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| caption = [[Flag of Kurdistan]]
| group = Kurds<br />{{nobold|{{lang|ku|کورد}}}}<br />{{small|{{lang|ku-Latn|Kurd}}}}
| pop = 30–40 million<ref name="CIAonline">{{cite book |title= The World Factbook |edition= Online |date= 2015 |publisher= US [[Central Intelligence Agency]] |location= Langley, Virginia |issn= 1553-8133 |url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ |access-date= 2 August 2015 |archive-date= 6 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190106114713/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ |url-status= dead }} A rough estimate in this edition gives populations of 14.3 million in Turkey, 8.2 million in Iran, about 5.6 to 7.4 million in Iraq, and less than 2 million in Syria, which adds up to approximately 28–30 million Kurds in Kurdistan or in adjacent regions. The CIA estimates are {{as of|lc=y|2015|8}} – Turkey: Kurdish 18%, of 81.6 million; Iran: Kurd 10%, of 81.82 million; Iraq: Kurdish 15–20%, of 37.01 million, Syria: Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%, of 17.01 million.</ref><
| region1 = {{flagcountry|Turkey}}
| pop1 = est. 14.3–20 million
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| region5 = {{flagcountry|Germany}}
| pop5 = 1.2–1.5 million
| ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/interview-am-morgen-wir-deutsche-kurden-aergern-uns-ueber-die-bundesregierung-1.3913545!amp|title="Wir Kurden ärgern uns über die Bundesregierung" – Politik |date=21 March 2018 |publisher=Süddeutsche.de|access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heise.de/tp/features/Geschenk-an-Erdogan-Kurdisches-Kulturfestival-verboten-4155967.html|title=Geschenk an Erdogan? Kurdisches Kulturfestival verboten|date=5 September 2018 |publisher=heise.de|access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref>
| region6 = {{flag|Azerbaijan}}
| pop6 = 150,000–180,000
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| languages = [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]<br>{{smaller|''In their different varieties: [[Central Kurdish|Sorani]], [[Northern Kurdish|Kurmanji]], [[Southern Kurdish|Pehlewani]], [[Laki language|Laki]]''}}<ref name="Iranatlas" >{{cite web |title=Atlas of the Languages of Iran A working classification |url=http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.classification |website=Languages of Iran |access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref><br>[[Zaza language|Zazaki]], [[Gorani language (Zaza-Gorani)|Gorani]]<ref name="leezenberg">{{cite journal |author1=Michiel Leezenberg |title=Gorani Influence on Central Kurdish: Substratum or Prestige Borrowing? |journal=ILLC – Department of Philosophy, University of Amsterdam |page=1 |year=1993 |url=http://home.hum.uva.nl/oz/leezenberg/GInflCK.pdf |access-date=29 May 2019 |archive-date=12 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712070357/http://home.hum.uva.nl/oz/leezenberg/GInflCK.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| religions = Predominantly [[Sunni Islam]]<br/>with minorities of [[Shia Islam]], [[Kurdish Alevism]], [[Yazidism]], [[Yarsanism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[History of the Jews in Kurdistan|Judaism]], [[Christianity]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Kurds in Turkey |url=https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/faq/kurds-turkey}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thekurdishproject.org/history-and-culture/kurdistan-religion/ | title=Learn About Kurdish Religion }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/kurds-iran-missing-piece-middle-east-puzzle | title=Kurds of Iran: The missing piece in the Middle East Puzzle }}</ref>
| related = Other [[Iranian peoples|Iranic peoples]]
| footnotes =
}}
{{Kurds}}
'''Kurdish people''' or '''Kurds''' ({{lang-ku|کورد|rtl=yes}}, {{lang|ku-Latn|Kurd}})
Kurds speak the [[Kurdish languages]] and the [[Zaza–Gorani languages]], which belong to the [[Western Iranian languages|Western Iranian]] branch of the [[Iranian languages]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Kurds.html |title= Kurds |year= 2014 |encyclopedia= The Columbia Encyclopedia |edition=6th |publisher= Encyclopedia.com |access-date= 29 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Windfuhr |title=Iranian Languages |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1135797041 |page=587}}</ref>
Kurds do not comprise a majority in any country, making them a [[Stateless nation|stateless people]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cfr.org/timeline/kurds-long-struggle-statelessness | title=Timeline: The Kurds' Quest for Independence }}</ref> After [[World War I]] and the defeat of the [[Ottoman Empire]], the victorious [[Allies of World War I|Western allies]] made provision for a Kurdish state in the 1920 [[Treaty of Sevres|Treaty of Sèvres]]. However, that promise was broken three years later, when the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] set the boundaries of modern Turkey and made no such provision, leaving Kurds with minority status in all of the new countries of [[Turkey]], [[Iraq]], and [[Syria]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29702440 Who are the Kurds?] by ''[[BBC News]]'', 31 October 2017</ref> Recent [[history of the Kurds]] includes numerous [[Anfal genocide|genocides]] and [[Dersim rebellion|rebellions]], along with ongoing armed conflicts in [[Turkish Kurdistan|Turkish]], [[Iranian Kurdistan|Iranian]], [[Syrian Kurdistan|Syrian]], and [[Iraqi Kurdistan]]. Kurds in Iraq and Syria have autonomous regions, while Kurdish movements continue to pursue greater [[cultural rights]], [[Self-governance|autonomy]], and [[independence]] throughout [[Kurdistan]]{{Definition|Explain what Kurdistan is, and if it constitutes more than Iraqi Kurdistan.|date=January 2024}}.
