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| region5 = {{flagcountry|Germany}}
| pop5 = 1.2–1.5 million
| ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/interview-am-morgen-wir-deutsche-kurden-aergern-uns-ueber-die-bundesregierung-1.3913545!amp|title="Wir Kurden ärgern uns über die Bundesregierung" – Politik |date=21 March 2018 |publisher=Süddeutsche.de|access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heise.de/tp/features/Geschenk-an-Erdogan-Kurdisches-Kulturfestival-verboten-4155967.html|title=Geschenk an Erdogan? Kurdisches Kulturfestival verboten|date=5 September 2018 |publisher=heise.de|access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref>
| region6 = {{flag|Azerbaijan}}
| pop6 = 150,000–180,000
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| languages = [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]<br>{{smaller|''In their different varieties: [[Central Kurdish|Sorani]], [[Northern Kurdish|Kurmanji]], [[Southern Kurdish|Pehlewani]], [[Laki language|Laki]]''}}<ref name="Iranatlas" >{{cite web |title=Atlas of the Languages of Iran A working classification |url=http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.classification |website=Languages of Iran |access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref><br>[[Zaza language|Zazaki]], [[Gorani language (Zaza-Gorani)|Gorani]]<ref name="leezenberg">{{cite journal |author1=Michiel Leezenberg |title=Gorani Influence on Central Kurdish: Substratum or Prestige Borrowing? |journal=ILLC – Department of Philosophy, University of Amsterdam |page=1 |year=1993 |url=http://home.hum.uva.nl/oz/leezenberg/GInflCK.pdf |access-date=29 May 2019 |archive-date=12 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712070357/http://home.hum.uva.nl/oz/leezenberg/GInflCK.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| religions = Predominantly [[Sunni Islam]]<br/>with minorities of [[Shia Islam]], [[Kurdish Alevism]], [[Yazidism]], [[Yarsanism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[History of the Jews in Kurdistan|Judaism]], [[Christianity]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Kurds in Turkey |url=https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/faq/kurds-turkey}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thekurdishproject.org/history-and-culture/kurdistan-religion/ | title=Learn About Kurdish Religion }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/kurds-iran-missing-piece-middle-east-puzzle | title=Kurds of Iran: The missing piece in the Middle East Puzzle }}</ref>
| related = Other [[Iranian peoples|Iranic peoples]]
| footnotes =
}}
{{Kurds}}
'''Kurdish people''' or '''Kurds''' ({{lang-ku|کورد|rtl=yes}}, {{lang|ku-Latn|Kurd}})
Kurds speak the [[Kurdish languages]] and the [[Zaza–Gorani languages]], which belong to the [[Western Iranian languages|Western Iranian]] branch of the [[Iranian languages]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Kurds.html |title= Kurds |year= 2014 |encyclopedia= The Columbia Encyclopedia |edition=6th |publisher= Encyclopedia.com |access-date= 29 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Windfuhr |title=Iranian Languages |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135797041 |page=587}}</ref>
Kurds do not comprise a majority in any country, making them a [[Stateless nation|stateless people]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cfr.org/timeline/kurds-long-struggle-statelessness | title=Timeline: The Kurds' Quest for Independence }}</ref> After [[World War I]] and the defeat of the [[Ottoman Empire]], the victorious [[Allies of World War I|Western allies]] made provision for a Kurdish state in the 1920 [[Treaty of Sevres|Treaty of Sèvres]]. However, that promise was broken three years later, when the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] set the boundaries of modern Turkey and made no such provision, leaving Kurds with minority status in all of the new countries of [[Turkey]], [[Iraq]], and [[Syria]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29702440 Who are the Kurds?] by ''[[BBC News]]'', 31 October 2017</ref> Recent [[history of the Kurds]] includes numerous [[Anfal genocide|genocides]] and [[Dersim rebellion|rebellions]], along with ongoing armed conflicts in [[Turkish Kurdistan|Turkish]], [[Iranian Kurdistan|Iranian]], [[Syrian Kurdistan|Syrian]], and [[Iraqi Kurdistan]]. Kurds in Iraq and Syria have autonomous regions, while Kurdish movements continue to pursue greater [[cultural rights]], [[Self-governance|autonomy]], and [[independence]] throughout [[Kurdistan]]{{Definition|Explain what Kurdistan is, and if it constitutes more than Iraqi Kurdistan.|date=January 2024}}.
