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{{Infobox philosopher
|region = [[Western philosophy]]
|era = [[20th-century philosophy]]
|image = lacan2.jpg
|caption =
|name = Jacques Lacan
|birth_date = {{birth date|1901|04|13|df=y}}
|birth_place = Paris, France
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1981|09|09|1901|04|13}}
|death_place = Paris, France
|education = [[Collège Stanislas de Paris|Collège Stanislas]]<br>(1907–1918)<br>[[University of Paris]]<br>([[Specialist diploma|SpDip]], 1931;<ref name="Clark">Michael P. Clark, ''Jacques Lacan (Volume I): An Annotated Bibliography'', Routledge, 2014, p. xviii: "After completing his studies at the Faculté de médecine de Paris, Lacan began his residence at the [[Hôpital Saint-Anne]] in Paris. There he specialized in psychiatry under the direction of Gaétan<!--[sic]--> Gatian de Clérambault... From 1928–1929, Lacan studied at the {{Interlanguage link|Infirmerie psychiatrique de la préfecture de police|fr|3=Infirmerie psychiatrique de la préfecture de police|lt=Infirmerie Spéciale pres de la Préfecture de Police}} and received a ''Diplôme de médecin légiste'' (specialist in [[legal medicine]]) after working at the Hôpital Henri Rousselle from 1929 to 1931. In 1932, after a second year at Saint Anne's Clinique de Maladies Mentales et de l'Encéphale, Lacan received the ''Doctorat d'état'' in psychiatry and published his thesis, ''De la Psychose paranoïaque dans ses rapports avec la personnalité''..."</ref> [[M.D.]], 1932)
|institutions = [[University of Paris VIII]]
|school_tradition = [[Psychoanalysis]]<br>[[Structuralism]]<br>[[Post-structuralism]]<ref>[[Yannis Stavrakakis]], ''Lacan and the Political'', Routledge, 2002, p. 13: "Lacan has been hailed as one of the cornerstones of this movement [poststructuralism]..."</ref>
|main_interests = [[Psychoanalysis]]
|notable_ideas = [[Mirror stage|Mirror phase]]<br/>[[The Real]]<br/>[[The Symbolic]]<br/>[[The Imaginary (psychoanalysis)|The Imaginary]]<br/>[[Graph of desire]]<br/>[[Splitting (psychology)|Split subject]]<br/>[[Objet petit a]]
|influences = {{hlist |[[Sigmund Freud]] |[[Gaëtan Gatian de Clérambault]] | |[[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|G. W. F. Hegel]] | |[[Alexandre Kojève]] |[[Claude Lévi-Strauss]] |[[Salvador Dalí]] |[[Georges Bataille]] |[[Marquis de Sade]] |[[Jean Paul Sartre]] |[[Roman Jakobson]] |[[Immanuel Kant]] |[[Aristotle]]|[[Karl Marx]]|[[Henry Corbin]] | [[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]]}}
|influenced = {{hlist |[[Alain Badiou]] |[[Louis Althusser]] |[[Luce Irigaray]] |[[Julia Kristeva]]|[[Frantz Fanon]] |[[Jacques-Alain Miller]] |[[Slavoj Žižek]] |[[Éric Laurent (psychoanalyst)|Éric Laurent]] |[[Elisabeth Roudinesco]] |[[Mari Ruti]]|[[Lacanian movement]] |[[Ljubljana school of psychoanalysis]]}}
}}
{{Psychoanalysis|Schools}}
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Lacan's thesis was based on observations of several patients with a primary focus on one female patient whom he called [[Case of Aimée|Aimée]]. Its exhaustive reconstruction of her family history and social relations, on which he based his analysis of her [[Paranoia|paranoid]] state of mind, demonstrated his dissatisfaction with traditional psychiatry and the growing influence of Freud on his ideas.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Evans|first1=Julia|title=Lacanian Works|url=http://www.lacanianworks.net/?p=113.|access-date=28 September 2014}}</ref> Also in 1932, Lacan published a translation of Freud's 1922 text, "''Über einige neurotische Mechanismen bei Eifersucht, Paranoia und Homosexualität''" ("Some Neurotic Mechanisms in Jealousy, Paranoia and Homosexuality") as "''De quelques mécanismes névrotiques dans la jalousie, la paranoïa et l'homosexualité''" in the ''{{ill|Revue française de psychanalyse|fr}}''. In Autumn 1932, Lacan began his training analysis with [[Rudolph Loewenstein (psychoanalyst)|Rudolph Loewenstein]], which was to last until 1938.<ref>Laurent, É., "Lacan, Analysand" in ''Hurly-Burly'', Issue 3.</ref>
 
