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{{short description|Scottish-born American naval officer (1747–1792)}}
[[Image:John Paul Jones.jpg|right|300px|Click for larger version]]
{{for-multi|the musician|John Paul Jones (musician)|other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = John Paul Jones
| nickname = Father of the American Navy
| image = Cpt John Paul Jones.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Portrait {{circa}} 1890, based on a work of c. 1781
| birth_name = John Paul
| birth_date = {{birth date|1747|07|06|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Arbigland]], [[Kirkcudbrightshire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1792|07|18|1747|07|06|mf=yes}}
| death_place = [[Paris]], France
| placeofburial = [[Naval Academy Chapel]], [[Annapolis, Maryland]]
| allegiance = {{flagcountry|United States|1777}} (1775–1787) <br /> {{flag|Russian Empire}} (1787–1792)
| branch = {{flagicon image|US Naval Jack 13 stripes.svg}} [[Continental Navy]] <br /> {{navy|Russian Empire}}
| serviceyears = 1775–1792
| rank = [[Captain (United States O-6)|Captain]] (Continental Navy) <br /> [[Rear Admiral]] (Imperial Russian Navy)
| unit =
| commands =
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[American Revolutionary War]]
** [[Raid on Canso (1776)|Raid on Canso]]
** [[Battle of Nassau]]
** [[Battle of Block Island]]
** [[North Channel Naval Duel]]
** [[Battle of Flamborough Head]]
* [[Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)]]
** [[Naval actions at the Siege of Ochakov (1788)|Naval actions at the Siege of Ochakov]]
{{tree list/end}}
| awards = [[Order of Military Merit (France)|Order of Military Merit]] <br /> [[Congressional Gold Medal]] <br /> [[Order of Saint Anna]]
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature = John Paul Jones Signature.svg
}}
 
'''John Paul Jones''' (born '''John Paul'''; July 6, 1747 – July 18, 1792) was a Scottish-born American naval officer who served in the [[Continental Navy]] during the [[American Revolutionary War]]. Often referred to as the "Father of the American Navy", Jones is regarded by several commentators as one of the greatest naval commanders in the [[military history of the United States]].<ref>{{cite web |title=John Adams I (Frigate) 1799–1867 |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/j/john-adams-frigate-i.html |access-date=August 22, 2015 |publisher=USA.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Delaware County Historical Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BdPTAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA67 |title=Proceedings of the Delaware County Historical Society |date=1902}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Joshua Humphreys |url=https://www.navalengineers.org/STEM-FLEET/Joshua_Humphreys |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=www.navalengineers.org}}</ref> Born in [[Arbigland]], [[Kirkcudbrightshire]], Jones became a sailor at the age of thirteen, and served in the British [[Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)|Merchant Navy]], including several [[slave ship]]s. After killing a mutinous subordinate, he fled to the British [[colony of Virginia]] to avoid being arrested and in {{circa|1775}} joined the newly established Continental Navy.
'''John Paul Jones''' ([[July 6]], [[1747]] - [[July 18]], [[1792]]) was America's first well-known [[US Navy|naval]] hero in the [[American Revolutionary War]].
 
During the ensuing war with [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]], Jones participated in several [[Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War|naval engagements]] with the British [[Royal Navy]]. Commanding the warship ''[[USS Ranger (1777)|Ranger]]'', Jones conducted a naval campaign in the [[North Sea]], attacking British merchant shipping and other civilian targets. As part of the campaign, he raided the English town of [[Whitehaven]], won the [[North Channel Naval Duel]] and fought at the [[Battle of Flamborough Head]], gaining him an international reputation. Left without a command in 1787, Jones joined the [[Imperial Russian Navy]] and rose to the rank of [[rear admiral]]. However, after he was accused of raping a 10-year-old girl, Katerina Stepanova, he was forced out of the Russian navy and soon died in [[Paris]] at the age of 45. A [[Freemasonry|Freemason]], Jones made many friends among U.S. political elites, including [[John Hancock]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[Benjamin Franklin]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tcodL2NWwNMC&pg=SL1-PA4791|page=A4791|title=Congressional Record. Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|author=United States. Congress}} Quote: "Tom Paine, Patrick Henry, James Otis, and John Paul Jones were all Masons."</ref><ref>[[#Morison|Morison, 1959]]{{page numbers|2232}}</ref><ref>[[#Morison|Morison, 1959]]{{page numbers|120–121}}</ref>
He was born in [[Kirkcudbright]], [[Scotland]], the son of a Scottish [[gardening|gardener]]. At the age of 12 he entered the British [[merchant marine]] and went to [[sea]] for the first time, as a cabin boy. In [[1773]], as the commander of a merchant vessel, he killed a mutinous crewman at [[Tobago]] in the [[West Indies]] and, rather than stay in [[prison]] and wait for [[trial]], he fled to [[North America]]. At the outbreak of [[war]] between the [[United States|13 American Colonies]] and the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] in [[1775]], John Paul Jones went to [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], and, with the help of two friendly members of the [[Continental Congress]], obtained a Lieutenant's commission in the [[Continental Navy]].
 
==Early life and training==
He soon made a reputation, he was considered a murderer, a pirate, a war criminal by the British and considered a poor captain and 'braggart' (a self promoting liar) by his own superiors.
[[File:John Paul Jones Birthplace and Home, Arbigland, Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland.jpg|thumb|The birthplace and original home of John Paul Jones in [[Arbigland]] in southern [[Scotland]]]]
[[File:John Paul Jones house.jpg|thumb|John Paul Jones' house in [[Fredericksburg, Virginia]], which he inherited from his brother William]]
 
John Paul, as he was then known, was born on the estate of [[Arbigland]] near [[Kirkbean]] in the [[Kirkcudbrightshire|Stewartry of Kirkcudbright]] on the southwest coast of Scotland. His parents married on November 29, 1733, in [[New Abbey]], Kirkcudbrightshire.
The year following he became captain of the [[sloop]] [[USS Providence|USS ''Providence'']]. In his first adventure aboard the ''Providence'' he destroyed the British fisheries in [[Nova Scotia]] and captured 16 British prize [[ship]]s.
 
John Paul started his maritime career when he was 13, sailing out of [[Whitehaven]] in the northern English county of [[Cumberland]] as apprentice aboard ''Friendship'' under Captain Benson. Paul's older brother William Paul had married and settled in [[Fredericksburg, Virginia|Fredericksburg]], [[Colony of Virginia]]. Virginia was the destination of many of the younger Paul's voyages.
In [[1777]] he took command of the sloop ''Ranger''. Sailing to [[France]] in [[1778]], Jones received from the French the first [[salute]] given to the new [[Flag of the United States|American flag]] by a foreign [[warship]]. During the spring he terrorized the coastal population of Scotland and England by making daring raids ashore and destroying many British vessels.
 
For several years, Paul served in the British [[Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)|Merchant Navy]], sailing aboard several [[Merchant ship|merchantmen]] and [[slave ship]]s, including the ''King George'' in 1764 as [[third mate]] and ''Two Friends'' as [[Chief mate|first mate]] in 1766.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jones Jp Chron |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/bios/jones-john-paul/jones-jp-chron.html |url-status=dead |website=www.history.navy.mil |access-date=October 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906191024/http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/bios/jones-john-paul/jones-jp-chron.html |archive-date=September 6, 2015}}</ref> Once John Paul matured, he grew dissatisfied in slavery, and in 1768, he abandoned his prestigious position on the profitable ''Two Friends'' while docked in the British [[colony of Jamaica]]. He found his own passage back to Scotland and eventually obtained another position.
In [[1779]] Captain Jones took command of the [[USS Bonhomme Richard (frigate)|USS ''Bonhomme Richard'']], a merchant ship rebuilt and gifted to America by French shipping magnate, [[Jacques-Donatien Le Ray]]. On [[September 23]] of that year, the five ship squadron included the 42 gun ''Bonhomme Richard'', 32 gun ''PALLAS'', 32 gun ''Alliance'', 12 Gun ''Vengeance'' and the ''CERF'' engaged a merchant convoy off the coast of [[Flamborough Head]] [[East Yorkshire]] on 23 September 1779. The 44 gun British frigate [[HMS Serapis|HMS ''Serapis'']] and the 22 gun [[Countess of Scarborough|''Countess of Scarborough'']] counter engaged scattered the attacking squadron allowing the merchants to disengage and attempt escape. The ''Vengeance'' and ''CERF'' unsuccessfully pursued the convoy which ultimately escaped.
 