==Etymology==
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== Religion ==
{{Main|Religion in Kurdistan}}
===Islam===
Most Kurds are [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] who adhere to the [[Shafiʽi school]], while a significant minority adhere to the [[Hanafi]] school<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sarigil|first1=Zeki|last2=Fazlioglu|first2=Omer|date=2014|title=Exploring the roots and dynamics of Kurdish ethno-nationalism in Turkey|url=http://yoksis.bilkent.edu.tr/pdf/files/11511.pdf|journal=Nations and Nationalism|publisher=[[Bilkent University]]|volume=20|issue=3|page=447|doi=10.1111/nana.12058|hdl=11693/26432|hdl-access=free|access-date=20 February 2021|archive-date=18 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218061906/http://yoksis.bilkent.edu.tr/pdf/files/11511.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and also [[Kurdish Alevism|Alevism]]. Moreover, many Shafi'i Kurds adhere to either one of the two [[Sufism|Sufi]] orders [[Naqshbandi]] and [[Qadiriyya]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=van Bruinessen|first=Martin|date=2000|title=The Qadiriyya and the lineages of Qadiri shaykhs in Kurdistan|journal=Journal of the History of Sufism|volume=1–2|doi=|citeseerx=10.1.1.545.8465}}</ref>
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{{further|Safavid dynasty}}
[[File:Abbas_I_of_Persia.jpg|thumb|200x200px|5th [[Safavid dynasty#Safavid Shahs of Iran|Safavid shah]] [[Abbas the Great]], married a [[Mukriyan|Mukri]] noblewomen in 1610 AD.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Herbert |title=Sir Thomas Herbert, Bart: Travels in Africa, Persia, and Asia the Great : Some Years Travels Into Africa and Asia the Great, Especially Describing the Famous Empires of Persia and Hindustan, as Also Divers Other Kingdoms in the Oriental Indies, 1627–30, the 1677 Version. Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies. |date=2012 |publisher=ACMRS (Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies) |isbn=978-0-86698-475-1 |page=403}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=American Society of Genealogists |date=1997 |page=244}}</ref>]]
The [[Safavid]] dynasty, established in 1501, also established its rule over Kurdish-inhabited territories. The paternal line of this family actually had Kurdish roots,<ref>{{Harvnb|Amoretti|Matthee|2009}}: "Of Kurdish ancestry, the Ṣafavids started as a Sunnī mystical order (...)"<br>{{Harvnb|Matthee|2005|p=18}}: "The Safavids, as Iranians of Kurdish ancestry and of nontribal background, did not fit this pattern, although the stat they set up with the aid of Turkmen tribal forces of Eastern Anatolia closely resembled this division in its makeup. Yet, the Turk versus Tajik division was not impregnable."<br>{{Harvnb|Matthee|2008}}: "As Persians of Kurdish ancestry and of a non-tribal background, the Safavids did not fit this pattern, though the state they set up with the assistance of Turkmen tribal forces of eastern Anatolia closely resembled this division in its makeup."<br>{{Harvnb|Savory|2008|p=8}}: "This official version contains textual changes designed to obscure the Kurdish origins of the Safavid family and to vindicate their claim to descent from the Imams."<br>{{Harvnb|Hamid|2006|
