Content deleted Content added
Persondata |
No edit summary Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
||
(40 intermediate revisions by 34 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{Short description|French statesman and philosopher}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jules Simon
| image = Jules Simon - photo Charles Gallot.png
|
|
|predecessor =[[Jules Dufaure]]▼
|
▲| predecessor = [[Jules Dufaure]]
|birth_date =31 December 1814▼
| successor = [[Albert, duc de Broglie]]
▲| birth_date = 31 December 1814
|death_date ={{death date and age|1896|6|8|1814|12|31|df=y}}▼
|
▲| death_date = {{death date and age|1896|6|8|1814|12|31|df=y}}
| death_place = Paris
| party = [[Moderate Republicans (France, 1848–1870)|Moderate Republican]] (1848–1871)<br/>[[Opportunist Republican]] (1871–1896)
| signature = Unterschrift Jules Simon (1814-1896).png
}}
'''Jules François Simon''' ({{IPA-fr|ʒyl simɔ̃}}; 31 December 1814<ref name='birthdate'>{{cite news|title=Jules Simon|date=1 December 2009|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545192/Jules-Francois-Simon|
==Biography==
Simon was born at [[Lorient]]. His father was a linen-draper from [[Lorraine (province)|Lorraine]], who renounced Protestantism before his second marriage with a Catholic [[Brittany|Breton]]. Jules Simon was the son of this second marriage. The family name was Suisse, which Simon dropped in favour of his third forename. By considerable sacrifice he was enabled to attend a seminary at [[Vannes]], and worked briefly as usher in a school before, in 1833, he became a student at the [[École Normale Supérieure]] in [[Paris, France|Paris]]. There he came in contact with [[Victor Cousin]], who sent him to [[Caen]] and then to [[Versailles, Yvelines|Versailles]] to teach philosophy. He helped Cousin, without receiving any recognition, in his translations from [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]], and in 1839 became his deputy in the chair of philosophy at the [[University of Paris]], with the meagre salary of 83 francs per month. He also lectured on the [[history of philosophy]] at the [[École normale supérieure (Paris)|École Normale Supérieure]].
At this period he edited the works of [[Nicolas Malebranche]] (2 vols, 1842), of [[René Descartes]] (1842), [[Jacques Benigne Bossuet|Bossuet]] (1842) and of [[Antoine Arnauld]] (1843), and in 1844–1845 appeared the two volumes of his ''Histoire de l'école d'Alexandrie''. He became a regular contributor to the ''[[Revue des deux mondes]]'', and in 1847, with [[Amédée Jacques]] and [[Émile Saisset]], founded the ''Liberté de penser'', with the intention of throwing off the yoke of Cousin, but he retired when Jacques allowed the insertion of an article advocating the principles of collectivism, with which he was at no time in sympathy.
Line 24 ⟶ 27:
== Political career from 1848 to 1871 ==
In 1848 he represented the Côtes-du-Nord in the National Assembly, and next year entered the [[Conseil d'État (France)|Council of State]], but was retired on account of his republican opinions. His refusal to take the oath of allegiance to the government of [[Louis Napoleon]] after the ''coup d'état'' was followed by his dismissal from his professorship, and he devoted himself to philosophical and political writings of a popular order. ''Le Devoir'' (1853), which was translated into modern Greek and Swedish, was followed by ''La Religion naturelle'' (1856, Eng. trans., 1887), ''La Liberté de conscience'' (1857), ''La Liberté politique'' (1859), ''La Liberté civile'' (1859), ''L'Ouvrière'' (1861), ''L'Ecole'' (1864), ''Le Travail'' (1866), ''L'Ouvrier de huit ans'' (1867) and others.
In 1863 he was returned to the ''Corps Législatif'' for the 8th circonscription of the [[Seine (département)|Seine]] ''[[département]]'', and supported "les Cinq" (Darimon, [[Jules Favre|Favre]], Hénon, [[Émile Ollivier|Ollivier]] and [[Ernest Picard|Picard]]) in their opposition to the government. He became minister of instruction in the [[Government of National Defense]] on 5 September 1870. After the capitulation of Paris in January 1871 he was sent down to [[Bordeaux]] to prevent the resistance of [[Léon Gambetta]] to the peace. But at Bordeaux, Gambetta, who had issued a proclamation excluding from the elections those who had been officials under the Empire, was all-powerful. Pretending to dispute Jules Simon's credentials, he issued orders for his arrest. Meanwhile, Simon had found means of communication with Paris, and on 6 February was reinforced by [[Eugène Pelletan]], [[Emmanuel Arago|E. Arago]] and [[Etienne Joseph Louis Garnier-Pages|Garnier-Pages]]. Gambetta resigned, and the ministry of the Interior, though nominally given to Arago, was really in Simon's hands.
== Third Republic ==
Defeated in the département of the Seine
He retained office until a week before the fall of
His clerical enemies then induced [[
The rejection (1880) of article 7 of [[Jules Ferry Laws|Ferry's Education Act]], by which the profession of teaching would have been forbidden to members of non-authorized congregations, was due to his intervention. He was in fact one of the chief of the left centre [[Opportunist Republicans]] faction, opposed in the same faction to [[Jules Grévy]] and also to the [[Radical (France)|Radical]] Gambetta. He was director of ''[[Le Gaulois]]'' from 1879 to 1881, and his influence in the country among moderate republicans was retained by his articles in ''[[Le Matin (France)|Le Matin]]'' from 1882 onwards, in the ''[[Journal des Débats]]'', which he joined in 1886, and in ''[[Le Temps]]'' from 1890.
Line 40 ⟶ 43:
== Works ==
His own accounts of some of the events in which he had been involved appear in ''Souvenirs du 4 septembre'' (1874), ''Le Gouvernement de M.
==Simon's Ministry, 12 December 1876 – 17 May 1877==
{{commons category|Jules Simon}}
{{Wikisource author|Jules François Simon}}
*Jules Simon – [[List of Prime Ministers of France|President of the Council]] and [[list of Interior Ministers of France|Minister of the Interior]]
*[[Louis, duc Decazes|Louis Decazes]] – [[List of Foreign Ministers of France|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
Line 55 ⟶ 59:
==References==
{{
* {{EB1911 |wstitle=Simon, Jules François |volume=25 |page=125}}
==External links==
* {{Librivox author |id=11152}}
{{s-start}}
Line 63 ⟶ 70:
{{s-end}}
{{Heads of government of France}}
{{Académie
{{Authority control
▲| NAME =Simon, Jules
{{DEFAULTSORT:Simon, Jules}}
[[Category:1814 births]]
[[Category:1896 deaths]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Politicians of the French Third Republic]]
[[Category:French
[[Category:Members of the Académie
[[Category:École Normale Supérieure alumni]]
[[Category:French interior ministers]]
|