^ Pool, Bob (October 8, 2013). "Discontent brewing under the Hollywood sign". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 13, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
- ^ Pool, Bob (October 9, 2013). "Hollywood sign tourists, sightseers annoy local residents". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
- ^ "Hollywood Sign access points debated at town hall meeting". Park Labrea News/ Beverly Press. October 7, 2015. Archived from the original on June 16, 2016. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
- ^ "Mini-Stories: Volume 7". 99% Invisible. December 18, 2019. Archived from the original on December 21, 2019. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
- ^ "GPS directions to Hollywood sign will change". Daily News. March 15, 2012. Archived from the original on July 2, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
- ^ "Best Viewpoints". The Hollywood Sign. June 20, 2017. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
- ^ "Why People Keep Trying to Erase the Hollywood Sign From Google Maps". Gizmodo. November 21, 2014. Archived from the original on December 21, 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
- ^ "Mini-Stories: Volume 7 – Page 2 of 4". 99% Invisible. December 18, 2019. Archived from the original on December 21, 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
- ^ https://www.hikespeak.com/trails/griffith-observatory-eb/20191221214818/https://casetext.com/case/friends-of-griffith-park-v-city-of-la.
{{cite web}}:|archive-date=requires|archive-url=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help)CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Faughder, Ryan (June 10, 2018). "Warner Bros. wants to build a $100-million aerial tramway to the Hollywood sign". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 5, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
The idea of an aerial tram to the Hollywood sign has been floated numerous times over the years as a way to draw tourists away from the residential areas and raise revenue for the city
- ^ Graham, Jefferson (July 10, 2018). "Aerial tram to iconic Hollywood sign? Warner Bros. proposes major project". USA Today. Archived from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
- ^ Alpert Reyes, Emily (January 17, 2018). "Does the Hollywood sign need an electric shuttle, an aerial tram – or a second sign?". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 23, 2018. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
- ^ "Young Actress Ends Life In Hollywood". The Lewiston Daily Sun. September 20, 1932. p. 11. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
- ^ Zeruk, James Jr. (2013). Peg Entwistle and the Hollywood Sign Suicide: A Biography. McFarland. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-786-47313-7.
- ^ "Sign Security". The Hollywood Sign. August 2, 2009. Archived from the original on July 22, 2009. Retrieved August 2, 2009.
- ^ "A Brief History of Hollywood Sign Pranks". LAist. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017.
- ^ a b c d Nelson, Valerie J. (January 27, 2007). "Daniel N. Finegood, 52; prankster known for creative alterations of Hollywood sign". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 25, 2016. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
- ^ David, Javier E. (January 1, 2017). "The high life? LA's iconic 'Hollywood' sign becomes 'Hollyweed' overnight". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 1, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
- ^ a b c Terrence, Thompson (1999). "Frank Sinatra Jr Stars at 2000 Millenium LA Performance Hollywood". www.youtube.com. Retrieved December 25, 2019.
- ^ Nelson, Laura J. (January 1, 2017). "Hollywood sign altered to read 'Hollyweed'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
- ^ "1987 Pope John Paul II Visit". Los Angeles Police Department. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2014.
- ^ "The Papal Visit : Papal Digest : A Sign of the Times – This One is 'Holywood'". Los Angeles Times. September 16, 1987. Archived from the original on February 17, 2016. Retrieved February 13, 2016.
- ^ "00041599". Los Angeles Public Library. November 24, 1983. Retrieved December 18, 2023.
- ^ Harvey, Steve (January 3, 1985). "Hollywood Sign's Puzzling Letters Remain a Mystery". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 18, 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
- ^ "A rock band from New Orleans called The Raffeys..." UPI. January 7, 1985. Archived from the original on June 20, 2015. Retrieved June 19, 2015.
- ^ "Hollywood sign changed to 'Perotwood'". UPI. Archived from the original on December 25, 2019. Retrieved December 25, 2019.
- ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference
:2was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Fitzpatrick, Laura (November 2008). "Nerd Humor Meets California Landmark". Time. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
- ^ Gross, Jenny (February 2, 2021). "6 Arrested After Briefly Altering Hollywood Sign". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
- ^ "Hollywood Sign Vandalized with Cow, Suspects Arrested". TMZ. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
- ^ Smith, Dakota; Wick, Julia (December 23, 2022). "Garcetti's last order as mayor: Light up the Hollywood sign. Bass rescinded it". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
- ^ Race, Tamara (May 23, 2008). "Iconic Hollywood Sign Comes East". The Patriot Ledger. Archived from the original on October 10, 2008. Retrieved November 16, 2008.
- ^ Lashley, Brian (August 14, 2009). "Hollinwood sign mystery solved". Manchester Evening News. Manchester, England. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
- ^ "Wellingtonians rejoice at Wellywood U-turn". ONE News. TVNZ.co.nz. June 1, 2011. Archived from the original on August 29, 2011. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
- ^ ""Renca la lleva", el letrero de la ex alcaldesa Vicky Barahona que podría pasar a mejor vida". El Mostrador (in Spanish). October 25, 2016. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
- ^ Gray, Brad (November 21, 2020). "How Basildon ended up with a £90k 'Hollywood sign' on the A127". EssexLive. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
- ^ "Upset racecourse officials with Hollywood-style sign stunt". The Guardian. London. March 17, 2010. Archived from the original on April 3, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
- ^ Levy, Glen (May 19, 2011). "'Rock of Ages' Producers Turn Florida's 'Mount Trashmore' into Hollywood Sign". Time. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
- ^ "Rock of Ages: How much South Florida will you see?". Sun Sentinel. Archived from the original on December 1, 2015. Retrieved November 14, 2012.
- ^ Cummings, Sue (May 1986). "Dollywood: The Wait is Over". Spin. Archived from the original on June 9, 2013. Retrieved August 12, 2011.
- ^ "Didziausias Like zenklas – Druskininkuose". Lietuvos rytas. Archived from the original on November 6, 2014. Retrieved November 6, 2014.
- ^ "The World's largest like". State Department of Tourism. February 25, 2014. Archived from the original on November 6, 2014. Retrieved November 6, 2014.
- ^ Hoffman, Steve (February 9, 2018). "LPs with the Hollywood sign on the cover". Archived from the original on October 25, 2023. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
- ^ "Welcome to the real Hollywood". Irish Examiner. August 30, 2011. Archived from the original on January 10, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
- ^ "Attractions introduction". Keelung Official Tourist Information. Archived from the original on November 12, 2017. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
- ^ "Walory turystyczne". Urząd Gminy Szastarka. Archived from the original on April 28, 2018. Retrieved April 28, 2018.
- ^ "We're not in Tinseltown any more: The World's Alternative Hollywood signs". The Guardian. August 25, 2015. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
- ^ "Simbolul luminos al Braşovului din vârful Tâmpei va deveni "spaţiu publicitar"". Adevărul. October 25, 2018. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
- ^ Hoad, Phil (June 8, 2017). "Corrupt, dangerous and brutal to its poor – but is Marseille the future of France?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 21, 2019. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
- ^ LakeExpo.com (June 8, 2017). "Lake Of The Ozarks 'Hollywood-Style' Sign Turns Five". LakeExpo.com. Retrieved June 20, 2022.
- ^ "Google Maps". Google Maps.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 11, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "No trespassing, warns town of Dildo when it comes to Hollywood-like sign". August 19, 2019. Archived from the original on September 3, 2019. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
- ^ "Dildo, N.L., warns against trespassing in excitement over Hollywood-like sign". CTVNews. August 19, 2019.
- ^ "Dubai's Hollywood-style Hatta mountain sign: Can you trek to this UAE landmark?".
- ^ "Hollywood | Maurizio CATTELAN (2001) | PERROTIN".
- ^ Dreyfus, Hannah (July 6, 2013). "The Hollywood Sign in the Movies". Parade. Archived from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
- ^ Matadeen, Renaldo (February 10, 2020). "BoJack Horseman Finally Fixes Its 'Hollywoo' Problem (Sort Of)". CBR. Archived from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved January 29, 2024.