The Safavid king [[Ismail I]] (r. 1501–1524) put down a Yezidi rebellion which went on from 1506 to 1510. A century later, the year-long [[Battle of Dimdim]] took place, wherein the Safavid king [[Abbas I of Persia|Abbas I]] (r. 1588–1629) succeeded in putting down the rebellion led by the Kurdish ruler Amir Khan Lepzerin. Thereafter, many Kurds were deported to [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]], not only to weaken the Kurds, but also to protect the eastern border from invading [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] tribes.<ref name="autogenerated2">''A People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan'' By Gérard Chaliand, Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou, and Marco Pallis, p. 205.</ref> Other forced movements and deportations of other groups were also implemented by Abbas I and his successors, most notably of the [[Armenians]], the [[Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns|Georgians]], and the [[Circassians]], who were moved en masse to and from other districts within the Persian empire.{{sfn|Blow|2009|page=66}}{{sfn|Aslanian|2011|page=1}}{{sfn|Bournoutian|2002|page=208}}{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2015|pages=291, 536}}{{sfn|Floor|Herzig|2012|page=479}}
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[[File:Kurdsofconstantinople_color.jpg|thumb|Two Kurds From [[Constantinople]] 1899]]
According to [[CIA Factbook]], Kurds formed approximately 18% of the population in Turkey (approximately 14 million) in 2008. One Western source estimates that up to 25% of the Turkish population is Kurdish (approximately 18–19 million people).<ref name="Mackey"/> Kurdish sources claim there are as many as 20 or 25 million Kurds in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2008/3/turkeykurdistan1755.htm |title=Thousands of Kurds celebrate New Kurdish Year Newroz in southeastern Turkey |website=[[Ekurd.net]] |date=21 March 2008 |access-date=2 December 2011}}</ref>
In 1980, [[Ethnologue]] estimated the number of [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]-speakers in Turkey at around five million,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TRA |title=Ethnologue census of languages in Asian portion of Turkey |work=Ethnologue.com |access-date=2 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018235156/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TRA |archive-date=18 October 2011 }}</ref> when the country's population stood at 44 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/turkey/24.htm |title=Turkey – Population |publisher=Countrystudies.us |date=31 December 1994 |access-date=2 December 2011}}</ref> Kurds form the largest minority group in Turkey, and they have posed the most serious and persistent challenge to the official image of a homogeneous society. To [[Denial of Kurds by Turkey|deny an existence of Kurds]], the Turkish Government used several terms. "Mountain Turks" was a term was initially used by {{Interlanguage link|Abdullah Alpdoğan|lt=Abdullah Alpdoğan|tr||WD=}}. In 1961, in a foreword to the book ''Doğu İlleri ve Varto Tarihi'' of [[Mehmet Şerif Fırat]], the Turkish president [[Cemal Gürsel]] declared it of utmost importance to prove the Turkishness of the Kurds.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Scalbert-Yücel|first1=Clémence|last2=Ray|first2=Marie Le|date=2006-12-31|title=Knowledge, ideology and power. Deconstructing Kurdish Studies|url=http://journals.openedition.org/ejts/777|journal=European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey|language=en|issue=5|doi=10.4000/ejts.777|issn=1773-0546|doi-access=free|hdl=10036/37913|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Eastern Turk was another [[euphemism]] for Kurds from 1980 onwards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/turkey/26.htm |title=Linguistic and Ethnic Groups in Turkey |publisher=Countrystudies.us |access-date=2 December 2011}}</ref> Nowadays the Kurds, in Turkey, are still known under the name ''Easterner'' (Doğulu).