In 1934 Lacan became a candidate member of the [[Société psychanalytique de Paris]] (SPP). He began his private psychoanalytic practice in 1936 whilst still seeing patients at the Sainte-Anne Hospital,<ref name="Jacques Lacan & Co" />{{rp|129}} and the same year presented his first analytic report at the Congress of the [[International Psychoanalytical Association]] (IPA) in [[Marienbad]] on the "[[Mirror stage|Mirror Phase]]". The congress chairman, [[Ernest Jones]], terminated the lecture before its conclusion, since he was unwilling to extend Lacan's stated presentation time. Insulted, Lacan left the congress to witness the [[1936 Summer Olympics|Berlin Olympic Games]]. No copy of the original lecture remains, Lacan having decided not to hand in his text for publication in the conference proceedings.<ref>Roudinesco, Elisabeth. "The mirror stage: an obliterated archive" ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=o2YKaZls_-kC The Cambridge Companion to Lacan].'' Ed. Jean-Michel Rabaté. Cambridge: CUP, 2003</ref>
 
Lacan's attendance at [[Alexandre Kojève|Kojève]]'s lectures on [[Hegel]], given between 1933 and 1939, and which focused on the [[The Phenomenology of Spirit|''Phenomenology'']] and the [[Master–slave dialectic|master-slave dialectic]] in particular, was formative for his subsequent work,<ref name=Macey1988 />{{rp|96–98}} initially in his formulation of his theory of the mirror phase, for which he was also indebted to the experimental work on child development of [[Henri Wallon (psychologist)|Henri Wallon]].<ref name="Jacques Lacan & Co" />{{rp|143}}
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* The little other is the other who is not really other, but a reflection and projection of the ego. Evans adds that for this reason the symbol ''a'' can represent both the little other and the ego in the schema L.<ref>Schema L in ''The Seminar. Book II. The Ego in Freud's Theory and in the Technique of Psychoanalysis''.</ref> It is simultaneously the counterpart and the specular image. The little other is thus entirely inscribed in the imaginary order.
* The big other designates radical alterity, an other-ness which transcends the illusory otherness of the imaginary because it cannot be assimilated through identification. Lacan equates this radical alterity with language and the law, and hence the big other is inscribed in the order of the symbolic. Indeed, the big other ''is'' the symbolic insofar as it is particularized for each subject. The other is thus both another subject, in its radical alterity and unassimilable uniqueness, and also the symbolic order which mediates the relationship with that other subject."<ref>Dylan Evans, ''An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis'' (London: Routledge, 1996), p. 133; translation modified<!--but how much of this is translation?-->.</ref>
 
For Lacan "the Other must first of all be considered a locus in which speech is constituted," so that the other as another subject is secondary to the other as symbolic order.<ref>Lacan, J., "The Seminar. Book III. The Psychoses, 1955–1956," translated by Russell Grigg (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1997)</ref> We can speak of the other ''as a subject'' in a secondary sense only when a subject occupies this position and thereby embodies the other for another subject.<ref>Lacan, J., ''Le séminaire. Livre VIII: Le transfert, 1960–1961.'' ed. Jacques-Alain Miller (Paris: Seuil, 1994).</ref>
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In ''The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis'' Lacan argues that "man's desire is the desire of the Other." This entails the following:
# Desire is the desire of the Other's desire, meaning that desire is the object of another's desire and that desire is also desire for recognition. Here Lacan follows [[Alexandre Kojève]], who follows Hegel: for Kojève the subject must risk his own life if he wants to achieve the desired prestige.<ref name="Kojève">Kojève, Alexandre, ''Introduction to the Reading of Hegel'', translated by James H. Nichols Jr. (New York: Basic Books 1969), p. 39.</ref> This desire to be the object of another's desire is best exemplified in the Oedipus complex, when the subject desires to be the phallus of the mother.