John Paul's career was quickly and unexpectedly advanced during his next voyage aboard the [[brig]] ''John'', which sailed from port in 1768, when both the captain and a ranking mate suddenly died of [[yellow fever]]. With the crew encouraging and voting him to, Paul managed to navigate the ship back to a safe port, and in reward for this feat the vessel's grateful Scottish owners made him master of the ship and its crew, giving him ten percent of the cargo.<ref name="seacoast">[http://www.seacoastnh.com/Maritime-History/John-Paul-Jones/John-Paul-Jones-Timeline/ John Paul Jones Timeline], SeacoastNH.com</ref> He led two voyages to the West Indies before running into difficulty.
[[Image:John_barry_stamp.JPG|right|postage stamp]]
 
During his second voyage in 1770, John Paul had one of his crew flogged after trying to start a mutiny about early payment of wages, leading to accusations that his discipline was "unnecessarily cruel". These claims were initially dismissed, but his favorable reputation was destroyed when the sailor died a few weeks later. John Paul was arrested for his involvement in the man's death. He was imprisoned in [[Kirkcudbright Tolbooth]] but later released on bail.<ref>{{Citation|title=1770 Extract of Warrant for the arrest of John Paul (Jones)|publisher=Scottish Archive Network (SCAN)|work=Virtual Vault – Court Records|url=http://www.scan.org.uk/researchrtools/courtrecords.htm|access-date=22 October 2012}}</ref> The negative effect of this episode on his reputation is indisputable.<ref name="seacoast" /> The local governor encouraged John Paul to leave the area and change his name while on bail. The man who died of his injuries was not a usual sailor but an adventurer from a very influential Scottish family.
''Bonhomme Richard'', ''Pallas'' and ''Alliance'' engaged the British warships. The 44 gun ''Serapis'' engaged the larger 42 gun ''Bonhomme Richard''. The 32 gun ''Alliance'' counter-engaged ''Serapis''. ''Serapis'' twice raked ''Bonhomme Richard'' with broadsides which cut her mainmast and holed her below the waterline taking individual hits in return.
 
Leaving Scotland, John Paul commanded a London-registered vessel named ''Betsy'', a [[West Indiaman]] mounting 22 guns, engaging in commercial speculation in [[Tobago]] for about 18 months.<ref>[[#Brady|Brady, 1906]] pp. 10, 164</ref> This came to an end, however, when he killed a mutinous crew member with a sword in a dispute over wages.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biography – Captain John Paul Jones|publisher=History.navy.mil|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/bios/jones_jp_conrad.htm|access-date=2014-04-22|archive-date=June 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629114637/http://www.history.navy.mil/bios/jones_jp_conrad.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Years later, in a letter to Benjamin Franklin describing the incident, John Paul claimed that the killing was committed in self-defense, but he was not willing to wait to be tried in an [[Admiralty court|Admiral's Court]], which would have taken months to assemble, and where the family of his first victim had been influential.
With ''Bonhomme Richard'' burning and sinking, the British demanded his surrender. Jones replied, “I have not yet begun to fight.” He rammed ''Serapis'' and tied up to her, his marksmen in the rigging clearing the decks of ''Serapis'' of British seaman so a boarding party was able to cross to ''Serapis'' and effect its capture.
Meanwhile the 22 gun ''Countess of Scarborough'' engaged the 40 gun ''Pallas'' and was eventually captured both ships taking extensive damage.
 
He felt compelled to flee. There is an 18-month gap in Jones's history, and some biographers explore the possibility that in order to escape Tobago, he may have become a pirate. Rumors of piracy followed him, but may have been created by his detractors.<ref>Johnson, Gerald W. The First Captain, 1947 pp. 49</ref> But he eventually reappeared in Fredericksburg, Virginia, leaving his fortune behind; he also sought to arrange the affairs of his brother, who had died there without leaving any immediate family. He was granted land in Frederick County, Virginia.<ref>Paul, John. Land Grant 7 August 1760. N.p., 1760. Print. [https://lva.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01LVA_INST/altrmk/alma990008592180205756 Library of Virginia website] Retrieved 9 August 2023.</ref> About this time, John Paul assumed the surname of [[Jones (surname)|Jones]] (in addition to his original surname). There is a long-held tradition in the state of North Carolina that John Paul adopted the name "Jones" in honor of [[Willie Jones (statesman)|Willie Jones]] of [[Halifax, North Carolina]].<ref>Cotten, Elizabeth. The John Paul Jones-Willie Jones Tradition Charlotte: Heritage Printers, 1966</ref><ref name="Gordon">[https://archive.org/stream/oldhalifax00gord/oldhalifax00gord_djvu.txt Old Halifax], Ambistead C. Gordon</ref> Jones courted [[Dorothea Dandridge Henry|Dorothea Spotswood Dandridge]], the future bride of [[Patrick Henry]], and made a valuable friendship with Dr. John K. Read<ref>{{cite book| title=John Paul Jones: Sailor, Hero, Father of the American Navy| first=Evan| last=Thomas| publisher=Simon and Schuster| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8rQSAU63pr0C&q=%22Evan+Thomas%22+%22coat+of+arms%22+%22Father+of+the+American+Navy%22&pg=PA92| year=2010| isbn=978-1451603996| access-date=2020-10-15}} pp. 37ff.</ref> during his time in Virginia.<ref>Morison, Samuel Eliot. "The Willie Jones-John Paul Jones Tradition." ''The William and Mary Quarterly'', vol. 16, no. 2, 1959, pp. 198–206. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1916823. Retrieved 11 Aug. 2023.</ref> In the summer of 1775, Jones met [[Joseph Hewes]] and other revolutionary leaders in Philadelphia.
After the Revolutionary War, Jones was appointed Admiral of the Russian Navy by Catherine the Great, and led the Russian navy to several victories in the war with the Turks.
 
From that period, America became "the country of his fond election", as he afterwards expressed himself to Baron [[Joan Derk van der Capellen tot den Pol]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sherburne |first=John H. |title=The Life and Character of John Paula Jones |publisher=Adriance, Sherman & Co. Publishers |location=New York |year=1851 |pages=10}}</ref> It was not long afterward that John Paul Jones joined the American navy to fight against Britain.
In [[1792]] Jones was appointed U.S. Consul to [[Algiers]], but on [[July 18]] he died before the commission arrived. He was buried in [[Paris, France]], but in [[1905]] his remains were removed from his long-forgotton grave and brought to the [[United States]] where, in [[1913]], he was interred in the Chapel of the [[United States Naval Academy]] at [[Annapolis]], [[Maryland]].
 
==Naval career==
''See also [[US Navy]]''
 
===American colonies===
Sources struggle with this period of Jones's life, especially the specifics of his family situation, making it difficult to pinpoint historically Jones's motivations for emigrating to America. It is not known whether his plans were not developing as expected for the [[Plantation complexes in the Southern United States|plantation]] or if he was inspired by a revolutionary spirit. It is known that he was elected to the [[American Philosophical Society]] in [[Philadelphia]] in 1774.<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=John+jones&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=March 29, 2021|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>
 
Jones left for Philadelphia shortly after settling in North America to volunteer his services around 1775 to the newly founded [[Continental Navy]], precursor to the [[United States Navy]]. During this time, the Navy and [[Continental Marines|Marines]] were being formally established, and suitable ship's officers and captains were in great demand. Jones's potential would likely have gone unrecognized were it not for the endorsement of [[Richard Henry Lee]], who knew of his abilities. With help from influential members of the [[Continental Congress]], Jones was appointed as a [[First lieutenant|1st Lieutenant]] of the newly converted 24-gun [[frigate]] {{USS|Alfred}} in the Continental Navy on December 7, 1775.<ref>{{aut|Morison, S.E.}} (1999) ''John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography''. Naval Institute Press, {{ISBN|1-55750-410-5}}, p. 52</ref> <!--Commissioned on December 7; hoisted his flag in Albert four days earlier according to this source-->
 