Several large scale Kurdish revolts in 1925, 1930 and 1938 were suppressed by the Turkish government and more than one million Kurds were forcibly relocated between 1925 and 1938. The use of Kurdish language, dress, [[folklore]], and names were banned and the Kurdish-inhabited areas remained under [[martial law]] until 1946.<ref>H. Hannum, ''Autonomy, Sovereignty, and Self-determination'', 534 pp., [[University of Pennsylvania Press]], 1996, {{ISBN|0-8122-1572-9}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8122-1572-4}}
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[[Leyla Zana]], the first Kurdish female MP from Diyarbakir, caused an uproar in [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Turkish Parliament]] after adding the following sentence in [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] to her parliamentary oath during the swearing-in ceremony in 1994: "I take this oath for the brotherhood of the Turkish and Kurdish peoples."<ref>Michael M. Gunter, ''The Kurds and the future of Turkey'', 194 pp., Palgrave Macmillan, 1997. (p.66)</ref>
In March 1994, the [[Turkish Parliament]] voted to lift the immunity of Zana and five other Kurdish [[Democracy Party (Turkey)|DEP]] members: Hatip Dicle, Ahmet Turk, Sirri Sakik, Orhan Dogan and Selim Sadak. Zana, Dicle, Sadak and Dogan were sentenced to 15 years in jail by the Supreme Court in October 1995. Zana was awarded the [[Sakharov Prize]] for human rights by the [[European Parliament]] in 1995. She was released in 2004 amid warnings from European institutions that the continued imprisonment of the four Kurdish MPs would affect Turkey's bid to join the [[EU]].<ref>Michael M. Gunter, ''The Kurds and the future of Turkey'', 194 pp., Palgrave Macmillan, 1997. (pp. 15, 66)</ref><ref>Bulent Gokay, ''The Kurdish Question in Turkey: Historical Roots, Domestic Concerns and International Law'', in ''Minorities, Peoples and Self-Determination'', Ed. by [[Nazila Ghanea]] and Alexandra Xanthaki, 352 pp., Martinus Nijhoff/Brill Publishers, 2005. (p. 332)</ref> The 2009 local elections resulted in 5.7% for Kurdish political party [[Democratic Society Party|DTP]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://secim.haberler.com/2009/partisonuc.asp?id=10 |title=Election results 2009 |work=Secim.haberler.com |access-date=2 March 2014}}</ref>
Officially protected death squads are accused of the disappearance of 3,200 Kurds and Assyrians in 1993 and 1994 in the so-called "mystery killings".
Kurdish politicians, human-rights activists, journalists, teachers and other members of intelligentsia were among the victims. Virtually none of the perpetrators were investigated nor punished. Turkish government also encouraged Islamic extremist group [[
''While acts of terrorism in other regions are done by the PKK; in Tunceli it is [[state terrorism]]. In Tunceli, it is the state that is evacuating and burning villages. In the southeast there are two million people left homeless.''<ref>J. C. Randal, ''After Such Knowledge, What Forgiveness?'', 356 pp., Westview Press, 1999, {{ISBN|0-8133-3580-9}}, p.259</ref>
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As a response to growing [[Pan-Turkism]] and [[Pan-Arabism]] in region which were seen as potential threats to the territorial integrity of Iran, [[Pan-Iranist]] ideology has been developed in the early 1920s.<ref name="ashraf"/> Some of such groups and journals openly advocated Iranian support to the Kurdish rebellion against [[Turkey]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Parvin|first=Nassereddin |title=Iran-e Kabir |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |publisher=Columbia University |location=New York |url= http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-e-kabir |date=15 December 2006 |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref> Secular [[Pahlavi dynasty]] has endorsed Iranian ethnic [[Iranian nationalism|nationalism]]<ref name="ashraf"/> which saw the Kurds as integral part of the Iranian nation.<ref name="banuaziziweiner"/> [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] has personally praised the Kurds as "pure Iranians" or "one of the most noble [[Iranian peoples]]". Another significant ideology during this period was [[Marxism]] which arose among Kurds under influence of [[USSR]]. It culminated in the [[Iran crisis of 1946]] which included a separatist attempt of [[KDP-I]] and [[communist]] groups<ref>Zabih, Sepehr (15 December 1992). [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/communism-ii Communism ii.]. in ''[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]''. New York: Columbia University</ref> to establish the [[USSR|Soviet]] [[puppet government]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Romano|first=David|title=The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity|series=Cambridge Middle East studies, 22.