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The '''Huguenots''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|juː|ɡ|ə|n|ɒ|t|s}} {{respell|HEW|gə|nots}}, {{IPAc-en|UKalso|-|n|oʊ|z|}} {{respell|-|nohz}}, {{IPA-fr|yɡ(ə)no|lang}}) were a [[Religious denomination|religious group]] of [[French people|French]] [[Protestants]] who held to the Reformed ([[Calvinist]]) tradition of Protestantism. The term, which may be derived from the name of a Swiss political leader, the Genevan [[burgomaster]] [[Besançon Hugues]] (1491–1532), was in common use by the mid-16th century. ''Huguenot'' was frequently used in reference to those of the [[Reformed Church of France]] from the time of the [[Protestant Reformation]]. By contrast, the Protestant populations of eastern France, in [[Alsace]], [[Moselle (department)|Moselle]], and [[Montbéliard]], were mainly [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]].
In his ''Encyclopedia of Protestantism'', Hans Hillerbrand wrote that on the eve of the [[St. Bartholomew's Day massacre]] in 1572, the Huguenot community made up as much as 10% of the French population.<ref>{{cite book |last=McKay |first=John P. |title=A History of World Societies, Combined Volume |publisher=Bedford/St.Martin's |year=2018 |isbn=9781319058951 |page=430 |quote=...Huegenots made up perhaps as much as 10% of the French population}}</ref> By 1600, it had declined to 7–8%,{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} and was reduced further late in the century after the return of persecution under [[Louis XIV]], who instituted the ''[[dragonnades]]'' to forcibly convert Protestants, and then finally revoked all Protestant rights in his [[Edict of Fontainebleau]] of 1685.
The Huguenots were concentrated in the southern and western parts of the [[Kingdom of France]]. As Huguenots gained influence and more openly displayed their faith, [[History of the Catholic Church in France#Appearance of Lutheranism and Calvinism|Catholic]] hostility grew. A series of religious conflicts followed, known as the [[French Wars of Religion]], fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598. The Huguenots were led by [[Jeanne d'Albret]]; her son, the future [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]] (who would later convert to Catholicism in order to become king); and the [[princes of Condé]]. The wars ended with the [[Edict of Nantes]] of 1598, which granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political and military autonomy.
[[Huguenot rebellions]] in the 1620s resulted in the abolition of their political and military privileges. They retained the religious provisions of the Edict of Nantes until the rule of Louis XIV, who gradually increased persecution of Protestantism until he issued the [[Edict of Fontainebleau]] (1685). This ended legal recognition of [[Protestantism in France]] and the Huguenots were forced to either convert to Catholicism (possibly as [[Nicodemite]]s) or flee as refugees; they were subject to violent
The remaining Huguenots faced [[Persecution of Huguenots under Louis XV|continued persecution under Louis XV]]. By the time of his death in 1774, [[Calvinism]] had been all but eliminated from France. Persecution of Protestants officially ended with the [[Edict of Versailles]], signed by [[Louis XVI]] in 1787. Two years later, with the [[French Revolution|Revolutionary]] [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] of 1789, Protestants gained equal rights as citizens.<ref name="Aston, 2000 pp 245-50">Aston, ''Religion and Revolution in France, 1780–1804'' (2000) pp. 245–250</ref>
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Individual Huguenots settled at the [[Cape of Good Hope]] from as early as 1671; the first documented was the wagonmaker François Vilion ([[Viljoen]]). The first Huguenot to arrive at the Cape of Good Hope was [[Maria van Riebeeck|Maria de la Quellerie]], wife of commander [[Jan van Riebeeck]] (and daughter of a [[Walloon church]] minister), who arrived on 6 April 1652 to establish a settlement at what is today [[Cape Town]]. The couple left for [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] ten years later.