===Revolutionary War command===
 
====Early command====
Jones sailed from the [[Delaware River]] in February 1776 aboard ''Alfred'' on the Continental Navy's maiden cruise. It was aboard this vessel that Jones took the honour of hoisting the first U.S. ensign, the [[Grand Union Flag]], over a naval vessel.<ref name="Balderston1969">{{cite journal| last1=Balderston| first1=Marion| title=The Flag John Paul Jones Really Fought Under| journal=Huntington Library Quarterly| volume=33| issue=1| year=1969| pages=77–83| issn=0018-7895| doi=10.2307/3817016| jstor=3817016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Francis Wharton |last=Wharton |first=Francis |title=Chapter XIX John Paul Jones-Sayre ~ John Paul Jones Public Services & Effect of his Cruises |url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=lldc&fileName=001/lldc001.db&recNum=642 |journal=Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789 |trans-title=The Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States |volume=1 |issue=August 13, 1888 |pages=611–614}}</ref>
 
The fleet had been expected to cruise along the coast but was ordered instead by Commodore [[Esek Hopkins]] to sail for The Bahamas, where [[Raid of Nassau|Nassau was raided]] for military supplies. The fleet had an [[Battle of Block Island|unsuccessful encounter]] with a British [[Packet boat|packet ship]] on their return voyage. Jones was then assigned command of the [[sloop-of-war|sloop]] {{ship|USS|Providence|1775|6}}. Congress had recently ordered the construction of thirteen frigates for the American Navy, one of which was to be commanded by Jones. In exchange for this prestigious command, Jones accepted his commission aboard the smaller ''Providence''. Over the summer of 1776 as commander of ''Providence'', Jones performed various services for the Continental Navy and Congress. These services included the transport of troops, the movement of supplies, and the escort of convoys. During this time, Jones was able to assist a 'brig from Hispaniola' that was being chased by [[HMS Cerberus (1758)|HMS ''Cerberus'']] and laden with military stores. The brig was then purchased by Congress and put in commission as {{USS|Hampden}} with Captain Hoysted Hacker commanding.<ref>Naval Documents of the American Revolution, vol 6, p. 210</ref> During a later six-week voyage to Nova Scotia, Jones captured sixteen [[Prize (law)|prizes]] and inflicted significant damage in the [[Raid on Canso (1776)|Raid on Canso]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/unitedstatesnava00gold_0|title=The United States' Naval Chronicle. Vol. 1|first=Charles W. (Charles Washington)|last=Goldsborough|date=May 21, 1824|publisher=Printed by James Wilson|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
 
Jones's next command came as a result of Commodore Hopkins's orders to liberate hundreds of American prisoners forced to labour in coal mines in Nova Scotia, and also to raid British shipping. On November 1, 1776, Jones set sail in command of ''Alfred'' to carry out this mission. Winter conditions prevented freeing the prisoners, but the mission did result in the capture of ''Mellish'', a vessel carrying a vital supply of winter clothing intended for General [[John Burgoyne]]'s troops in Canada.<ref>{{cite book| title=John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography| edition=1964| last1=Morison| first1=Samuel Eliot| publisher=Time| location=New York| page=78| year=1959| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4twAAAAMAAJ&q=mellish}}</ref>
 
====Command of ''Ranger''====
[[File:Coat of Arms of John Paul Jones.svg|upright|thumb|The [[coat of arms]] of John Paul Jones<ref>{{cite book| title=John Paul Jones: Sailor, Hero, Father of the American Navy| first=Evan| last=Thomas| publisher=Simon and Schuster| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8rQSAU63pr0C&q=%22Evan+Thomas%22+%22coat+of+arms%22+%22Father+of+the+American+Navy%22&pg=PA92| year=2010| isbn=978-1451603996| access-date=2020-10-15}}</ref> of Jones]]
 
Despite his successes at sea, Jones' disagreements with those in authority reached a new level upon arrival in Boston on December 16, 1776. While at the port, he began feuding with Commodore Hopkins, as Jones believed that Hopkins was hindering his advancement by talking down his campaign plans. As a result of this and other frustrations, Jones was assigned the smaller command of the newly constructed {{USS|Ranger|1777|6}} on June 14, 1777, the same day that the new [[Flag of the United States|Stars and Stripes flag]] was adopted.<ref>{{Cite book|title=John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography|edition=1964|last1=Morison|first1=Samuel Eliot|publisher=Time|location=New York|page=101|date=1959}}</ref>
 
After making the necessary preparations, Jones sailed for France on November 1, 1777, with orders to assist the American cause however possible. The American commissioners in France were Benjamin Franklin, [[Silas Deane]], and [[Arthur Lee (diplomat)|Arthur Lee]], and they listened to Jones's strategic recommendations. They promised him the command of {{ship||Indien|1778|2}}, a new vessel being constructed for America by the Netherlands in Amsterdam. Britain, however, was able to divert ''L'Indien'' away from American hands by exerting pressure to ensure its sale to France instead (which had not yet allied with America).<ref>{{Cite book|title=John Paul Jones's Locker|edition=1st|last1=Feld|first1=Jonathan|publisher=Naval History and Heritage Command|location=Washington, D.C.|page=23|date=2017}}</ref> Jones was again left without a command, an unpleasant reminder of his stagnation in Boston from late 1776 until early 1777. It is thought that during this time Jones developed his close friendship with Franklin, whom he greatly admired.
 
On February 6, 1778, France signed the [[Treaty of Alliance (1778)|Treaty of Alliance]] with America, formally recognizing the independence of the new American republic. Eight days later, Captain Jones's ''Ranger'' became the first American naval vessel to be formally [[Gun salute#Naval cannon fire|saluted]] by the French, with a nine-gun salute fired from Captain [[Toussaint-Guillaume Picquet de la Motte|La Motte-Piquet]]'s flagship. Jones wrote of the event: "I accepted his offer all the more for after all it was a recognition of our independence and in the nation". On April 10, Jones set sail from [[Brest, France]], for the western coasts of Great Britain.
 
====''Ranger'' attacks the British====
[[File:Matthias Read - Whitehaven, Cumbria, Showing Flatt Hall - Google Art Project enhanced.jpg|thumb|A portrait of [[Whitehaven]], on the northwest coast of [[England]], by Matthias Read completed between 1730 and 1735]]
[[File:US Navy 050626-N-9565D-005 Capt. Michael Gordon, receives from Chairman of Whitehaven Harbour Commissioners, Gordon Thomson, a copy of the local newspaper from April 1778.jpg|thumb|Captain Michael Gordon of the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] receives a copy of the local newspaper from April 1778 from the [[Whitehaven]] Harbour Commission chairman in June 2005]]
 
Jones had some early successes against British merchant shipping in the [[Irish Sea]]. He persuaded his crew on April 17, 1778, to participate in an assault on [[Whitehaven]], the town where his maritime career had begun.<ref>[[#Paullin|Paullin, 1906]] p. 293</ref> Jones later wrote about the poor command qualities of his senior officers (having tactfully avoided such matters in his official report): "'Their object', they said, 'was gain not honor'. They were poor: instead of encouraging the morale of the crew, they excited them to disobedience; they persuaded them that they had the right to judge whether a measure that was proposed to them was good or bad".<ref name="jpj1785">{{Citation|title=Extracts from the Journals of my Campaigns|last=Jones|first=John Paul|year=1785|url=http://www.americanrevolution.org/jpj.html|access-date=2007-10-27}}</ref> Contrary winds forced them to abandon the attempt and drive ''Ranger'' towards Ireland, causing more trouble for British shipping on the way.
 
On April 20, Jones learned from captured sailors that the Royal Navy sloop of war {{HMS|Drake|1777|6}} was anchored off [[Carrickfergus]], Ireland. According to the diary of ''Ranger''{{'}}s surgeon,<ref>{{Citation|title=Diary of Ezra Green M.D.|last=Green|first=Ezra|year=1875|url=http://www.public.coe.edu/~theller/soj/ttl/jpj/green.html|access-date=2007-10-27|archive-date=February 18, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218025721/http://www.public.coe.edu/~theller/soj/ttl/jpj/green.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jones's first intention was to attack the vessel in broad daylight, but his sailors were "unwilling to undertake it", another incident omitted from the official report. Therefore, the attack took place just after midnight, but the mate responsible for dropping the anchor to halt ''Ranger'' right alongside ''Drake'' misjudged the timing in the dark (Jones claimed in his memoirs that the man was drunk), so Jones had to cut his anchor cable and run. The wind shifted, and ''Ranger'' recrossed the Irish Sea to make another attempt at raiding Whitehaven.
 