|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge, UK; New York|year=2006|page=227|isbn=978-0-521-85041-4|oclc=61425259}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Chelkowski|first1=Peter J.|last2=Pranger|first2=Robert J.|title=Ideology and Power in the Middle East: Studies in Honor of George Lenczowski|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|location=Durham|year=1988|page=[https://archive.org/details/ideologypowerinm0000unse/page/399 399]|isbn=978-0-8223-0781-5|oclc=16923212|url=https://archive.org/details/ideologypowerinm0000unse/page/399}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Abrahamian|first=Ervand|author-link=Ervand Abrahamian|title=Iran Between Two Revolutions|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=Princeton, N.J.|year=1982|pages=217–218|isbn=978-0-691-05342-4|oclc=7975938}}</ref> called [[Republic of Mahabad]]. It arose along with [[Azerbaijan People's Government]], another Soviet puppet state.<ref name="kreyenbroek1719"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Chubin|first1=Shahram|author-link1=Shahram Chubin|last2=Zabih|first2=Sepehr|title=The Foreign Relations of Iran: A Developing State in a Zone of Great-Power Conflict|year=1974|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/foreignrelations0000chub/page/39 39–41, 178]|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-02683-4|oclc=1219525|url=https://archive.org/details/foreignrelations0000chub/page/39}}</ref> The state itself encompassed a very small territory, including [[Mahabad]] and the adjacent cities, unable to incorporate the southern Iranian Kurdistan which fell inside the Anglo-American zone, and unable to attract the tribes outside Mahabad itself to the nationalist cause.<ref name="kreyenbroek1719"/> As a result, when the Soviets withdrew from Iran in December 1946, government forces were able to enter Mahabad unopposed.<ref name="kreyenbroek1719"/>
[[File:Qazi_Muhammad.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8
Several [[Nationalism|nationalist]] and [[Marxist]] insurgencies continued for decades ([[1967 Kurdish revolt in Iran|1967]], [[1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran|1979]], [[KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)|1989–96]]) led by [[KDP-I]] and [[Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan|Komalah]], but those two organization have never advocated a separate Kurdish state or greater Kurdistan as did the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]] in [[Turkey]].<ref name="kreyenbroek138141"/><ref name="romano240"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Abrahamian|first=Ervand|author-link=Ervand Abrahamian|title=Iran Between Two Revolutions|year=1982|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=Princeton, New Jersey|page=453|isbn=978-0-691-05342-4|oclc=7975938}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Yodfat|first=Aryeh|title=The Soviet Union and Revolutionary Iran|publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]]|location=New York|year=1984|isbn=978-0-312-74910-1|oclc=9282694|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/sovietunionarabi0000yodf}}</ref> Still, many of dissident leaders, among others [[Qazi Muhammad]] and [[Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou]], were executed or assassinated.<ref name="kreyenbroek1719"/> During [[Iran–Iraq War]], Tehran has provided support for Iraqi-based Kurdish groups like [[Kurdish Democratic Party|KDP]] or [[Patriotic Union of Kurdistan|PUK]], along with asylum for 1.4 million Iraqi refugees, mostly [[Kurdish refugees|Kurds]]. Kurdish Marxist groups have been marginalized in Iran since the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]]. In 2004 new [[Iran–PJAK conflict|insurrection]] started by [[PJAK]], separatist organization affiliated with the Turkey-based [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]]<ref name="katzman">{{cite book|last=Katzman|first=Kenneth|title=Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security|publisher=[[Nova Science Publishers]]|location=New York|year=2009|page=32|isbn=978-1-61470-116-3|oclc=756496931}}</ref> and designated as [[List of designated terrorist groups|terrorist]] by Iran, Turkey and the United States.<ref name="katzman"/> Some analysts claim PJAK do not pose any serious threat to the [[government of Iran]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Habeeb|first1=William Mark|last2=Frankel|first2=Rafael D.|last3=Al-Oraibi|first3=Mina|title=The Middle East in Turmoil: Conflict, Revolution, and Change|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|location=Santa Barbara|year=2012|page=46|isbn=978-0-313-33914-1|oclc=753913763}}</ref> Cease-fire has been established in September 2011 following the Iranian offensive on PJAK bases, but several clashes between PJAK and IRGC took place after it.<ref name="elling">{{cite book|last=Elling|first=Rasmus Christian|title=Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=New York|year=2013|page=312|isbn=978-0-230-11584-2|oclc=714725127}}</ref> Since the [[Iranian Revolution]] of 1979, accusations of "discrimination" by Western organizations and of "foreign involvement" by Iranian side have become very frequent.<ref name="elling"/>