==Etymology==
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== Religion ==
{{Main|Religion in Kurdistan}}
===Islam===
Most Kurds are [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] who adhere to the [[Shafiʽi school]], while a significant minority adhere to the [[Hanafi]] school<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sarigil|first1=Zeki|last2=Fazlioglu|first2=Omer|date=2014|title=Exploring the roots and dynamics of Kurdish ethno-nationalism in Turkey|url=http://yoksis.bilkent.edu.tr/pdf/files/11511.pdf|journal=Nations and Nationalism|publisher=[[Bilkent University]]|volume=20|issue=3|page=447|doi=10.1111/nana.12058|hdl=11693/26432|hdl-access=free|access-date=20 February 2021|archive-date=18 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218061906/http://yoksis.bilkent.edu.tr/pdf/files/11511.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and also [[Kurdish Alevism|Alevism]]. Moreover, many Shafi'i Kurds adhere to either one of the two [[Sufism|Sufi]] orders [[Naqshbandi]] and [[Qadiriyya]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=van Bruinessen|first=Martin|date=2000|title=The Qadiriyya and the lineages of Qadiri shaykhs in Kurdistan|journal=Journal of the History of Sufism|volume=1–2|doi=|citeseerx=10.1.1.545.8465}}</ref>
Beside Sunni Islam, [[Alevism]] and [[Shia Islam]] also have millions of Kurdish followers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=McDowall|first=David|title=The Kurds: A Nation Denied|publisher=Minority Rights Group|year=1992|isbn=9781873194300|pages=57
===Yazidism===
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Although historically there have been various accounts of [[Kurdish Christians]], most often these were in the form of individuals, and not as communities. However, in the 19th and 20th century various travel logs tell of Kurdish Christian tribes, as well as Kurdish Muslim tribes who had substantial Christian populations living amongst them. A significant number of these were allegedly originally [[Armenian people|Armenian]] or [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sykes|first1=M.|year=1908|title=The Kurdish Tribes of the Ottoman Empire|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1449629|journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=38|pages=451–486|doi=10.2307/2843309|jstor=2843309}}</ref> and it has been recorded that a small number of Christian traditions have been preserved. Several Christian prayers in Kurdish have been found from earlier centuries.<ref>Hervas, L. Saggio. (1787). 'Pratico delle lingue: con prolegomeni, e una raccolta di orazioni dominicali in piu di trecento lingue e dialetti...'. Cesena: Per Gregorio Biasini, pp. 156–157.</ref> In recent years some Kurds from Muslim backgrounds have converted to [[Christianity]].<ref>[http://mohabatnews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6652:a-muslim-leader-converted-to-christianity-in-iraqi-kurdistan&catid=36:iranian-christians A Muslim Leader Converted to Christianity in Iraqi Kurdistan]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Kurds|url=http://www.urbana.org/_articles.cfm?RecordId=692|access-date=9 March 2016|website=Urbana|archive-date=28 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928040627/http://www.urbana.org/_articles.cfm?RecordId=692|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-islamic-state-christians-idUSKCN1RS19N|title=Christianity grows in Syrian town once besieged by Islamic State|newspaper=Reuters |date=16 April 2019|via=www.reuters.com}}</ref>
Segments of the Bible were first made available in the Kurdish language in 1856 in the Kurmanji dialect. The Gospels were translated by Stepan, an Armenian employee of the [[American Bible Society]] and were published in 1857. Prominent historical Kurdish Christians include the brothers [[Zakaria II Mkhargrdzeli|Zakare]] and Ivane Mkhargrdzeli.<ref>Alexei Lidov, 1991, The mural paintings of Akhtala, p. 14, Nauka Publishers, Central Dept. of Oriental Literature, University of Michigan, {{ISBN|5-02-017569-2}}, {{ISBN|978-5-02-017569-3}}, ''It is clear from the account of these Armenian historians that Ivane's great
==History==
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{{further|Safavid dynasty}}
[[File:Abbas_I_of_Persia.jpg|thumb|200x200px|5th [[Safavid dynasty#Safavid Shahs of Iran|Safavid shah]] [[Abbas the Great]], married a [[Mukriyan|Mukri]] noblewomen in 1610 AD.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Herbert |title=Sir Thomas Herbert, Bart: Travels in Africa, Persia, and Asia the Great : Some Years Travels Into Africa and Asia the Great, Especially Describing the Famous Empires of Persia and Hindustan, as Also Divers Other Kingdoms in the Oriental Indies, 1627–30, the 1677 Version. Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies. |date=2012 |publisher=ACMRS (Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies) |isbn=978-0-86698-475-1 |page=403}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=American Society of Genealogists |date=1997 |page=244}}</ref>]]