Jones led the assault with two boats of fifteen men just after midnight on April 23, hoping to set fire to and sink all of the ships anchored in Whitehaven's harbor, which numbered between 200 and 400 wooden vessels and consisted of a full merchant fleet and many coal transporters. They also hoped to terrorize the townspeople by lighting further fires. As it happened, the journey to shore was slowed by the shifting wind, as well as a strong ebb tide. They successfully [[Touch hole#Spiking the guns|spiked]] the town's big defensive guns to prevent them being fired, but lighting fires proved difficult, as the lanterns in both boats had run out of fuel. To remedy this, some of the party were sent to raid a [[Pub|public house]] on the quayside, but the temptation to stop for a quick drink led to a further delay. Dawn was breaking by the time they returned and began the arson attacks, so efforts were concentrated on the coal ship ''Thompson'' in the hope that the flames would spread to adjacent vessels, all grounded by the low tide. However, in the twilight, one of the crew slipped away and alerted residents on a harbourside street. A fire alert was sounded, and large numbers of people came running to the quay, forcing the Americans to retreat and extinguishing the flames with the town's two fire-engines. The townspeople's hopes of sinking Jones's boats with cannon fire were dashed because of the prudent spiking.<ref>{{Citation|title=news report from Whitehaven|newspaper=Cumberland Chronicle|url=http://www.pastpresented.info/cumbria/chron78ma.htm|date=April 25, 1778}}</ref>
 
[[File:John Paul Jones seizing the silver plate of Lady Selkirk (1).jpg|thumb|A 1903 illustration of John Paul Jones seizing Lady Selkirk's silverware]]
Jones next crossed the [[Solway Firth]] from Whitehaven to Scotland, hoping to hold for ransom [[Dunbar Douglas, 4th Earl of Selkirk]], who lived on St Mary's Isle near Kirkcudbright. The earl, Jones reasoned, could be exchanged for American sailors [[Impressment|impressed]] into the Royal Navy. The earl was discovered to be absent from his estate, so his wife entertained the officers and conducted negotiations. Canadian historian [[Peter C. Newman]] gives credit to the governess for protecting the young heir to the [[Earl of Selkirk|Earldom of Selkirk]], [[Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk|Thomas Douglas]], and to the butler for filling a sack half with coal and topping it up with the family silver, in order to fob off the Americans.<ref>{{cite book |last=Newman |first=Peter C. |title=The Empire of the Bay: The Company of Adventurers that Seized a Continent |publisher=Penguin |date=2000 |page=383 |isbn=978-0-14029-987-8}}</ref> Jones claimed that he intended to return directly to his ship and continue seeking prizes elsewhere, but his crew wished to "pillage, burn, and plunder all they could". Ultimately, Jones allowed the crew to seize a silver plate set adorned with the family's emblem to placate their desires, but nothing else. Jones bought the plate when it was later sold off in France, and he returned it to the Earl of Selkirk after the war.
 
The attacks on St Mary's Isle and Whitehaven resulted in no prizes or profits which would be shared with the crew under normal circumstances.<ref>{{Citation|title=Paul Jones: His Exploits in English Seas during 1778–80|last=Seitz|first=Don|year=1917|url=https://archive.org/stream/pauljoneshisexpl00seituoft/pauljoneshisexpl00seituoft_djvu.txt|access-date=2009-03-06}}</ref> Throughout the mission, the crew acted as if they were aboard a [[privateer]], not a warship, led by Lieutenant Thomas Simpson, Jones's second-in-command.
 
====Return to Ireland====
[[File:John Paul Jones by Moreau le Jeune 1780.jpg|thumb|A 1781 illustration of Jones by Moreau le Jeune]]
 
Jones led ''Ranger'' back across the Irish Sea, hoping to make another attempt at ''Drake'', still anchored off [[Carrickfergus]]. Late in the afternoon of April 24, the ships, roughly equal in firepower, engaged in combat. Earlier in the day, the Americans had captured the crew of a reconnaissance boat and learned that ''Drake'' had taken on dozens of soldiers with the intention of grappling and boarding ''Ranger'', so Jones made sure that did not happen, capturing ''Drake'' after an [[North Channel Naval Duel|hour-long gun battle]] in which British captain George Burdon was killed. Lieutenant Simpson was given command of ''Drake'' for the return journey to Brest. The ships separated during the return journey as ''Ranger'' chased another prize, leading to a conflict between Simpson and Jones. Both ships arrived at port safely, but Jones filed for a [[court-martial]] of Simpson, keeping him detained on the ship.
 
Partly through the influence of John Adams, who was still serving as a commissioner in France, Simpson was released from Jones's accusation. Adams implies in his memoirs that the overwhelming majority of the evidence supported Simpson's claims. Adams seemed to believe Jones was hoping to monopolize the mission's glory, especially by detaining Simpson on board while he celebrated the capture with numerous important European dignitaries.<ref>{{Citation|title=autobiography part 2, 'Travels, and Negotiations'|last=Adams|first=John|publisher=Massachusetts Historical Society|year=1778|url=http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/aea/cfm/doc.cfm?id=A2_36|access-date=2007-10-27|archive-date=February 6, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206204549/http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/aea/cfm/doc.cfm?id=A2_36|url-status=dead}}</ref> Even with the wealth of perspectives, including the commander's,<ref name="jpj1785" /> it is difficult to determine what occurred. It is clear, however, that the crew felt alienated by their commander, who might well have been motivated by his pride. Jones believed his intentions were honorable and his actions were strategically essential to the Revolution. Regardless of any controversy surrounding the mission, ''Ranger''{{'}}s capture of ''Drake'' was one of the Continental Navy's few significant military victories during the Revolution. ''Ranger''{{'}}s victory became an important symbol of the American spirit and served as an inspiration for the permanent establishment of the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] after the revolution.
 
====''Bonhomme Richard''====
[[File:John Adams reviews Jones' Irish Marines, 13 May 1779 by Charles H. Waterhouse.jpg|thumb|[[John Adams]] reviews Jones' Irish Marines at [[Lorient]] on 13 May 1779]]
[[File:The action between the Serapis, capt. Pearson, the Countess of Scarborough, and Paul Jones’s Squadron. R.Paton - K325.jpg|thumb|''Action Between the Serapis and Bonhomme Richard'' a 1780 portrait by [[Richard Paton]]]]
[[File:Serapis Flag.svg|thumb|The "[[Serapis flag|John Paul Jones flag]]" was entered into [[Netherlands|Dutch]] records to help Jones avoid charges of piracy when he captured the ''Serapis'' under an "unknown flag."]]
[[File:Paul Jones the pirate.jpg|thumb|"Paul Jones the Pirate", a British caricature of John Paul Jones]]
 
In 1779, Captain Jones took command of the 42-gun {{USS|Bonhomme Richard|1765|6}},<ref>{{Citation|title=Log of the 'Bon Homme Richard', 1779|publisher=John Paul Jones Cottage Museum|url=http://www.jpj.demon.co.uk/bhrlog.pdf|access-date=2007-10-27|archive-date=September 19, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919191408/http://www.jpj.demon.co.uk/bhrlog.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> a merchant ship rebuilt and given to America by the French shipping magnate, [[Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont|Jacques-Donatien Le Ray]]. On August 14, as a vast [[Armada of 1779|French and Spanish invasion fleet]] approached England, he provided a diversion by heading for Ireland at the head of a five-ship squadron including the 36-gun {{USS|Alliance|1778|6}}, 32-gun USS ''Pallas'', 12-gun {{USS|Vengeance|1779|6}}, and ''Le Cerf'', also accompanied by two privateers, {{HMS|Monsieur|1780|2}} and ''Granville''. When the squadron was only a few days out of [[Groix]], ''Monsieur'' separated because of a disagreement between her captain and Jones. Several Royal Navy warships were sent towards Ireland in pursuit of Jones, but on this occasion, he continued right around the north of Scotland into the [[North Sea]]. Jones's main problems, as on his previous voyage, resulted from insubordination, particularly by Pierre Landais, captain of ''Alliance''. On September 23, the squadron met a large merchant convoy off the coast of [[Flamborough Head]], [[East Riding of Yorkshire|East Yorkshire]]. The 44-gun British frigate {{HMS|Serapis|1779|6}} and the 22-gun [[Hired armed vessels|hired armed ship]] {{ship||Countess of Scarborough|1777 ship|2}} placed themselves between the convoy and Jones's squadron, allowing the merchants to escape.
 