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===Handicrafts===
[[File:KurdishNoble.jpg|thumb
Outside of weaving and clothing, there are many other Kurdish [[handicrafts]], which were traditionally often crafted by nomadic Kurdish tribes. These are especially well known in Iran, most notably the crafts from the [[Kermanshah]] and [[Sanandaj]] regions. Among these crafts are chess boards, talismans, jewelry, ornaments, weaponry, instruments etc.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
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{{Main|Deq (tattoo)}}
[[File:Kurdish-Deq.jpg|thumb|alt=A woman's tattooed right hand|Kurdish woman with deq tattoo]]
Adorning the body with [[tattoo]]s (''deq'' in Kurdish) is widespread among the Kurds; even though permanent tattoos are not permissible in Sunni Islam. Therefore, these traditional tattoos are thought to derive from pre-Islamic times.<ref name="Immigration Museum">{{cite web |url=http://museumvictoria.com.au/pages/14387/kurds-in-australia-brochure.pdf?epslanguage=en |format=PDF |publisher=Museumvictoria.com.au |title=Immigration Museum (2010) Survival of a culture: Kurds in Australia |access-date=7 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326153229/http://museumvictoria.com.au/pages/14387/kurds-in-australia-brochure.pdf?epslanguage=en |archive-date=26 March 2010 |url-status=dead
Tattoo ink is made by mixing [[soot]] with (breast) milk and the poisonous liquid from the gall bladder of an animal. The design is drawn on the skin using a thin twig and is injected under the skin using a needle. These have a wide variety of meanings and purposes, among which are protection against evil or illnesses; beauty enhancement; and the showing of tribal affiliations. [[Religious symbolism]] is also common among both traditional and modern Kurdish tattoos. Tattoos are more prevalent among women than among men, and were generally worn on feet, the chin, foreheads and other places of the body.<ref name="Immigration Museum"/><ref>W. Floor (2011) [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kalkubi "Ḵālkubi"] ''Encyclopædia Iranica''. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref>
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The main themes of [[Kurdish cinema]] are the poverty and hardship which ordinary Kurds have to endure. The first films featuring Kurdish culture were actually shot in Armenia. Zare, released in 1927, produced by [[Hamo Beknazarian]], details the story of Zare and her love for the shepherd Seydo, and the difficulties the two experience by the hand of the village elder.<ref>IMDb '[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0184075/ Zare (1927)]' Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref> In 1948 and 1959, two documentaries were made concerning the Yezidi Kurds in Armenia. These were joint Armenian-Kurdish productions; with H. Koçaryan and Heciye Cindi teaming up for ''The Kurds of Soviet Armenia'',<ref name="Kurdish Cinema">R. Alakom '[http://www.kurdishcinema.com/RohatAlakomZere.html The first film about Kurds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929215257/http://kurdishcinema.com/RohatAlakomZere.html |date=29 September 2013 }}'. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref> and Ereb Samilov and C. Jamharyan for ''Kurds of Armenia''.<ref name="Kurdish Cinema"/>
The first critically acclaimed and famous Kurdish films were produced by [[Yılmaz Güney]]. Initially a popular, award-winning actor in Turkey with the nickname ''Çirkin Kral'' (''the Ugly King'', after his rough looks), he spent the later part of his career producing socio-critical and politically loaded films. ''[[Sürü]]'' (1979), ''[[Yol (film)|Yol]]'' (1982) and ''[[Duvar (film)|Duvar]]'' (1983) are his best-known works, of which the second won Palme d'Or at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] of 1982,<ref>{{cite book|author=DVD ~ Yilmaz Güney |title=Yol (1982) |asin=6302824435 }}</ref> the most prestigious award in the world of cinema.
Another prominent Kurdish film director is [[Bahman Qubadi]]. His first feature film was ''[[A Time for Drunken Horses]]'', released in 2000. It was critically acclaimed, and went on to win multiple awards. Other movies of his would follow this example,<ref>IMDb '[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0315842/awards Bahman Ghobadi's Awards]'. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref> making him one of the best known film producers of Iran of today. Recently, he released ''[[Rhinos Season]]'', starring [[Behrouz Vossoughi]], [[Monica Bellucci]] and [[Yilmaz Erdogan]], detailing the tumultuous life of a Kurdish poet.