The [[Safavid]] dynasty, established in 1501, also established its rule over Kurdish-inhabited territories. The paternal line of this family actually had Kurdish roots,<ref>{{Harvnb|Amoretti|Matthee|2009}}: "Of Kurdish ancestry, the Ṣafavids started as a Sunnī mystical order (...)"<br>{{Harvnb|Matthee|2005|p=18}}: "The Safavids, as Iranians of Kurdish ancestry and of nontribal background, did not fit this pattern, although the stat they set up with the aid of Turkmen tribal forces of Eastern Anatolia closely resembled this division in its makeup. Yet, the Turk versus Tajik division was not impregnable."<br>{{Harvnb|Matthee|2008}}: "As Persians of Kurdish ancestry and of a non-tribal background, the Safavids did not fit this pattern, though the state they set up with the assistance of Turkmen tribal forces of eastern Anatolia closely resembled this division in its makeup."<br>{{Harvnb|Savory|2008|p=8}}: "This official version contains textual changes designed to obscure the Kurdish origins of the Safavid family and to vindicate their claim to descent from the Imams."<br>{{Harvnb|Hamid|2006|
The Safavid king [[Ismail I]] (r. 1501–1524) put down a Yezidi rebellion which went on from 1506 to 1510. A century later, the year-long [[Battle of Dimdim]] took place, wherein the Safavid king [[Abbas I of Persia|Abbas I]] (r. 1588–1629) succeeded in putting down the rebellion led by the Kurdish ruler Amir Khan Lepzerin. Thereafter, many Kurds were deported to [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]], not only to weaken the Kurds, but also to protect the eastern border from invading [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] tribes.<ref name="autogenerated2">''A People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan'' By Gérard Chaliand, Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou, and Marco Pallis, p. 205.</ref> Other forced movements and deportations of other groups were also implemented by Abbas I and his successors, most notably of the [[Armenians]], the [[Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns|Georgians]], and the [[Circassians]], who were moved en masse to and from other districts within the Persian empire.{{sfn|Blow|2009|page=66}}{{sfn|Aslanian|2011|page=1}}{{sfn|Bournoutian|2002|page=208}}{{sfn|Mikaberidze|2015|pages=291, 536}}{{sfn|Floor|Herzig|2012|page=479}}
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After the fall of the Safavids, Iran fell under the control of the [[Afsharid Empire]] ruled by [[Nader Shah]] at its peak. After Nader's death, Iran fell into civil war, with multiple leaders trying to gain control over the country. Ultimately, it was [[Karim Khan]], a Laki general of the [[Zand tribe]] who would come to power.<ref>A fourth pretender was Karim Khan, son of Aymak of the Zand, a section of [[Lak people (Iran)|Lak]] tribe {{cite book |author= Sir Percy Molesworth Sykes |title=A History of Persia |publisher=Macmillan and Company, limited |year= 1930 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6BCAAAAIAAJ&q=%22A+fourth+pretender+was+Karim+Khan,+son+of+Aymak+of+the+Zand%22 |page= 277}}</ref>
The country would flourish during Karim Khan's reign; a strong resurgence of the arts would take place, and international ties were strengthened.<ref name="Iranica Zand">J. R. Perry (2011) [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/karim-khan-zand "Karim Khan Zand"]. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref> Karim Khan was portrayed as being a ruler who truly cared about his subjects, thereby gaining the title Vakil e-Ra'aayaa (meaning Representative of the People in [[Persian language|Persian]]).<ref name="Iranica Zand"/> Though not as powerful in its geo-political and military reach as the preceding Safavids and Afsharids or even the early Qajars, he managed to reassert Iranian hegemony over its integral territories in the [[Caucasus]], and presided over an era of relative peace, prosperity, and tranquility. In [[Ottoman Iraq]], following the [[Ottoman–Persian War (1775–76)]], Karim Khan managed to seize [[Basra]] for several years.<ref>'' 'Abd al-Hamid I'', M. Cavid Baysun, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. I, ed. H.A.R. Gibb, J.H. Kramers, E. Levi-
After Karim Khan's death, the dynasty would decline in favour of the rival [[Qajars]] due to infighting between the Khan's incompetent offspring. It was not until [[Lotf Ali Khan]], 10 years later, that the dynasty would once again be led by an adept ruler. By this time however, the Qajars had already progressed greatly, having taken a number of Zand territories. Lotf Ali Khan made multiple successes before ultimately succumbing to the rivaling faction. Iran and all its Kurdish territories would hereby be incorporated in the [[Qajar dynasty]].