Shortly after 7 p.m. the [[Battle of Flamborough Head]] began. ''Serapis'' engaged ''Bonhomme Richard'', and ''Alliance'' fired from a considerable distance at ''Countess''. Quickly recognizing that he could not win a battle of big guns, and with the wind dying, Jones made every effort to lock ''Richard'' and ''Serapis'' together (his famous, albeit apocryphal, quotation, "I have not yet begun to fight!" was said to have been uttered in reply to a demand to surrender in this phase of the battle). After about an hour, he succeeded, and he began clearing the British decks with his deck guns and his [[Continental Marines|Marine]] marksmen in the rigging. ''Alliance'' sailed past and fired a broadside, doing at least as much damage to ''Richard'' as to ''Serapis''. Meanwhile, ''Countess of Scarborough'' had enticed ''Pallas'' downwind of the main battle, beginning a separate engagement. When ''Alliance'' approached this contest, about an hour after it had begun, the badly damaged ''Countess'' surrendered.
 
With ''Bonhomme Richard'' burning and sinking, it seems that her [[Ensign (flag)|ensign]] was shot away; when one of the officers shouted a surrender, believing his captain to be dead, the British commander asked, seriously this time, if they had [[Striking the colors|struck their colors]]. Jones later remembered saying something like "I am determined to make you strike", but the words allegedly heard by crew-members and reported in newspapers a few days later were more like: "I may sink, but I'll be damned if I strike". An attempt by the British to board ''Bonhomme Richard'' was thwarted, and a grenade caused the explosion of a large quantity of gunpowder on ''Serapis''{{'s}} lower gun-deck. ''Alliance'' returned to the main battle, firing two broadsides. Again, these did at least as much damage to ''Richard'' as to ''Serapis'', but the tactic worked to the extent that ''Serapis'' was unable to move. With ''Alliance'' keeping well out of the line of his own great guns, Captain Pearson of ''Serapis'' accepted that prolonging the battle could achieve nothing, so he surrendered. Most of ''Bonhomme Richard''{{'}}s crew transferred to other vessels, and after a day and a half of frantic repair efforts, it was decided that the ship could not be saved. ''Bonhomme Richard'' was allowed to sink, and Jones took command of ''Serapis'' for the trip to the island of [[Texel]] in neutral (but American-sympathizing) Holland.
 
In the following year, King [[Louis XVI]] of France honored Jones with the title "[[Knight|Chevalier]]". Jones accepted the honor and desired the title to be used thereafter: when the [[Continental Congress]] in 1787 resolved that a medal of gold be struck in commemoration of his "valor and brilliant services" it was to be presented to "Chevalier John Paul Jones". He also received from Louis XVI a decoration of "l'Institution du Mérite Militaire" and a sword. By contrast, in Britain at this time, he was usually denigrated as a pirate.
 
Jones was also admitted as an original member of The [[Society of the Cincinnati]] in the state of Pennsylvania when it was established in 1783.<ref>Metcalf, Bryce (1938). ''Original Members and Other Officers Eligible to the [[Society of the Cincinnati]], 1783–1938: With the Institution, Rules of Admission, and Lists of the Officers of the General and State Societies.'' Strasburg, VA: Shenandoah Publishing House, Inc., p. 181.</ref>
 
===Russian service===
{{further|Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)}}
[[File:John Paul Jones Houdon.jpg|thumb|A 1908 plaster casting of John Paul Jones taken from an original model in 1781 by Jean-Antoine Houdon, now housed at the [[National Maritime Museum]] in [[Greenwich]], London]]
 
In June 1782, Jones was appointed to command the 74-gun {{USS|America|1782|6}}, but his command fell through when Congress decided to give ''America'' to the French as replacement for the wrecked ''[[French ship Magnifique (1749)|Le Magnifique]]''. As a result, he was given assignment in Europe in 1783 to collect prize money due his former hands. At length, this too expired and Jones was left without prospects for active employment, leading him on April 23, 1787, to enter into the service of the Empress [[Catherine the Great|Catherine II of Russia]], who placed great confidence in Jones, saying: "He will get to [[Constantinople]]". He was granted name as a French subject Павел де Жонес (''Pavel de Zhones'', Paul de Jones).<ref>Kravtsevych-Rozhnetsky, V. ''[http://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2011/03/30/33852/ Сидір Білий і Чорний Корсар. Як козаки із засновником ВМФ США воювали (Sydir Bilyi and the Black Corsair. How Cossacks with the founder of USN battled)]''. [[Ukrayinska Pravda]]. March 30, 2011.</ref>
 
Jones avowed his intention, however, to preserve the condition of an American citizen and officer.<!-- What does this mean? If there is no evidence it should be deleted. --> As a [[rear admiral]] aboard the 24-gun flagship ''Vladimir'', he took part in the naval campaign in the [[Dnieper–Bug estuary|Dnieper-Bug Liman]], an arm of the [[Black Sea]], into which the [[Southern Bug]] and [[Dnieper]] rivers flows, against the [[Turkish people|Turks]], in concert with the [[Dnieper Flotilla#Russo-Turkish War (1787–92)|Dnieper Flotilla]] commanded by Prince [[Karl Heinrich von Nassau-Siegen|Charles of Nassau-Siegen]]. Jones (and Nassau-Siegen) repulsed the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces from the area, but the jealous intrigues of Nassau-Siegen (and perhaps Jones's own ineptitude for Imperial politics) turned the Russian commander Prince [[Grigory Potemkin]] against Jones.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Admiral and the Ambassador: One Man's Obsessive Search for the Body of John Paul Jones|last=Martelle|first=Scott|year=2014|publisher=Chicago Review Press|pages=102–106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qqk2AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102|access-date=March 4, 2015|isbn=978-1613747308}} {{in lang|en}}</ref> <!-- Is this citing the book, or a review article? If the latter its not a credible source. I have reservations about the book, given a lack of clear citations. -->
 
Jones was recalled to [[Saint Petersburg]] for the claimed purpose of transfer to a command in the North Sea. Other factors may have included the theoretical resentment of rival officers, some of whom were several ex-British naval officers also in Russian employment, who regarded Jones as a renegade and refused to speak to him.<!-- There was no citation for these claims of conspiracy against John Paul Jones.
 
Thus, I have shortened this segment and made it clear that this is a "possible" factor, to help future editors assess it more critically. -->
 
On June 8, 1788, Jones was awarded the [[Order of Saint Anna]], but he left the following month, an embittered man. In 1789, Jones arrived in [[Warsaw]], [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]], where he befriended [[Tadeusz Kościuszko]], a veteran of the American Revolutionary War. Kościuszko advised him to leave the service of the autocratic Russia<!-- Russia's autocracy is irrelevant to this paragraph and serves only to put a positive slant on Jones's struggle to find employment in Russia. --> and serve another power, suggesting [[Gustavian era|Sweden]]. Despite Kościuszko's backing, the [[Swedes]], while somewhat interested, in the end decided not to recruit Jones.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kosciuszko Ksiaze chlopow|author=Alex Storozynski|publisher=W.A.B.|pages=189–191|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvanuAAACAAJ|year=2011|access-date=2 January 2013|isbn=978-83-7414-930-3}}</ref> Catherine, who retained a personal enmity for Jones, had blocked his appointment to not just the Swedish navy, but the Danish navy also.<ref name=":1" />
 
[[File:Captain John Paul Jones, Continental Navy.jpg|thumb|John Paul Jones depicted in a 1906 portrait by [[Cecilia Beaux]]]]
 
====Rape allegation and exile====
In April 1789, Jones was accused of raping a 10-year-old girl named Katerina Stepanova.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=Jacob |date=2019 |title="Я Тоже:" The Rape of Katerina Stepanova and John Paul Jones' Russian Legacy |url=https://pasttensejournal.files.wordpress.com/2019/04/past-tense-vol-7-spring-2019-2.pdf |journal=Past Tense: Graduate Review of History |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=33 |via=Past Tense Journal}}</ref> <!-- The original citation was unclear over the name of her father. The new citation is not.
 