# In "The Subversion of the Subject and the Dialectic of Desire in the Freudian Unconscious",<ref>Lacan, J., ''Écrits: A Selection'' translated by Bruce Fink (W. W. Norton & Company, 2004), {{ISBN|978-0393325287}}</ref> Lacan contends that the subject desires from the point of view of another whereby the object of someone's desire is an object desired by another one: what makes the object desirable is that it is precisely desired by someone else. Again Lacan follows Kojève. who follows Hegel. This aspect of desire is present in hysteria, for the hysteric is someone who converts another's desire into his/her own (see Sigmund Freud's "Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria" in SE VII, where Dora desires Frau K because she identifies with Herr K). What matters then in the analysis of a hysteric is not to find out the object of her desire but to discover the subject with whom she identifies.
# ''Désir de l'Autre'', which is translated as "desire for the Other" (though it could also be "desire of the Other"). The fundamental desire is the incestuous desire for the mother, the primordial Other.<ref>Lacan, J. ''The Seminar: Book VII. The Ethics of Psychoanalysis, 1959–1960'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1997), {{ISBN|978-0393316131}}</ref>
# Desire is "the desire for something else", since it is impossible to desire what one already has. The object of desire is continually deferred, which is why desire is a [[metonymy]].<ref>Lacan, J., "The Instance of the Letter in the Unconscious, or Reason since Freud" in ''Écrits: A Selection'' translated by Bruce Fink (W. W. Norton & Company, 2004), {{ISBN|978-0393325287}}</ref>
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==Criticism==
===Theory of psychoanalysis===
[[Social psychologist]], psychoanalyst, and [[humanistic]] [[philosopher]] [[Erich Fromm]] rejected Lacan's view on psychonalysis whereby "true psychoanalysis is founded on the relation between man and talk [''parole''],"<ref name=autres>{{cite book |last=Lacan|first=Jacques |date=2001 |title=Autres Ecrits |language=French|trans-title=Other Writings|publisher=[[Seuil]] |isbn= 978-2020486477}}</ref> and denounced the reduction of analysis to "a pure and simple exchange of words," arguing that the relation is instead about an "exchange of signs." Fromm supports "clarity and unambiguity" in the communication with others (''autrui'') and opposes the Lacanian "wordplay [that] is associated with the provision of meaning."<ref>Onfray, Michel: "Erich Fromm et la psychanalyse humaniste" ("Erich Fromm and the humanist psychoanalysis"). Conference held in the [[Université populaire de Caen]], transmitted on ''[[France Culture]]'', 16 August 2011</ref> Freudian and Lacanian psychoanalyst [[Élisabeth Roudinesco]], in her biography of Lacan, writes that some writings of her subject were "incomprehensible" also to [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]],<ref name=vie>{{cite book |last= Roudinesco|first=Élisabeth|author-link= Élisabeth Roudinesco|date=1993 |title=Jacques Lacan: Esquisse d'une vie, histoire d'un système de pensée|language=French|trans-title=Sketch of a life, history of a system of thought|publisher=[[Fayard]] |isbn= 978-2213031460}}</ref>{{rp|206}} [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]],<ref name=vie/>{{rp|305}} and [[Martin Heidegger]].<ref name=vie/>{{rp|306}}
 
Former Lacan student [[Didier Anzieu]], in a 1967 article titled "Against Lacan," described him as a "danger" because he kept his students tied to an "unending dependence on an idol, a logic, or a language," by holding out the promise of "fundamental truths" to be revealed "but always at some further point ...and only to those who continued to travel with him." According to [[Sherry Turkle]], these attitudes are "representative of how most members of the [[École Freudienne de Paris|Association]] talk about Lacan."{{efn|When the French Society of Psychoanalysis requested official recognition from and affiliation with the ''Association Psychanalytique Internationale'' ([[International Psychoanalytical Association]]) in 1959, the API demanded the sidelining of Jacques Lacan as a didactician. Two currents of the ''[[Société Française de Psychanalyse]]'' (French Society of Psychoanalysis) then stood opposed at each other: one, which became the majority in the SFP in November 1963, was led by Daniel Lagache, and others, while a second current, which became the minority, brought together the supporters of Jacques Lacan.}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Turkle |first=Sherry |date=1978|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/228963082/Psychoanalytic-Politics-Freud-s-French-Revolution-Sherry-Turkle|access-date=October 24, 2023|author-link= Sherry Turkle |title=Psychoanalytic Politics: Freud's French Revolution |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0465066070}}</ref>
 