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[[File:Kurdsofconstantinople_color.jpg|thumb|Two Kurds From [[Constantinople]] 1899]]
According to [[CIA Factbook]], Kurds formed approximately 18% of the population in Turkey (approximately 14 million) in 2008. One Western source estimates that up to 25% of the Turkish population is Kurdish (approximately 18–19 million people).<ref name="Mackey"/> Kurdish sources claim there are as many as 20 or 25 million Kurds in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2008/3/turkeykurdistan1755.htm |title=Thousands of Kurds celebrate New Kurdish Year Newroz in southeastern Turkey |website=[[Ekurd.net]] |date=21 March 2008 |access-date=2 December 2011}}</ref>
In 1980, [[Ethnologue]] estimated the number of [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]-speakers in Turkey at around five million,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TRA |title=Ethnologue census of languages in Asian portion of Turkey |work=Ethnologue.com |access-date=2 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018235156/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TRA |archive-date=18 October 2011 }}</ref> when the country's population stood at 44 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/turkey/24.htm |title=Turkey – Population |publisher=Countrystudies.us |date=31 December 1994 |access-date=2 December 2011}}</ref> Kurds form the largest minority group in Turkey, and they have posed the most serious and persistent challenge to the official image of a homogeneous society. To [[Denial of Kurds by Turkey|deny an existence of Kurds]], the Turkish Government used several terms. "Mountain Turks" was a term was initially used by {{Interlanguage link|Abdullah Alpdoğan|lt=Abdullah Alpdoğan|tr||WD=}}. In 1961, in a foreword to the book ''Doğu İlleri ve Varto Tarihi'' of [[Mehmet Şerif Fırat]], the Turkish president [[Cemal Gürsel]] declared it of utmost importance to prove the Turkishness of the Kurds.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Scalbert-Yücel|first1=Clémence|last2=Ray|first2=Marie Le|date=2006-12-31|title=Knowledge, ideology and power. Deconstructing Kurdish Studies|url=http://journals.openedition.org/ejts/777|journal=European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey|language=en|issue=5|doi=10.4000/ejts.777|issn=1773-0546|doi-access=free|hdl=10036/37913|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Eastern Turk was another [[euphemism]] for Kurds from 1980 onwards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/turkey/26.htm |title=Linguistic and Ethnic Groups in Turkey |publisher=Countrystudies.us |access-date=2 December 2011}}</ref> Nowadays the Kurds, in Turkey, are still known under the name ''Easterner'' (Doğulu).
Several large scale Kurdish revolts in 1925, 1930 and 1938 were suppressed by the Turkish government and more than one million Kurds were forcibly relocated between 1925 and 1938. The use of Kurdish language, dress, [[folklore]], and names were banned and the Kurdish-inhabited areas remained under [[martial law]] until 1946.<ref>H. Hannum, ''Autonomy, Sovereignty, and Self-determination'', 534 pp., [[University of Pennsylvania Press]], 1996, {{ISBN|0-8122-1572-9}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8122-1572-4}}
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The words "Kurds", "[[Kurdistan]]", or "Kurdish" were officially banned by the Turkish government.<ref name=bahar>{{cite book|last1=Baser|first1=Bahar|title=Diasporas and Homeland Conflicts: A Comparative Perspective|date=2015|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=978-1-4724-2562-1|page=63|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MTVBgAAQBAJ}}</ref> Following the [[1980 Turkish coup d'état|military coup of 1980]], the Kurdish language was officially prohibited in public and private life.<ref name=NYTK>Toumani, Meline. [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/17/magazine/17turkey-t.html Minority Rules], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 17 February 2008</ref> Many people who spoke, published, or sang in Kurdish were arrested and imprisoned.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Aslan|first1=Senem|title=Nation Building in Turkey and Morocco|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1107054608|page=134|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wTAWBQAAQBAJ}}</ref> The Kurds are still not allowed to get a primary education in their mother tongue and they do not have a right to self-determination, even though Turkey has signed the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|ICCPR]]. There is ongoing discrimination against and "otherization" of Kurds in society.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kurdophobia|url=http://www.rightsagenda.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=762:kurdophobia&catid=79:aliasdiscrimination&Itemid=118|access-date=28 April 2016|work=rightsagenda.org|agency=Human Right Agenda Assosication}}</ref>
The [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] or PKK (Kurdish: ''Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê'') is Kurdish militant organization which has waged an armed struggle against the Turkish state for cultural and political rights and self-determination for the Kurds. [[Turkey]]'s military allies the US, the EU, and [[NATO]] label the PKK as a terrorist organization while the [[United Nations|UN]],<ref name="UN">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/sc/suborg/sites/www.un.org.sc.suborg/files/1267.htm |title=The List established and maintained by the 1267/1989 Committee |date=14 October 2015 |work=United Nations Security Council Committee 1267 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=10 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102090856/https://www.un.org/sc/suborg/sites/www.un.org.sc.suborg/files/1267.htm |archive-date= 2 January 2016 }}</ref> [[Switzerland]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tagblatt.ch/index.php?artikelxml=jsp&artikel_id=1245738&ressort=tagblattheute/schlagzeilen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929131855/http://tagblatt.ch/index.php?artikelxml=jsp&artikel_id=1245738&ressort=tagblattheute%2Fschlagzeilen |title=tagblatt.ch – Schlagzeilen |author=St.Galler Tagblatt AG |archive-date=29 September 2007 |access-date=25 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Russia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishny.com/headline-news/2/34389-rus-aydn-pkk-teror-orgutu-ckmaza-girdi|title=Rus Aydın: PKK Terör Örgütü Çıkmaza Girdi|access-date=17 July 2015}}</ref>