Her father, however, is irrelevant to this sentence. She lived with her mother, who took care of her and began the legal proceedings. I have removed it and added her surname. -->This event is contentious among biographers, as John Paul Jones was a foreigner among the Russian court, threatening the power structure that existed at the times. Most biographers are skeptical of these accounts labeling them fabrication, intrigue, or slander and argue that Jones was framed as a way to remove him from power.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=Jacob |date=2019 |title="Я Тоже:" The Rape of Katerina Stepanova and John Paul Jones' Russian Legacy |url=https://pasttensejournal.files.wordpress.com/2019/04/past-tense-vol-7-spring-2019-2.pdf |journal=Past Tense: Graduate Review of History |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=45 |via=Past Tense Journal}}</ref>
 
Stepanova testified to the police that she had been summoned to his apartment to sell him butter, when he punched her in the face, gagged her with a white handkerchief, and vaginally penetrated her. A regimental surgeon and a midwife both examined her and found evidence to substantiate these physical and sexual assaults.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=Jacob |date=2019 |title="Я Тоже:" The Rape of Katerina Stepanova and John Paul Jones' Russian Legacy |url=https://pasttensejournal.files.wordpress.com/2019/04/past-tense-vol-7-spring-2019-2.pdf |journal=Past Tense: Graduate Review of History. |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=41 |via=Past Tense Journal}}</ref> There had been a delay on one day in reporting the rape, which meant the case would ordinarily not continue, due to Russian statutory codes considering any such delay evidence of consent, but Catherine intervened directly to allow the legal proceedings to continue.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=Jacob |date=2019 |title="Я Тоже:" The Rape of Katerina Stepanova and John Paul Jones' Russian Legacy |url=https://pasttensejournal.files.wordpress.com/2019/04/past-tense-vol-7-spring-2019-2.pdf |journal=Past Tense: Graduate Review of History |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=45 |via=Past Tense Journal}}</ref>
 
Jones responded to the allegations by claiming that he had paid the girl for sex several times, denying that he had deprived her of her virginity, and suggesting she was older than 10.<ref>Charles King, ''Odessa: Genius and Death in a City of Dreams'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 2011; {{ISBN|0-393-07084-0}}), p. 47.</ref><!-- These phrases ("often frolicked", "a small cash payment") are unhelpful and downplay the severity of the accusation. He was accused of violently penetrating a 10 year old girl, of stunning her with punches, and of threatening to kill her if she told anyone.
 
This segment should instead be clear as to what he claimed, specifically that he was routinely paying a 10 year old girl for sex.
 
It is also unhelpful to state that he admitted it, because that suggests this is the truth of the matter, when in reality it is plausibly a lie designed to support his defense. A more neutral phrasing like "later told" is more appropriate. --> However, Jones would later change his story and claim the accusation was entirely false, stemming from the supposed desire of Katerina's mother, Sophia Fyodorovna, to gain financially from a prominent man.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=Jacob |date=2019 |title="Я Тоже:" The Rape of Katerina Stepanova and John Paul Jones' Russian Legacy |url=https://pasttensejournal.files.wordpress.com/2019/04/past-tense-vol-7-spring-2019-2.pdf |journal=Past Tense Graduate Review of History |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=42–43 |via=Past Tense Journal}}</ref> He involved the [[Louis Philippe, comte de Ségur|Comte de Ségur]], the French representative at the Russian court (and also Jones's last friend in the capital), who investigated the accusation and suggested to Potemkin that it was false, and that Jones was the victim of a plot by Prince Charles for his own purposes.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Jaroslav Poleschuk |date=2014-04-16 |title=J. Paul Jones |url=http://for.lib.kherson.ua/en-jones.htm |access-date=2014-04-22 |website=For.lib.kherson.ua}}</ref><!-- This is not a credible source. It references a now defunct website which had copied a few pages from a 1989 military history of John Paul Jones by Samuel Eliot Morison.
 
There are no citations listed and it makes a number of statements regarding the rape accusation which require substantiation. It could do with being reviewed in the light of Jacob Bell 2019 ("Я Тоже:" The Rape of Katerina Stepanova and John Paul Jones' Russian Legacy).
 
I have slightly edited the sentence for neutrality, given that there was indeed international support for John Paul Jones, driven by de Segur, though the extent to which is persuaded any Russians is not evidenced.
 
This link shows the original citation, such as it is.
https://web.archive.org/web/20220315202744/http://for.lib.kherson.ua/en-jones.htm --> Jones went on to gather evidence, producing Katerina's father, Stephan Holtszwarthen, to testify in court that his daughter was 12 and that his wife had left him for another man, lived in a brothel, and was herself promiscuous.<ref name=":0" />
 
The international pressure applied by American and French connections via the Comte de Ségur exerted a softening influence on Catherine. She granted him two years leave abroad, a de facto exile. According to Jacob Bell:
 
<blockquote>The Empress' actions here proved her priorities. She dismissed a tried naval commander, especially sought out by her agents abroad, during wartime, showing that she merited the allegations against Jones higher than his potential martial service.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=Jacob |date=2019 |title="Я Тоже:" The Rape of Katerina Stepanova and John Paul Jones' Russian Legacy |url=https://pasttensejournal.files.wordpress.com/2019/04/past-tense-vol-7-spring-2019-2.pdf |journal=Past Tense Graduate Review of History |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=47 |via=Past Tense Journal}}</ref></blockquote>
 
During this period, he wrote his ''Narrative of the Campaign of the Liman''.<ref name="Narrative of the Campaign of the Liman (Audiobook)">{{Cite web |author=John Paul Jones |date=1830 |title=Narrative of the Campaign of the Liman (Audiobook) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XxaJKSRp8KA |publisher=New York: D. Fanshaw}}</ref><!-- This is not a credible source. The actual book should be cited, preferably with further details.
 
The sentence may also benefit from being moved away from the rape accusation and fallout. I've put it on a new line to separate it slightly. -->
 
==Later life==
[[File:Fourth grade hero.jpg|thumb|The [[John Paul Jones Memorial]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]]]
 
In May 1790, Jones arrived in Paris. He still retained his position as Russian Rear Admiral, with a corresponding pension which allowed him to remain in retirement until his death two years later, but he was no longer able to find a foothold in Paris society. [[Thomas Carlyle]] wrote of him, "Poor Paul! Hunger and dispiritment track thy sinking footsteps".<ref name="hornick">{{cite book |last1=Hornick |first1=Robert |title=What Remains: Searching for the Memory and Lost Grave of John Paul Jones |date=2017 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst |isbn=978-1613765180}}</ref>{{rp|44}} During this time he made several attempts to re-enter the service in the Russian Navy. However, Catherine did not respond to his letters, explaining to their go-between [[Friedrich Melchior, Baron von Grimm|Baron von Grimm]] that Jones' service record was not exceptional and that Russian seamen refused to serve under him, because of the accusation that he raped a girl.<ref name=":1" />
 
By this time, his memoirs had been published in Edinburgh. Inspired by them, [[James Fenimore Cooper]] and [[Alexandre Dumas]] later wrote their own adventure novels: Cooper's 1824 novel ''[[The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea|The Pilot]]'' contains fictionalized accounts of Jones's maritime activities,<ref>{{Cite web |title=James Fenimore Cooper: Sea Tales |url=http://www.loa.org/volume.jsp?RequestID=30 |access-date=2012-11-28 |publisher=The Library of America}}</ref> and Dumas' ''Captain Paul'' is a follow-up novel to ''The Pilot'', published in 1846.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paul Jones, or, The son of the sea [electronic resource] |url=http://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/9308477 |access-date=2012-11-28 |publisher=Stanford University Libraries}}</ref> According to Walter Herrick:
 
<blockquote>Jones was a sailor of indomitable courage, of strong will, and of great ability in his chosen career.... He was also a hypocrite, a brawler, a rake, and a professional and social climber.<ref>Walter R. Herrick, Jr. "Jones, John Paul" in John A. Garraty, ''Encyclopedia of American Biography'' (1974), pp. 598–599.</ref></blockquote>
 