By 1977, Lacan was declaring that he was not "too keen" (''"pas chaud-chaud"'') to claim that "when one practices psychoanalysis, one knows where one goes," stating that "psychoanalysis, like every other human activity, undoubtedly participates in abuse. One does as if one knows something."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lacan |first1=Jacques |date=1977|title=Ouverture de la section clinique|language=French|url=http://www.gnipl.fr/Recherche_Lacan/wp-content/uploads/1977%20LACAN%20OUVERTURE%20A%20LA%20SECTION%20CLINIQUE.pdf|access-date=29 October 2023|trans-title=Opening of the clinical section |journal=Ornicar? |issue=9 |pages=7–24 }}</ref>
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===Therapeutic practice===
Lacan, in his psychoanalytic practice, came to hold sessions of diminishing duration.<ref>{{cite book |last=Borch-Jacobsen |first=Mikkel |author-link=Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen|date= 2005 |editor-last=Meyer|editor-first=Catherine|title=Le livre noir de la psychanalyse|language=French|trans-title=The black boom of Psychoanalysis |publisher=Les Arènes|pages=228–323|trans-chapter=A Zero Theory|chapter=Une Théorie Zéro|isbn=978-2912485885}}</ref> Eventually, Lacan's student relates, they often lasted no more than five minutes, held sometimes with Lacan standing in the typically open door of the room.{{efn|Godin relates, without criticizing this, that Lacan would often read ''[[Le Figaro]]'' throughout a session, "turning the pages noisily" and sometimes exclaiming 'this is insane!' at what he was reading. And he'd never give change if the client did not have the exact amount of money for the session.}} According to Godin, Lacan sometimes struck patients, once literally kicking out a female patient.<ref name=standing>{{cite book |last=Godin|first=Jean-Guy |date=2001 |title=Jacques Lacan, 5, rue de Lille|language=French|trans-title=Jacques Lacan, 5, Lille street|publisher=[[Seuil]] |isbn= 978-2020121606}}</ref>{{rp|82}} Author and Lacanian psychoanalyst [[Jacques-Alain Miller]] asserts that "[Lacan]'s morality derives from a superior cynicism."<ref name=cynic>{{cite journal |last1=Onfray|first1=Michel|author-link1=Michel Onfray |last2= Miller|first2=Jacques-Alain |author-link2= Jacques-Alain Miller|date=2010 |title=En finir avec Freud |language=French|trans-title=To be done with Freud|journal=Philosophie Magazine|issue=36 |pages=10–15|url=|quote=Sa morale relève d'un cynisme supérieur.}}</ref>
 
Lacan was criticised for being aggressive with his clients, often physically hitting them, sometimes sleeping with them,<ref name=anti/>{{rp|304}}{{efn|In her biography, Roudinesco clarifies that this would happen "always away from the place where the analysis was taking place."}} and charging "exorbitant amounts of money" for each session.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rey|first=Pierre |date=2016 |orig-date=1st pub. 1988 |title=Une saison chez Lacan|language=French|trans-title=A season at Lacan's|publisher=Éditions Points|isbn= 978-2020121606}}</ref>{{efn|Rey, who was ''[[Marie Claire]]'' editor, relates that in order to be able to meet the prices of Lacan, for whom he constantly felt "gratitude," abandoned journalism and started writing best-sellers.}} [[Jean Laplanche]] argued that Lacan could have "harmed" some of his clients.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= André |first1=Jacques|date=2012 |title=Hommage à Jean Laplanche |journal=Le Carnet Psy|volume=6 |issue=164|pages=58–61|language=French|url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-le-carnet-psy-2012-6-page-58.htm|access-date=29 October 2023|quote= [Lacan] avait pu nuire à certains de ses analysants.}}</ref>
 
Others have been more forceful still, describing him as "The Shrink from Hell"<ref name=stu>{{cite web|date=7 April 2018|last= Jeffries|first=Stuart|title=The selfish shrink: life with Jacques Lacan|website=[[The Spectator|The Spectator Australia]]|access-date=31 October 2023|url-access=subscription|url=https://www.spectator.com.au/2018/04/the-selfish-shrink-life-with-jacques-lacan/}}</ref><ref name=tallis>{{cite web|last1=Tallis|first1=Raymond|title=The Shrink from Hell|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/books/the-shrink-from-hell/159376.article|website=[[Times Higher Education]]|access-date=31 October 2023|date=31 October 1997}}</ref><ref name=dick>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/4w75en/jacques-lacan-was-sort-of-a-dick-323|last1= Wolters|first1=Eugene|title=French Philosopher Jacques Lacan Was Sort of a Dick|website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|access-date=31 October 2023|date=8 October 2014}}</ref> and listing the many associates —from lovers and family to colleagues, patients, and editors— who were left damaged in his wake.