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A 2005 study genetically examined three different groups of [[Zazas|Zaza]] and [[Kurds in Turkey|Kurmanji speakers in Turkey]] and [[Kurds in Georgia|Kurmanji speakers in Georgia]]. In the study, [[mtDNA]] HV1 sequences, eleven [[Y chromosome]] bi-allelic markers and 9 [[Y-STR]] loci were analyzed to investigate lineage relationship among Kurdish groups. When both mtDNA and Y chromosome data are compared with those of the [[Demographics of Europe|European]], [[Peoples of the Caucasus|Caucasian]], [[Demographics of the Middle East|West Asian]] and [[Demographics of Central Asia|Central Asian groups]], it has been determined that the Kurdish groups are most closely related to West Asians and the furthest to Central Asians. Among the European and Caucasian groups, Kurds were found to be closer to Europeans than Caucasians when considering mtDNA, and the opposite was true for Y chromosome. This indicates a difference in maternal and paternal origins of Kurdish groups. According to the study, Kurdish groups in Georgia went through a [[genetic bottleneck]] while migrating to the Caucasus. It has also been revealed that these groups were not influenced by other Caucasian groups in terms of ancestry. Another phenomenon found in the research was that Zazas are closer to Kurdish groups rather than peoples of [[Northern Iran]], where ancestral [[Zaza language]] hypothesized to be spoken before its spread to [[Anatolia]].<ref name="doi.wiley.com">{{Cite journal|last1=Nasidze|first1=Ivan|last2=Quinque|first2=Dominique|last3=Ozturk|first3=Murat|last4=Bendukidze|first4=Nina|last5=Stoneking|first5=Mark|date=July 2005|title=MtDNA and Y-chromosome Variation in Kurdish Groups: MtDNA and Y-chromosome Variation in Kurdish Groups|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2005.00174.x|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|language=en|volume=69|issue=4|pages=401–412|doi=10.1046/j.1529-8817.2005.00174.x|pmid=15996169|s2cid=23771698}}</ref>
11 different Y-DNA haplogroups have been identified in Kurmanji-speaking Kurds in Turkey. [[Haplogroup I-M170]] was the most prevalent with 16.1% of the samples belonging to it, followed by [[Haplogroup J-M172|haplogroups J-M172]] (13.8%), [[R1a1]] (12.7%), [[Haplogroup K-M9|K]] (12.7%), [[Haplogroup E-M96|E]] (11.5%) and [[Haplogroup F-M89|F]] (11.5%). [[Haplogroup P1 (Y-DNA)|P1]] (8%), [[Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)|P]] (5.7%), [[Haplogroup R1|R1]] (4.6%), [[Haplogroup G-M201|G]] (2.3%) and [[Haplogroup C-M130|C]] (1.1%) haplogroups were also present in lower proportions. Y-DNA haplogroup diversity were determined to be much lower among Georgian Kurds, as 5 haplogroups were discovered in total, where the dominant haplogroups were P1 (44%) and J-M172 (32%). The lowest Y-DNA haplogroup diversity was observed in [[Kurds in Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan Kurds]] with only 4 haplogroups in total; [[Haplogroup F-M89|F]] (41%) and R1 (29%) were dominant in this population.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Amirzargar|first1=Ali|last2=Rey|first2=Diego|last3=Muñiz|first3=Ester|last4=Palacio-Grüber|first4=Jose|last5=Nikbin|first5=Behrouz|last6=Nicknam|first6=Hosein|last7=Khosravi|first7=Farideh|last8=Joshghan|first8=Hamidreza|last9=Areces|first9=Cristina|last10=Enríquez-de-Salamanca|first10=Mercedes|last11=Martinez-Quiles|first11=Narcisa|date=2015-08-31|title=Kurds HLA Genes: Its Implications in Transplantation and Pharmacogenomics|url=https://openmedicinejournal.com/VOLUME/2/PAGE/43/|journal=Open Medicine Journal|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=43–47|doi=10.2174/1874220301401010043|issn=1874-2203|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="doi.wiley.com"/>
==Modern Kurdish-majority entities and governments==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kurdish People}}
[[Category:Kurdish people| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the
[[Category:Ethnic groups divided by international borders]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of the Near East]]
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