Jones was an investor in western lands with [[William Trent]].<ref>Clark, William Bell, et al. "A Forgotten Investment of John Paul Jones." ''The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography'', vol. 77, no. 2, 1953, pp. 156–63. {{Jstor|20088455}}. Accessed 10 Aug. 2023.</ref>
 
==Death==
In June 1792, Jones was appointed U.S. [[Consul (representative)|Consul]] to treat with the [[Dey]] of [[Algiers]] for the release of American captives. Before Jones was able to fulfill his appointment, he was found dead lying face-down on his bed in his third-floor Paris apartment, No. 19 Rue de Tournon, on July 18, 1792. He was 45 years old. The cause of death was [[interstitial nephritis]].<ref>[http://www.uswarmemorials.org/html/site_details.php?SiteID=238 John Paul Jones House] at uswarmemorials.org</ref> A small procession of servants, friends and loyal family walked his body {{convert|4|mi|km|spell=in}} for burial. He was buried in Paris at the Saint Louis Cemetery, which belonged to the French royal family. In their obituaries, the American press had partially forgotten his achievements and some described him as a French war hero.<ref name="hornick"/>{{rp|47}}
 
Jones's grave was either unmarked, or the marker was stolen at an unknown point.<ref name="hornick"/>{{rp|106}} By the time Americans began searching for his coffin in 1899, the record of his burial plot had also been lost, burned by the [[Paris Commune]] during the ''[[semaine sanglante]]''.<ref name="hornick"/>{{rp|96}} Meanwhile, his personal papers had been transferred between several people and finally were displayed in the shop window of a New York bakery, where in 1824 a customer noticed them and purchased them. A New York newspaper described the papers as documents belonging to "Franklin, Hancock, La Fayette and John Adams," failing to mention Jones himself.<ref name="hornick"/>{{rp|67}}
 
===Exhumation and reburial===
[[File:Jones & Barry, 1c, 1936 issue.jpg|thumb|John Paul Jones and [[John Barry (naval officer)|John Barry]] honored on [[United States Postal Service|U.S. postage]]<br>Navy Issue of 1936]]
[[File:US Navy 050527-N-6077T-007 Father of the U.S. Navy, John Paul Jones, is entombed at the U.S. Naval Academy and is guarded by Midshipman 24-hours a day, three hundred sixty five days a year.jpg|thumb|Jones's marble and bronze [[sarcophagus]] at the [[United States Naval Academy|U.S. Naval Academy]] in [[Annapolis, Maryland]]]]
 
In 1905, Jones' remains were identified by U.S. Ambassador to France General [[Horace Porter]], who had searched for six years to track down the body using a poor 1851 copy of the missing burial record. After Jones's death, Frenchman Pierrot Francois Simmoneau had donated over 460 francs to mummify the body. It had been preserved in alcohol and interred in a lead coffin "in the event that should the United States decide to claim his remains, they might more easily be identified." Porter knew what to look for in his search. With the aid of an old map of Paris, Porter's team, which included anthropologist Louis Capitan, identified the site of the former St. Louis Cemetery for Alien Protestants. Sounding probes were used to search for lead coffins, and five coffins were ultimately exhumed. The third, unearthed on April 7, 1905, was immediately recognized as Jones by the excavators.<ref name="hornick"/>{{rp|105}} A post-mortem examination by Doctors Capitan and Georges Papillault confirmed their impression, finding several points by which the corpse could be identified as Jones. The autopsy confirmed the original listing of cause of death. The face was later compared to a bust by [[Jean-Antoine Houdon]].<ref name="hornick"/>{{rp|114}}
 
Jones's body was brought to the United States aboard the {{USS|Brooklyn|CA-3}}, escorted by three other cruisers, one being the {{USS|Tacoma|CL-20}}. On approaching the American coastline, seven U.S. Navy battleships joined the procession escorting Jones's body back to America. On April 24, 1906, Jones's coffin was installed in Bancroft Hall at the [[United States Naval Academy#Halls and principal buildings|U.S. Naval Academy]], [[Annapolis, Maryland]], following a ceremony in Dahlgren Hall, presided by President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] who gave a speech paying tribute to Jones and holding him up as an example to the officers of the Navy.<ref>Roosevelt, Theodore [https://web.archive.org/web/20091201105655/http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/trjpjburial.html Dedication speech, Annapolis] (24 April 1906)</ref> On January 26, 1913, the captain's remains were finally re-interred in a bronze and marble [[sarcophagus]] designed by [[Sylvain Salières]] at the [[Naval Academy Chapel]] in Annapolis.<ref>[http://www.usna.com/Parents/SPPA/Library_Dir/USNA-Traditions.htm USNA Traditions] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120192445/http://usna.com/Parents/SPPA/Library_Dir/USNA-Traditions.htm|date=2008-11-20}} U.S. Naval Academy Alumni Association</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navalhistory.org/2012/01/26/the-final-resting-place-of-john-paul-jones|title=The Final Resting Place of John Paul Jones|date=January 26, 2012}}</ref>
 
==Posthumous pardon at Whitehaven==
Jones was given an honorary pardon in 1999 by the port of Whitehaven for his raid on the town, in the presence of Lieutenant Steve Lyons representing the U.S. Naval Attaché to the UK, and Yuri Fokine the [[List of ambassadors of Russia to the United Kingdom|Russian Ambassador to the UK]]. The U.S. Navy was also awarded the Freedom of the Port of Whitehaven, the only time the honour has been granted in its 400-year history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsandstar.co.uk/news/16800287.vip-guests-remember-infamous-dawn-raid/|title=VIP guests remember infamous dawn raid|date=September 20, 2006|website=News and Star}}</ref> The pardon and freedom were arranged by [[Gerard Richardson (author)|Gerard Richardson]] as part of the launch of the series of Maritime Festival. Richardson's of Whitehaven, a wine and coffee merchant in the town, is now the honorary consulate to the U.S. Navy for the Town and Port of Whitehaven. The consul is Rear Admiral (retired) U.S. Navy Steve Morgan, and the deputy consul is Rob Romano.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://test.cnmedia.co.uk/sellafield-boss-steve-is-consul-to-us-navy-1.75725|title=Cn Media|access-date=May 16, 2017|archive-date=October 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026001520/http://test.cnmedia.co.uk/sellafield-boss-steve-is-consul-to-us-navy-1.75725|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
==In popular culture==
* [[James Fenimore Cooper]] wrote a historical novel ''[[The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea]]'', published in 1823, featuring John Paul Jones as its main character. This novel was later reinterpreted by the French writer [[Alexandre Dumas]] in ''Captain Paul'' (''Le Capitaine Paul''), published in 1838.
* In 1923, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] wrote a screenplay about Jones and sent it to [[Paramount Pictures]] founder [[Adolph Zukor]], who politely rejected it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recipe for Success, by Jane West Walton|work=The Coronet, February 1947 |url=http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/FDR_Hollywood_biography_Trivia|access-date=2014-12-01}}</ref>
* There is a single Hollywood film about him, ''[[John Paul Jones (film)|John Paul Jones]]'' (1959), which includes a largely fictionalized portrayal of his private life. There is also a single 45-minute documentary about him, produced in 1995.
* [[Johnny Horton]] wrote a sea shanty about John Paul Jones in 1960.
* The Longest Johns also made a song referring to him from the British perspective titled "John Paul Jones Is a Pirate".
* John Paul Jones is referenced in ''Sitka'' by Louis L'Amour, when Jean LaBarge alludes to Jones's service in the Imperial Russian Army.
 
==See also==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* [[John Hazelwood|Commodore John Hazelwood]], commander of the [[Continental Navy]] and [[Pennsylvania Navy]] during the [[Philadelphia campaign]]
* [[John Paul Jones Cottage Museum]], birthplace of Jones in Scotland
* [[John Paul Jones House]], residence in New Hampshire during construction of ''America''
* {{USS|Paul Jones|1862}}, a steam [[gunboat]], commissioned in 1862, decommissioned in 1867
* {{USS|Paul Jones|DD-10}}, a {{sclass|Bainbridge|destroyer}}, commissioned in 1902, decommissioned in 1919
* {{USS|Paul Jones|DD-230}}, a {{sclass|Clemson|destroyer}}, commissioned in 1921, decommissioned in 1945
* {{USS|John Paul Jones|DD-932}}, a {{sclass|Forrest Sherman|destroyer}} of the U.S. Navy. Commissioned 1956; decommissioned 1982
* {{USS|John Paul Jones|DDG-53}}, an {{sclass|Arleigh Burke|destroyer}} in active service in the U.S. Navy. Commissioned in 1993.
 