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Many feminist thinkers have criticized Lacan's thought. American philosopher [[Cynthia Willett]] accuses Lacan for portraying the mother less as a "loving," "nurturing" presence in the infant's world, but rather as a "whore" who abandons the child to a "higher bidder for her affections,"<ref>{{cite book |last=Willett |first=Cynthia |date=1998|author-link=Cynthia Willett |title=Maternal Ethics and Other Slave Moralities|publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0415912105}}</ref> while [[Judith Butler]], philosopher and [[gender studies]] scholar, reworks these notions as "gender performativity."<ref>{{cite book |last= Butler |first=Judith |date=2006|author-link=Judith Butler|title=Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity|publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0415389556}}</ref>
 
[[Psycholinguistics|Psycholinguist]] and [[culture theory|cultural theorist]] [[Luce Irigaray]] "ridicules" through "mimicry and exaggeration" these representations of femininity posited as natural and proper by Lacan.<ref>{{cite book |last= Irigaray|first=Luce |date=1985|author-link=Luce Irigaray|title=Speculum of the Other Woman|publisher=[[Cornell University]] Press |isbn= 978-0801493300}}</ref> Irigaray accuses Lacan of perpetuating [[Phallocentrism|phallocentric]] mastery in philosophical and psychoanalytic discourse.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Irigaray|first1=Luce |date=2011 |title=Cosi Fan Tutti|journal=Continental Aesthetics Reader}}</ref>{{efn|Irigaray too has been criticized by Sokal & Bricmont for ostensibly misusing scientific terminology in her work. Among their points of criticism, are the interest Irigaray claims Einstein had in "accelerations without electromagnetic re-equilibrations", her confusing [[special relativity]] for [[general relativity]], and her claim (Irigaray, ''To Speak is Never Neutral'', 2017) that Einstein's [[mass–energy equivalence]] equation is a "sexed equation" since "it privileges the speed of light over other speeds that are vitally necessary to us".}}
 
Others have echoed this accusation, seeing Lacan as trapped in the very [[phallocentric]] mastery his language ostensibly sought to undermine.<ref>[[Jacqueline Rose]], "Introduction – II", in Juliet Mitchell and Jacqueline Rose, ''Feminine Sexuality'' (New York 1982) p. 56</ref> The result, [[Castoriadis]] would maintain, was to make all thought depend upon Lacan himself, and thus to stifle the capacity for independent thought among all those around him.{{r|n=Roudinesco 1997|p=386}}
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===Mathematics in psychoanalysis===
In their work ''[[Fashionable Nonsense]]'' (1997), through which their stated intention was to show that "famous intellectuals" abuse scientific terminology and concepts,{{r|n=Fashionable Nonsense|p=x}} professors of [[Physics]] [[Alan Sokal]] and [[Jean Bricmont]] examine Lacan's frequent references to [[Mathematics]]. They are highly critical of his use of terms from [[mathematical]] fields, accusing him of "superficial erudition", of abusing scientific concepts that he does not understand, and of producing statements that are "[[not even wrong]]."{{r|n=Fashionable Nonsense|r={{cite book | last1=Sokal | first1=Alan |author-link=Alan Sokal |last2=Bricmont |first2=Jean |author2-link=Jean Bricmont | title=[[Fashionable Nonsense|Fashionable nonsense: postmodern intellectuals' abuse of science]] | publisher=Picador USA | publication-place=New York | year=1998 | isbn=0-312-20407-8 | oclc=39605994}}|p=21|q=[Lacan] mixes [the terms] up arbitrarily and without paying attention to their meaning.}}
 
In a seminar held in 1959, he confuses the [[irrational number]]s with the [[imaginary number]]s, despite claiming to be "precise."{{efn|Lacan is quoted defining "human life" as a "[[calculus]] in which zero is irrational."}} A year later, the mathematical "calculations" he presents in another seminar are assessed as "pure fantasies."{{r|n=Fashionable Nonsense|p=25-26}}