But it was not until 31 December 1687 that the first organised group of Huguenots set sail from the Netherlands to the [[Dutch East India Company]] post at the Cape of Good Hope.<ref name="FRC-7">{{cite book |last=Botha |first=Colin Graham |title=The French refugees at the Cape |page=7 |url=https://archive.org/stream/frenchrefugeesat00both#page/7/mode/1up |access-date=21 July 2009 }}</ref> The largest portion of the Huguenots to settle in the Cape arrived between 1688 and 1689 in seven ships as part of the organised migration, but quite a few arrived as late as 1700; thereafter, the numbers declined and only small groups arrived at a time.<ref name="FRC-10">{{cite book |last=Botha |first=Colin Graham |title=The French refugees at the Cape |page=10 |url=https://archive.org/stream/frenchrefugeesat00both#page/10/mode/1up |access-date=21 July 2009 }}</ref> Many of these settlers were given land in an area that was later called {{Lang|nl|[[Franschhoek]]}} ([[Dutch language|Dutch]] for 'French Corner'), in the present-day [[Western Cape]] province of South Africa. A large monument to commemorate the arrival of the Huguenots in South Africa was inaugurated on 7 April 1948 at Franschhoek. The Huguenot Memorial Museum was also erected there and opened in 1957.
The official policy of the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch East India]] governors was to integrate the Huguenot and the [[Cape Dutch|Dutch communities]]. When Paul Roux, a pastor who arrived with the main group of Huguenots, died in 1724, the Dutch administration, as a special concession, permitted another French cleric to take his place "for the benefit of the elderly who spoke only French".<ref>{{cite book |first=Eric |last=Walker |title=A History of Southern Africa |publisher=Longmans |year=1968 |chapter=Chapter IV – The Diaspora }}</ref> But with [[language shift|assimilation]], within three generations the Huguenots had generally adopted Dutch as their first and home language.
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The exodus of Huguenots from France created a [[brain drain]], as many of them had occupied important places in society. The kingdom did not fully recover for years. The French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics to settle in [[New France]] may help to explain that colony's low population compared to that of the neighboring British colonies, which opened settlement to religious dissenters. By the start of the [[French and Indian War]], the North American front of the [[Seven Years' War]], a sizeable population of Huguenot descent lived in the British colonies, and many participated in the British defeat of New France in 1759–1760.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/summary_0199-5876486_ITM |title=Cooperative religion in Quebec |work=Journal of Ecumenical Studies |publisher=Goliath |date=22 March 2004 |access-date=2 August 2010}}</ref>
[[Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg]], invited Huguenots to settle in his realms, and a number of their descendants rose to positions of prominence in Prussia. Several prominent German military, cultural and political figures were ethnic Huguenot, including the poet [[Theodor Fontane]],<ref>Steinhauer, Harry. ''Twelve German Novellas'', p. 315. University of California Press, 1977. {{ISBN|0-520-03002-8}}</ref> General [[Hermann von François]],<ref>Pawly, Ronald. ''The Kaiser's Warlords'', p.44. Osprey Publishing, 2003. {{ISBN|1-84176-558-9}}</ref> the hero of the [[First World War]]'s [[Battle of Tannenberg]], [[Luftwaffe]] general and [[flying ace|fighter ace]] [[Adolf Galland]],<ref name="Galland 1954, p. vii">Galland 1954, p. vii.</ref> the Luftwaffe flying ace [[Hans-Joachim Marseille]], WWII [[Wehrmacht]] Lieutenant Colonel/[[Inspector General of the Bundeswehr]] [[Ulrich de Maizière]] and the famed [[U-boat]] Captains [[Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière]] and [[Wilhelm Souchon]].<ref>Miller, David. ''U-boats'', p.12. Brassey's, 2002. {{ISBN|1-57488-463-8}}</ref> Related to Ulrich de Maizière were also the last prime minister of [[East Germany]], [[Lothar de Maizière]]<ref>Leiby, Richard A. ''The Unification of Germany, 1989–1990'', p. 109. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. {{ISBN|0-313-29969-2}}</ref> and the former German [[Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community|Federal Minister of the Interior]], [[Thomas de Maizière]]. A 2014 study in the ''American Economic Review'' linked Huguenot migration to Prussia with a boost in industrial productivity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hornung |first=Erik |date=2014 |title=Immigration and the Diffusion of Technology: The Huguenot Diaspora in Prussia |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.104.1.84 |journal=American Economic Review |language=en |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=84–122 |doi=10.1257/aer.104.1.84 |issn=0002-8282|hdl=10419/37227 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
The persecution and the flight of the Huguenots greatly damaged the reputation of [[Louis XIV]] abroad, particularly in England. Both kingdoms, which had enjoyed peaceful relations until 1685, became bitter enemies and fought each other in a series of wars, called the "[[Second Hundred Years' War]]" by some historians, from 1689 onward.