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
==Bibliography==
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Jones, John Paul|volume=15|pages=499–500}}
* {{Citation|title=John Paul Jones and the Bonhomme Richard|last=Boudriot|first=Jean|year=1987|series=Collection archeologie navale française|type=technical study of the ship|isbn=2-903178-20-8}}.
* {{Citation|title=The papers of John Paul Jones|editor-last=Bradford|editor-first=James C.|editor-link = James C. Bradford|publisher=Chadwyck-Healey|place=Cambridge, UK; Alexandria, VA|year=1986|type=10 microfilm reels}}.
* {{Citation|title=Guide to the microfilm edition of the papers of John Paul Jones, 1747–1792|last=Bradford|first=James C.|publisher=Chadwyck-Healey|place=Alexandria, VA|year=1986|author-mask=3}}.
* {{Cite book|title=Commodore Paul Jones|last=Brady|first=Cyrus Townsend|author-link=Cyrus Townsend Brady|year=1906|publisher=D. Appleton & Co|place=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/commodorepauljo01bradgoog|ref=Brady}}, 482 pp; original from Univ. California.
* {{Citation|title=The John Paul Jones–Willie Jones Tradition|last=Cotten|first =Elizabeth H.|publisher=Heritage Printers|place=Charlotte|year=1966|asin=B0007F8TO2}}.
* {{Citation|title=The Life and Letters of John Paul Jones|last=de Koven|first=Reginald (Mrs.)|publisher=Werner Laurie|place=London|year=1913}}, 2 vols.
* {{Citation|title=John Paul Jones's Locker: The Mutinous Men of the Continental Ship Ranger and the Confinement of Lieutenant Thomas Simpson|last=Feld|first=Jonathan|publisher=Naval History and Heritage Command|place=Washington, D.C.|year=2017|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/people/historical-figures/john-paul-jones/john-paul-jones--locker.html}}.
* {{Citation|title=The Pictorial Book of The Commodores; Comprising Lives of Distinguished Commanders In The Navy of The United States|last=Frost|first=John|publisher=Nafis & Cornish|place=New York|year=1845}}.
* {{Citation|title=The Ships of John Paul Jones|last=Gilkerson|first=William|date=1987|publisher=Naval Institute Press|place=Annapolis, MD|type=technical study|isbn=0-87021-619-8}}.
* {{Citation|title=Home is the sailor|last=Goodheart|first=Adam|pages=32–46|newspaper=Smithsonian Magazine|url=http://www.smithsonianmagazine.com/issues/2006/april/poi.php|date=April 2006}}.
* {{Citation|title=John Paul Jones|publisher=Harper & Bros|place=New York City, NY|year=1855|volume=11|number=62|pages=145–70|newspaper=[[Harper's Magazine]]|url=http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABK4014-0011-20}}.
* Herrick Jr. "Jones, John Paul " in John A. Garraty, ''Encyclopedia of American Biography'' (1974) pp 598–599. [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam00garr online]
* {{Cite book|title=John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography|last=Morison|first=Samuel Eliot|author-link=Samuel Eliot Morison|others=Raisz, Erwin, charts and diagrams|orig-year=1959|publisher=Little, Brown & Co|location=Boston, MA|id={{LCC|E207.J7 M6}}|series=US Naval Institute Press Bluejacket Books|date=1999|isbn=1-55750-410-5}}
* {{Cite book|title=The navy of the American Revolution: its administration, its policy and its achievements|last=Paullin|first=Charles Oscar|author-link=Charles O. Paullin|year=1906|publisher=The Burrows Brothers/Republican Printing | place = Iowa|url=https://archive.org/details/navyamericanrev01paulgoog|ref=Paullin}}, 549 pp.
* {{Citation|title=Who was Who in the American Revolution|last=Purcell|first=L. Edward|publisher=Facts on File|place=New York City, NY|year=1993|isbn=0-8160-2107-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/whowaswhoinameri00purc}}.
* Sherburne, John H. ''The Life and Character of John Paul Jones''. Adriance, Sherman & Co. Publishing. New York, pp.&nbsp;10, 1851.
* {{Citation|title=John Paul Jones: Sailor, Hero, Father of the American Navy|last=Thomas|first=Evan|publisher=Thorndike Press|place=Waterville, ME|year=2003|type=popular biography|isbn=0-7862-5875-6}}.
 
==Further reading==
{{See also|Bibliography of early United States naval history}}
* {{Citation|title=John Paul Jones of Naval Fame: a Character of the Revolution|last=Brown|first=Charles Walter|publisher=M.A. Donohue & Co.|place=Chicago, IL|year=1902|isbn=978-0795024986|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IaBBAAAAYAAJ&q=john+paul+jones}}, 271 pp.
* {{Citation|title=John Paul Jones: America's First Sea Warrior|last=Callo|first=Joseph|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=2011|isbn=978-1612510163|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uX8CbfFntvQC&q=john+paul+jones}}, 289 pp.
* {{Cite book|title=The Life of Paul Jones: From Original Documents in the Possession of John Henry Sherburne|last=Sherburne|first=John Henry|year=1825|publisher=John Murray|place=London|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofpauljonesf00sher}} 320 pp.
* {{Cite book|title=The Life and Character of John Paul Jones: A Captain in the United States Navy. During the Revolutionary War|last=Sherburne|first=John Henry|year=1851|publisher=Adriance, Sherman & Co|isbn=978-0608401683|place=New York City, NY|author-mask=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JB5CAAAAIAAJ&q=john+paul+jones|ref=Sherburne}}, 408 pp.
 
==External links==
{{Commons |John Paul Jones}}
* http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq58-1.htm
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Citation|title=John Paul Jones|publisher=U.S. Navy|url=http://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/traditions/html/jpjones.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040627081052/http://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/traditions/html/jpjones.html|archive-date=2004-06-27}}.
* {{Citation|title=FAQ|publisher=U.S. Navy|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq58-1.htm|access-date=November 16, 2001|archive-date=November 16, 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011116194406/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq58-1.htm|url-status=dead}}.
* [http://www.americanrevolution.org/jpj.html Excerpts form the Journals of my Campaign&nbsp;– John Paul Jones]
* [http://www.johnpauljonesmuseum.com John Paul Jones Museum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050619083245/http://www.numa.net/articles/report_of_john_paul_jones.html Official report by Jones] from aboard ''Serapis'' in Holland (1779)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130126221720/http://sppa.usnaparents.com/Library_Dir/Qualifications%20of%20a%20Naval%20Officer.htm The Best Quote Jones Never Wrote]
* [http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/general/articles/johnpauljones.aspx John Paul Jones and Asymmetric Warfare]
* [http://www.yorkshirehistory.com Battle of Flamborough Head]
* [http://www.jpj.demon.co.uk/whitehaven.pdf Jones's attack upon Whitehaven, as reported in ''Lloyd's Evening Post'', 1778]
* [https://www.americanrevolutioninstitute.org The American Revolution Institute]
 
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{{Hall of Fame for Great Americans}}
{{American Revolutionary War|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jones, John Paul}}
'''John Paul Jones''', pseudonym of John Baldwin, b. [[January 3]], [[1946]], was the bassist and keyboard player for [[Led Zeppelin]] until the band's breakup after the death of [[John Bonham]].
[[Category:1747 births]]
[[Category:1792 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century American diplomats]]
[[Category:18th-century American naval officers]]
[[Category:18th-century Scottish people]]
[[Category:United States Navy personnel of the American Revolution]]
[[Category:American sailors]]
[[Category:Burials in Maryland]]
[[Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients]]
[[Category:Continental Navy officers]]
[[Category:Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees]]
[[Category:Imperial Russian Navy admirals]]
[[Category:Les Neuf Sœurs]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Fredericksburg, Virginia]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Dumfries and Galloway]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna]]
[[Category:Scottish emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Scottish Freemasons]]
[[Category:Scottish mercenaries]]
[[Category:Scottish slave traders]]
[[Category:Scottish admirals]]
[[Category:Mummies]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]
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