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===Incomprehensibility===
Several critics have dismissed Lacan's work wholesale. French philosopher {{ill|François Roustang|fr}} called it an "incoherent system of [[pseudo-scientific]] gibberish", and quoted [[linguist]] [[Noam Chomsky]]'s opinion that Lacan was an "amusing and perfectly self-conscious [[charlatan]]".<ref name=roustang>{{cite book|url=http://bactra.org/reviews/lacanian-delusion/ |last=Roustang |first=François |date=1986|title=Lacan, de l'équivoque à l'impasse|language=French|trans-title=Lacan, from ambiguity to dead end |publisher=[[Les Éditions de Minuit]] |pages=100–110 |chapter=L'illusion lacanienne|trans-chapter=The Lacanian Delusion |isbn=978-2707311085}}</ref> [[Noam Chomsky]], in a 2012 interview on ''Veterans Unplugged'', said: "[Q]uite frankly I thought [Lacan] was a total charlatan. He was just posturing for the television cameras in the way many Paris intellectuals do. Why this is influential, I haven't the slightest idea. I don't see anything there that should be influential."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.openculture.com/2013/06/noam_chomsky_slams_zizek_and_lacan_empty_posturing.html|title= Noam Chomsky Slams Žižek and Lacan: Empty 'Posturing'|last= Springer|first= Mike|date= 28 June 2013|website= Open Culture|access-date= 31 August 2018}}</ref>
 
Academic and former Lacanian analyst [[Dylan Evans]]{{efn|Evans published a dictionary of Lacanian terms in 1996, titled ''An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis''.}} came to dismiss Lacanianism as lacking a sound scientific basis and as harming rather than helping patients. He criticized Lacan's followers for treating Lacan's writings as "holy writ".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Evans |first1=Dylan |chapter=From Lacan to Darwin |title=The Literary Animal: Evolution and the Nature of Narrative|url=https://archive.org/details/literaryanimalev00gott_879 |url-access=limited |date=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/literaryanimalev00gott_879/page/n64 38]–55|publisher=[[Northwestern University Press]]|location=[[Evanston, Illinois]]|editor1=Jonathan Gottschall|editor2=David Sloan|citeseerx=10.1.1.305.690 }}</ref> [[Richard Webster (British author)|Richard Webster]] decries what he sees as Lacan's obscurity, arrogance, and the resultant "[[Cult]] of Lacan".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.richardwebster.net/thecultoflacan.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020910203351/http://www.richardwebster.net/thecultoflacan.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=10 September 2002 |title=The Cult of Lacan |publisher=Richardwebster.net |date=14 June 1907 |access-date=18 June 2011}}</ref>
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[[Roger Scruton]] included Lacan in his book ''Fools, Frauds and Firebrands: Thinkers of the New Left'', and named him as the only 'fool' included in the book—his other targets merely being misguided or frauds.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/dec/10/fools-frauds-and-firebrands-thinkers-of-the-new-left-roger-scuton-review | title=Fools, Frauds and Firebrands by Roger Scruton review – a demolition of socialist intellectuals| newspaper=The Guardian| date=10 December 2015| last1=Poole| first1=Steven}}</ref>
 
