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He studied marine biology in [[Naples]], [[Monaco]] and the [[Isle of Man]] before returning to teach [[zoology]] at the University of Edinburgh.{{R|S2A3Bio}} During his three months at Naples (May to July 1893) he completed most of the translation of ''Monismus als Band zwischen Religion und Wissenschaft'', by [[Ernst Haeckel]], into English as ''Monism as Connecting Religion and Science. The Confession of Faith of a Man of Science''{{R|Monism}} (1894). Haeckel sent a copy of the English translation to [[Thomas Henry Huxley|Huxley]] and complained about the difficulties Gilchrist had encountered trying to find a publisher.<ref>Haeckel an Huxley Jena, 30. Nov. 1894, in: Georg Ushmann und Ilse Jahn, "Der Briefwechsel zwischen Thomas Henry Huxley und Ernst Haeckel. Ein Beitrag zum Darwin-Jahr“, in: Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jahrgang 9, 1960, S.28.</ref>
Gilchrist was appointed Marine Biologist in the [[Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (South Africa)|Department of Agriculture]] of the [[Cape of Good Hope]], [[Cape Colony]] in December 1895 and took up the position in early 1896.{{CN|date=July 2024}} He held the post of Professor and Director of Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey of South Africa{{R|NHM}} and initiated a marine biological survey in 1897, using the vessel ''Pieter Faure'', which led to the discovery of new stocks of [[hake]] near [[Dassen Island]] and [[Sole (fish)|sole]] near [[Mossel Bay]]. The survey was extended in 1901 to the coast of [[Colony of Natal|Natal]] but no new [[trawling]] grounds were found.{{R|S2A3Bio|Handmaiden}}
A biological laboratory for marine research focusing on marine [[fauna]], sea temperature and [[salinity]] as a means of studying ocean currents, was built at St James in 1902 at Gilchrist's request.{{R|S2A3Bio}} [[William Wardlaw Thompson]] was his assistant for most of Gilchrist's [[tenure]]{{R|WWT}} and Thompson co-authored many important papers with him, including ''The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa''{{R|Freshwater}} and ''A catalogue of the sea fishes recorded from Natal''.{{R|Catalogue}}
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