Between 1984 and 1999, the PKK and the Turkish military engaged in open war, and much of the countryside in the southeast was depopulated, as Kurdish civilians moved from villages to bigger cities such as [[Diyarbakır]], [[Van, Turkey|Van]], and [[Şırnak]], as well as to the cities of western Turkey and even to western Europe. The causes of the depopulation included mainly the Turkish state's military operations, state's political actions, Turkish [[Deep state in Turkey|deep state]] actions, the poverty of the southeast and PKK atrocities against Kurdish clans which were against them.<ref>{{Cite journal | author = Radu, Michael. | year = 2001 | title = The Rise and Fall of the PKK | journal = Orbis | volume = 45 | issue = 1 | pages = 47–64 | doi=10.1016/S0030-4387(00)00057-0}}</ref> Turkish state actions have included torture, rape,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Duzgun |first=Meral |date=2013-06-10 |title=Turkey: a history of sexual violence |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2013/jun/10/turkey-history-sexual-violence |access-date=2023-02-25 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Cumming-Bruce |first=Nick |date=2017-03-10 |title=U.N. Accuses Turkey of Killing Hundreds of Kurds |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/10/world/europe/un-turkey-kurds-human-rights-abuses.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221118205214/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/10/world/europe/un-turkey-kurds-human-rights-abuses.html |archive-date=2022-11-18 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> forced inscription, forced evacuation, destruction of villages, illegal arrests and executions of Kurdish civilians.<ref>{{cite journal |date=March 2005 |title=Still critical: Prospects in 2005 for Internally Displaced Kurds in Turkey |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/turkey0305/turkey0305.pdf |journal=Human Rights Watch |volume=17 |issue=2(D) |pages=5–7 |quote=The local gendarmerie (soldiers who police rural areas) required villages to show their loyalty by forming platoons of "provisional village guards," armed, paid, and supervised by the local gendarmerie post. Villagers were faced with a frightening dilemma. They could become village guards and risk being attacked by the PKK or refuse and be forcibly evacuated from their communities. Evacuations were unlawful and violent. Security forces would surround a village using helicopters, armored vehicles, troops, and village guards, and burn stored produce, agricultural equipment, crops, orchards, forests, and livestock. They set fire to houses, often giving the inhabitants no opportunity to retrieve their possessions. During the course of such operations, security forces frequently abused and humiliated villagers, stole their property and cash, and ill-treated or tortured them before herding them onto the roads and away from their former homes. The operations were marked by scores of "disappearances" and extrajudicial executions. By the mid-1990s, more than 3,000 villages had been virtually wiped from the map, and, according to official figures, 378,335 Kurdish villagers had been displaced and left homeless.}}
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[[Leyla Zana]], the first Kurdish female MP from Diyarbakir, caused an uproar in [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Turkish Parliament]] after adding the following sentence in [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] to her parliamentary oath during the swearing-in ceremony in 1994: "I take this oath for the brotherhood of the Turkish and Kurdish peoples."<ref>Michael M. Gunter, ''The Kurds and the future of Turkey'', 194 pp., Palgrave Macmillan, 1997. (p.66)</ref>
In March 1994, the [[Turkish Parliament]] voted to lift the immunity of Zana and five other Kurdish [[Democracy Party (Turkey)|DEP]] members: Hatip Dicle, Ahmet Turk, Sirri Sakik, Orhan Dogan and Selim Sadak. Zana, Dicle, Sadak and Dogan were sentenced to 15 years in jail by the Supreme Court in October 1995. Zana was awarded the [[Sakharov Prize]] for human rights by the [[European Parliament]] in 1995. She was released in 2004 amid warnings from European institutions that the continued imprisonment of the four Kurdish MPs would affect Turkey's bid to join the [[EU]].<ref>Michael M. Gunter, ''The Kurds and the future of Turkey'', 194 pp., Palgrave Macmillan, 1997. (pp. 15, 66)</ref><ref>Bulent Gokay, ''The Kurdish Question in Turkey: Historical Roots, Domestic Concerns and International Law'', in ''Minorities, Peoples and Self-Determination'', Ed. by [[Nazila Ghanea]] and Alexandra Xanthaki, 352 pp., Martinus Nijhoff/Brill Publishers, 2005. (p. 332)</ref> The 2009 local elections resulted in 5.7% for Kurdish political party [[Democratic Society Party|DTP]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://secim.haberler.com/2009/partisonuc.asp?id=10 |title=Election results 2009 |work=Secim.haberler.com |access-date=2 March 2014}}</ref>
Officially protected death squads are accused of the disappearance of 3,200 Kurds and Assyrians in 1993 and 1994 in the so-called "mystery killings".