In ''Les Freudiens hérétiques'', the 8th tome of his work ''Contre-histoire de la philosophie'' (''Anti-History of Philosophy''),<ref name=anti>{{cite book |last= Onfray |first=Michel|author-link=Michel Onfray |date=2013 |title=Les Freudiens hérétiques : Contre-histoire de la philosophie|language=French|trans-title=The heretic Freudians: Anti-History of Philosophy|volume= 8th |publisher=[[Éditions Grasset]] |isbn=978-2246802686}}</ref> philosopher and author [[Michel Onfray]] describes Lacan's ''[[Écrits]]'' as "illegible".<ref name=anti/>{{rp|49}} According to Onfray, Lacan engages in constant [[word play]], has a taste for the formulaic, and deploys "incantatory [[glossolalia]]" and unnecessary [[neologism]]s.{{efn|In 2002, the Lacanian School of Psychoanalysis, ''École lacanienne de psychanalyse'', edited and published a book titled ''789 Neologismes de Jacques Lacan'' (Epel publishers).}} He calls Lacan a "charlatan," and a "dandy figure" who "sinks into [[autism]]," eventually becoming senile.<ref name=anti/>{{rp|49–50}}
 
==Works==
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===Introductory texts===
* {{cite book | last1=Benvenuto | first1=B. | last2=Kennedy | first2=R. | title=The Works of Jacques Lacan: An Introduction |location =London| publisher=Free Association Books | year=1986 | isbn=9780946960200 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=buMtAAAAYAAJ}}
* [[Malcolm Bowie|Bowie, Malcolm]], (1991) ''Lacan'' London: Fontana.
* Dor, Joel, (2001) ''Introduction to the Reading of Lacan: The Unconscious Structured Like a Language'', New York: Other Press.
* Evans, Dylan (1997). ''An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis.'' London: Routledge.
* Grosz, Elizabeth. (1991) ''Jacques Lacan: a Feminist Introduction''. London: Routledge.
*Homer, S. (2005) ''Jacques Lacan''. London: Routledge.
*Leader, D. & Groves, J. (1995) ''Lacan for Beginners.'' London: Icon Books.
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* {{cite book | last1=Badiou | first1=A. | last2=Roudinesco | first2=E. | last3=Smith | first3=J.E. | title=Jacques Lacan, Past and Present: A Dialogue | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=2014 | isbn=978-0-231-16511-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bhEZBQAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book | last=Benvenuto | first=Sergio | title=Conversations with Lacan: Seven Lectures for Understanding Lacan | publisher=Routledge | publication-place=Abingdon, Oxon | year=2020 | isbn=978-0-367-14879-9 | oclc=1134622118}}
* Bracher, Mark; Massardier-Kenney, Françoise; Alcorn, Marshall W.; Corthell, Ronald J. (1994). ''Lacanian Theory of Discourse: Subject, Structure, and Society''. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-1299-1.
* Brennan, Teresa (1993). ''History after Lacan''. London: Routledge
* Dor, Joel (1999) ''The Clinical Lacan'', New York: Other Press.
* Felman, Shoshana (1987). ''Jacques Lacan and the Adventure of insight: Psychoanalysis in Contemporary Culture''. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press.
* Fink, Bruce (1996) ''The Lacanian Subject: Between Language and Jouissance'' Princeton University Press, 1996.
* Fink, Bruce (1997) ''A Clinical Introduction to Lacanian Psychoanalysis: Theory and Technique''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
* {{cite book | last=Fink | first=Bruce | title=Against Understanding, vol. 1: Commentary and Critique in a Lacanian Key | publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group | publication-place=London | year=2014 | isbn=978-0-415-63543-1 }}
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* Glynos, Jason and [[Yannis Stavrakakis|Stavrakakis, Yannis]] (eds) (2002). ''Lacan and Science''. London: Karnac Books.
* {{cite book|last=Hendrix|first=John Shannon|author-link=John Shannon Hendrix|title=Architecture and Psychoanalysis: Peter Eisenman and Jacques Lacan|publisher=Peter Lang|location=New York|year=2006|isbn=978-0-820481-71-5}}
* [[Adrian Johnston (philosopher)|Johnston, Adrian]] (2005) ''Time Driven: Metapsychology and the Splitting of the Drive'', Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
* [[Filip Kovacevic|Kovacevic, Filip]] (2007) "Liberating Oedipus? Psychoanalysis as Critical Theory" Landham, MD: Lexington Books.