==1985 apology==
[[File:Reagan Mitterrand 1984 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[François Mitterrand]] issued a formal apology to the Huguenots and their descendants on behalf of the French state in 1985.]]
In October 1985, to commemorate the tricentenary of the [[Revocation of the Edict of Nantes]], President [[François Mitterrand]] of France announced a formal apology to the descendants of Huguenots around the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://discours.vie-publique.fr/notices/857015500.html |title=Allocution de M. François Mitterrand, Président de la République, aux cérémonies du tricentenaire de la Révocation de l'Edit de Nantes, sur la tolérance en matière politique et religieuse et l'histoire du protestantisme en France, Paris, Palais de l'UNESCO, vendredi 11 octobre 1985. |publisher=vie-publique.fr |access-date=30 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630182945/http://discours.vie-publique.fr/notices/857015500.html |archive-date=30 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the same time, the government released a special postage stamp in their honour reading "France ''is'' the home of the Huguenots" ({{lang|fr|Accueil des Huguenots}}).
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* [[John Pintard]] (1759–1854), a descendant of Huguenots and prosperous New York City merchant who was involved in various New York City organizations. Pintard was credited with establishing the modern conception of [[Santa Claus]].
* [[Arthur C. Mellette]] (23 June 1842 – 25 May 1896), the last governor of the Dakota territory and the first governor of South Dakota was of Huguenot descent.
* In [[Richmond, Virginia]], and the neighboring [[Chesterfield County, Virginia|Chesterfield County]], there is a Huguenot Road. A Huguenot High School in Richmond and Huguenot Park in Chesterfield County, along with several other uses of the name throughout the region, commemorate the early refugee settlers.
* The Manakintown Episcopal Church in Midlothian, Virginia serves as a National Huguenot Memorial.
* Walloon Settlers Memorial (located in [[The Battery (Manhattan)|Battery Park]]) is a monument given to the City of New York by the Belgian Province of Hainaut in honor of the inspiration of [[Jessé de Forest]] in founding New York City. Baron de Cartier de Marchienne, representing the government and Albert I, King of Belgium, presented the monument to Mayor John F. Hylan, for the City of New York 18 May 1924.
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* Huguenots of Spitalfields is a registered charity promoting public understanding of the Huguenot heritage and culture in Spitalfields, the City of London and beyond. They arrange tours, talks, events and schools programmes to raise the Huguenot profile in Spitalfields and raise funds for a permanent memorial to the Huguenots.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huguenotsofspitalfields.org/|title=Huguenots of Spitalfields heritage tours & events in Spitalfields – Huguenot Public Art Trust|access-date=30 April 2016}}</ref>
* Huguenot Place in [[London Borough of Wandsworth|Wandsworth]] is named after the [[Huguenot Burial Site]] or Mount Nod Cemetery, which was used by the Huguenots living in the area. The site was in use from 1687 to 1854 and graves can still be observed today.
* [[Canterbury Cathedral]] retains a Huguenot Chapel in the 'Black Prince's Chantry', part of the Crypt which is accessible from the exterior of the cathedral. The chapel was granted to Huguenot refugees on the orders of Queen Elizabeth I in 1575. To this day, the chapel still holds services in French every Sunday at
* [[Strangers' Hall]] in [[Norwich]] got its name from the Protestant refugees from the Spanish Netherlands who settled in the city from the 16th century onwards and were referred to by the locals as the 'Strangers'.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.edp24.co.uk/features/new-book-looks-at-two-centuries-of-refugees-1-5567303|title=The Strangers who enriched Norwich and Norfolk life|access-date=2019-12-21|language=en-US}}</ref> The Strangers brought with them their pet canaries, and over the centuries the birds became synonymous with the city. In the early 20th century, [[Norwich City F.C.]] adopted the [[domestic canary|canary]] as their emblem and nickname.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/strangers-and-canaries-football-welcomes-2018|title=The strangers and the canaries - Football Welcomes 2018|access-date=2019-12-21|language=en-US}}</ref>
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[[Category:Anti-Catholicism in France]]
[[Category:Ethnoreligious groups]]
[[Category:French
[[Category:French Wars of Religion]]
[[Category:Huguenot history in France]]
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