Kurdish politicians, human-rights activists, journalists, teachers and other members of intelligentsia were among the victims. Virtually none of the perpetrators were investigated nor punished. Turkish government also encouraged Islamic extremist group [[
''While acts of terrorism in other regions are done by the PKK; in Tunceli it is [[state terrorism]]. In Tunceli, it is the state that is evacuating and burning villages. In the southeast there are two million people left homeless.''<ref>J. C. Randal, ''After Such Knowledge, What Forgiveness?'', 356 pp., Westview Press, 1999, {{ISBN|0-8133-3580-9}}, p.259</ref>
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As a response to growing [[Pan-Turkism]] and [[Pan-Arabism]] in region which were seen as potential threats to the territorial integrity of Iran, [[Pan-Iranist]] ideology has been developed in the early 1920s.<ref name="ashraf"/> Some of such groups and journals openly advocated Iranian support to the Kurdish rebellion against [[Turkey]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Parvin|first=Nassereddin |title=Iran-e Kabir |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |publisher=Columbia University |location=New York |url= http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-e-kabir |date=15 December 2006 |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref> Secular [[Pahlavi dynasty]] has endorsed Iranian ethnic [[Iranian nationalism|nationalism]]<ref name="ashraf"/> which saw the Kurds as integral part of the Iranian nation.<ref name="banuaziziweiner"/> [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] has personally praised the Kurds as "pure Iranians" or "one of the most noble [[Iranian peoples]]". Another significant ideology during this period was [[Marxism]] which arose among Kurds under influence of [[USSR]]. It culminated in the [[Iran crisis of 1946]] which included a separatist attempt of [[KDP-I]] and [[communist]] groups<ref>Zabih, Sepehr (15 December 1992). [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/communism-ii Communism ii.]. in ''[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]''. New York: Columbia University</ref> to establish the [[USSR|Soviet]] [[puppet government]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Romano|first=David|title=The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity|series=Cambridge Middle East studies, 22.|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge, UK; New York|year=2006|page=227|isbn=978-0-521-85041-4|oclc=61425259}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Chelkowski|first1=Peter J.|last2=Pranger|first2=Robert J.|title=Ideology and Power in the Middle East: Studies in Honor of George Lenczowski|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|location=Durham|year=1988|page=[https://archive.org/details/ideologypowerinm0000unse/page/399 399]|isbn=978-0-8223-0781-5|oclc=16923212|url=https://archive.org/details/ideologypowerinm0000unse/page/399}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Abrahamian|first=Ervand|author-link=Ervand Abrahamian|title=Iran Between Two Revolutions|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=Princeton, N.J.|year=1982|pages=217–218|isbn=978-0-691-05342-4|oclc=7975938}}</ref> called [[Republic of Mahabad]]. It arose along with [[Azerbaijan People's Government]], another Soviet puppet state.<ref name="kreyenbroek1719"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Chubin|first1=Shahram|author-link1=Shahram Chubin|last2=Zabih|first2=Sepehr|title=The Foreign Relations of Iran: A Developing State in a Zone of Great-Power Conflict|year=1974|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/foreignrelations0000chub/page/39 39–41, 178]|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-02683-4|oclc=1219525|url=https://archive.org/details/foreignrelations0000chub/page/39}}</ref> The state itself encompassed a very small territory, including [[Mahabad]] and the adjacent cities, unable to incorporate the southern Iranian Kurdistan which fell inside the Anglo-American zone, and unable to attract the tribes outside Mahabad itself to the nationalist cause.<ref name="kreyenbroek1719"/> As a result, when the Soviets withdrew from Iran in December 1946, government forces were able to enter Mahabad unopposed.<ref name="kreyenbroek1719"/>
[[File:Qazi_Muhammad.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8
Several [[Nationalism|nationalist]] and [[Marxist]] insurgencies continued for decades ([[1967 Kurdish revolt in Iran|1967]], [[1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran|1979]], [[KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)|1989–96]]) led by [[KDP-I]] and [[Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan|Komalah]], but those two organization have never advocated a separate Kurdish state or greater Kurdistan as did the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]] in [[Turkey]].<ref name="kreyenbroek138141"/><ref name="romano240"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Abrahamian|first=Ervand|author-link=Ervand Abrahamian|title=Iran Between Two Revolutions|year=1982|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=Princeton, New Jersey|page=453|isbn=978-0-691-05342-4|oclc=7975938}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Yodfat|first=Aryeh|title=The Soviet Union and Revolutionary Iran|publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]]|location=New York|year=1984|isbn=978-0-312-74910-1|oclc=9282694|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/sovietunionarabi0000yodf}}</ref> Still, many of dissident leaders, among others [[Qazi Muhammad]] and [[Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou]], were executed or assassinated.