* Macey, David (1988). ''Lacan in Contexts''. London: Verso.
* Mandal, Mahitosh (2018) ''Jacques Lacan: From Clinic to Culture''. Hyderabad: Orient BlackSwan
* McGowan, Todd and Sheila Kunkle Eds.(2004) ''Lacan and Contemporary Film'', New York: Other Press.
* Miller, Jacques-Alain, "Jacques Lacan's Later Teachings", New York: Spring ''Lacanian Ink'' 21, 2003.
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* {{cite book | last=Miller |first=Jacques-Alain | title=Applied Lacanian Psychoanalysis | publisher=University of Minnesota Press | publication-place=Minneapolis London | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-8166-8319-2 | oclc=842322946 }}
* [[Juan-David Nasio|Nasio, Juan-David]], ''Book of Love and Pain: The Thinking at the Limit with Freud and Lacan'', transl. by David Pettigrew and Francois Raffoul, Albany: SUNY Press, 2003.
* Nasio, Juan-David (1998) ''Five Lessons on the Psychoanalytic Theory of Jacques Lacan'', Albany, SUNY Press.
* Nasio, Juan-David (1999) ''Hysteria: The Splendid Child of Psychoanalysis''. Translated by Susan Fairfield. New York: Other Press.
*{{cite book | last = Neill |first = Calum |author-link =|date = 2014 | title = Without Ground: Lacanian Ethics and the Assumptions of Subjectivity | location = London| publisher = Palgrave }}
* Nobus, Dany (ed.) (1999) ''Key Concepts of Lacanian Psychoanalysis''. New York: Other Press.
* Nobus, Dany (2022). ''Critique of Psychoanalytic Reason: Studies in Lacanian Theory and Practice''. London: Routledge.
* Parker, Ian (2011) ''Lacanian Psychoanalysis: Revolutions in Subjectivity''. London: Routledge.
* Pettigrew, David and François Raffoul (eds.), (1996) ''Disseminating Lacan'', Albany: SUNY Press.
* Rabaté, Jean-Michel (ed.), (2003) ''The Cambridge Companion to Lacan'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* [[Jacqueline Rose|Rose, Jacqueline]] (1986) ''Sexuality in the Field of Vision''. London: Verso.
* [[Élisabeth Roudinesco|Roudinesco, Élisabeth]], 'Lucien Febvre à la rencontre de Jacques Lacan, Paris 1937'. with Peter Schöttler, ''Genèses'', Année 1993, Vol.13, n°1.
* Roudinesco, Elisabeth (1990) ''Jacques Lacan & Co.: a History of Psychoanalysis in France, 1925–1985''. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
* Roudinesco, Élisabeth, "Lacan, The Plague", ''Psychoanalysis and History'', ed. John Forrester, Teddington, Artesian Books, 2008.
* [[Moustafa Safouan|Safouan, Moustafa]] (2004) ''Four Lessons of Psychoanalysis'', New York, Other Press.
* Schneiderman, Stuart (1983) ''Jacques Lacan: the Death of an Intellectual Hero'', Harvard University Press.
* {{cite book | last=Soler | first=Colette | title=What Lacan said about women: a psychoanalytic study | publisher=Other Press | publication-place=New York | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-59051-170-1 | oclc=58546399 |translator-last=Holland |translator-first=John}}
* [[Yannis Stavrakakis|Stavrakakis, Yannis]] (2007) ''The Lacanian Left'', Albany: State University of New York Press.
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* Žižek, Slavoj, 'The object as a limit of discourse: approaches to the Lacanian real', ''Prose Studies'', 11 (3), 1988, pp. &nbsp;94–120.
* Žižek, Slavoj, "Jacques Lacan as Reader of Hegel", New York, ''Lacanian Ink'' 27, Fall 2006.
* Žižek, Slavoj, (2006) [http://www.lacan.com/essays "How to Read Lacan''] London: Granta Books.
 
==External links==
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Lacan"