<ref name="kreyenbroek1719"/> During [[Iran–Iraq War]], Tehran has provided support for Iraqi-based Kurdish groups like [[Kurdish Democratic Party|KDP]] or [[Patriotic Union of Kurdistan|PUK]], along with asylum for 1.4 million Iraqi refugees, mostly [[Kurdish refugees|Kurds]]. Kurdish Marxist groups have been marginalized in Iran since the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]]. In 2004 new [[Iran–PJAK conflict|insurrection]] started by [[PJAK]], separatist organization affiliated with the Turkey-based [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]]<ref name="katzman">{{cite book|last=Katzman|first=Kenneth|title=Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security|publisher=[[Nova Science Publishers]]|location=New York|year=2009|page=32|isbn=978-1-61470-116-3|oclc=756496931}}</ref> and designated as [[List of designated terrorist groups|terrorist]] by Iran, Turkey and the United States.<ref name="katzman"/> Some analysts claim PJAK do not pose any serious threat to the [[government of Iran]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Habeeb|first1=William Mark|last2=Frankel|first2=Rafael D.|last3=Al-Oraibi|first3=Mina|title=The Middle East in Turmoil: Conflict, Revolution, and Change|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|location=Santa Barbara|year=2012|page=46|isbn=978-0-313-33914-1|oclc=753913763}}</ref> Cease-fire has been established in September 2011 following the Iranian offensive on PJAK bases, but several clashes between PJAK and IRGC took place after it.<ref name="elling">{{cite book|last=Elling|first=Rasmus Christian|title=Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=New York|year=2013|page=312|isbn=978-0-230-11584-2|oclc=714725127}}</ref> Since the [[Iranian Revolution]] of 1979, accusations of "discrimination" by Western organizations and of "foreign involvement" by Iranian side have become very frequent.<ref name="elling"/>
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===Diaspora===
{{Main|Kurds in Germany|Kurds in France|Kurds in the Netherlands|Kurds in Finland|Kurds in Sweden|Kurds in Russia|Kurds in the United Kingdom|Kurds in Canada|Kurds in the United States|Kurds in Australia|Kurdish Jews in Israel|Kurds in Japan}}
[[File:Rojava solidarity demonstration Berlin 2019-10-10 22.jpg|thumb|Protest in Berlin, Germany against [[2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria|Turkey's military offensive into north-eastern Syria]] on 10 October 2019]]
[[File:Portrait of Hamdi Ulukaya.jpg|thumb|[[Hamdi Ulukaya]], Kurdish-American billionaire, founder and CEO of [[Chobani]]]]
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===Handicrafts===
[[File:KurdishNoble.jpg|thumb
Outside of weaving and clothing, there are many other Kurdish [[handicrafts]], which were traditionally often crafted by nomadic Kurdish tribes. These are especially well known in Iran, most notably the crafts from the [[Kermanshah]] and [[Sanandaj]] regions. Among these crafts are chess boards, talismans, jewelry, ornaments, weaponry, instruments etc.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
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{{Main|Deq (tattoo)}}
[[File:Kurdish-Deq.jpg|thumb|alt=A woman's tattooed right hand|Kurdish woman with deq tattoo]]
Adorning the body with [[tattoo]]s (''deq'' in Kurdish) is widespread among the Kurds; even though permanent tattoos are not permissible in Sunni Islam. Therefore, these traditional tattoos are thought to derive from pre-Islamic times.<ref name="Immigration Museum">{{cite web |url=http://museumvictoria.com.au/pages/14387/kurds-in-australia-brochure.pdf?epslanguage=en |format=PDF |publisher=Museumvictoria.com.au |title=Immigration Museum (2010) Survival of a culture: Kurds in Australia |access-date=7 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326153229/http://museumvictoria.com.au/pages/14387/kurds-in-australia-brochure.pdf?epslanguage=en |archive-date=26 March 2010 |url-status=dead
Tattoo ink is made by mixing [[soot]] with (breast) milk and the poisonous liquid from the gall bladder of an animal. The design is drawn on the skin using a thin twig and is injected under the skin using a needle. These have a wide variety of meanings and purposes, among which are protection against evil or illnesses; beauty enhancement; and the showing of tribal affiliations. [[Religious symbolism]] is also common among both traditional and modern Kurdish tattoos. Tattoos are more prevalent among women than among men, and were generally worn on feet, the chin, foreheads and other places of the body.<ref name="Immigration Museum"/><ref>W. Floor (2011) [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kalkubi "Ḵālkubi"] ''Encyclopædia Iranica''. Retrieved 7 July 2013.</ref>
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[[File:BahmanGhobadi2009.JPG|thumb|left|[[Bahman Ghobadi]] at the presentation of his film ''Nobody Knows About Persian Cats'' in [[San Sebastián]], 2009]]
The main themes of [[Kurdish cinema]] are the poverty and hardship which ordinary Kurds have to endure. The first films featuring Kurdish culture were actually shot in Armenia. Zare, released in 1927, produced by [[Hamo Beknazarian]], details the story of Zare and her love for the shepherd Seydo, and the difficulties the two experience by the hand of the village elder.<ref>
The first critically acclaimed and famous Kurdish films were produced by [[Yılmaz Güney]]. Initially a popular, award-winning actor in Turkey with the nickname ''Çirkin Kral'' (''the Ugly King'', after his rough looks), he spent the later part of his career producing socio-critical and politically loaded films. ''[[Sürü]]'' (1979), ''[[Yol (film)|Yol]]'' (1982) and ''[[Duvar (film)|Duvar]]'' (1983) are his best-known works, of which the second won Palme d'Or at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] of 1982,<ref>{{cite book|author=DVD ~ Yilmaz Güney |title=Yol (1982) |asin=6302824435 }}</ref> the most prestigious award in the world of cinema.
Another prominent Kurdish film director is [[Bahman Qubadi]]. His first feature film was ''[[A Time for Drunken Horses]]'', released in 2000. It was critically acclaimed, and went on to win multiple awards. Other movies of his would follow this example,<ref>
Other prominent Kurdish film directors that are critically acclaimed include [[Mahsun Kırmızıgül]], [[Hiner Saleem]] and the aforementioned Yilmaz Erdogan. There's also been a number of films set or filmed in Kurdistan made by non-Kurdish film directors, such as ''[[The Wind Will Carry Us]]'', ''[[Triage (film)|Triage]]'', ''[[The Exorcist (film)|The Exorcist]]'', and ''[[The Market: A Tale of Trade]]''.
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A 2005 study genetically examined three different groups of [[Zazas|Zaza]] and [[Kurds in Turkey|Kurmanji speakers in Turkey]] and [[Kurds in Georgia|Kurmanji speakers in Georgia]]. In the study, [[mtDNA]] HV1 sequences, eleven [[Y chromosome]] bi-allelic markers and 9 [[Y-STR]] loci were analyzed to investigate lineage relationship among Kurdish groups. When both mtDNA and Y chromosome data are compared with those of the [[Demographics of Europe|European]], [[Peoples of the Caucasus|Caucasian]], [[Demographics of the Middle East|West Asian]] and [[Demographics of Central Asia|Central Asian groups]], it has been determined that the Kurdish groups are most closely related to West Asians and the furthest to Central Asians. Among the European and Caucasian groups, Kurds were found to be closer to Europeans than Caucasians when considering mtDNA, and the opposite was true for Y chromosome. This indicates a difference in maternal and paternal origins of Kurdish groups. According to the study, Kurdish groups in Georgia went through a [[genetic bottleneck]] while migrating to the Caucasus. It has also been revealed that these groups were not influenced by other Caucasian groups in terms of ancestry. Another phenomenon found in the research was that Zazas are closer to Kurdish groups rather than peoples of [[Northern Iran]], where ancestral [[Zaza language]] hypothesized to be spoken before its spread to [[Anatolia]].<ref name="doi.wiley.com">{{Cite journal|last1=Nasidze|first1=Ivan|last2=Quinque|first2=Dominique|last3=Ozturk|first3=Murat|last4=Bendukidze|first4=Nina|last5=Stoneking|first5=Mark|date=July 2005|title=MtDNA and Y-chromosome Variation in Kurdish Groups: MtDNA and Y-chromosome Variation in Kurdish Groups|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2005.00174.x|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|language=en|volume=69|issue=4|pages=401–412|doi=10.1046/j.1529-8817.2005.00174.x|pmid=15996169|s2cid=23771698}}</ref>
11 different Y-DNA haplogroups have been identified in Kurmanji-speaking Kurds in Turkey. [[Haplogroup I-M170]] was the most prevalent with 16.1% of the samples belonging to it, followed by [[Haplogroup J-M172|haplogroups J-M172]] (13.8%), [[R1a1]] (12.7%), [[Haplogroup K-M9|K]] (12.7%), [[Haplogroup E-M96|E]] (11.5%) and [[Haplogroup F-M89|F]] (11.5%). [[Haplogroup P1 (Y-DNA)|P1]] (8%), [[Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)|P]] (5.7%), [[Haplogroup R1|R1]] (4.6%), [[Haplogroup G-M201|G]] (2.3%) and [[Haplogroup C-M130|C]] (1.1%) haplogroups were also present in lower proportions. Y-DNA haplogroup diversity were determined to be much lower among Georgian Kurds, as 5 haplogroups were discovered in total, where the dominant haplogroups were P1 (44%) and J-M172 (32%). The lowest Y-DNA haplogroup diversity was observed in [[Kurds in Turkmenistan|Turkmenistan Kurds]] with only 4 haplogroups in total; [[Haplogroup F-M89|F]] (41%) and R1 (29%) were dominant in this population.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Amirzargar|first1=Ali|last2=Rey|first2=Diego|last3=Muñiz|first3=Ester|last4=Palacio-Grüber|first4=Jose|last5=Nikbin|first5=Behrouz|last6=Nicknam|first6=Hosein|last7=Khosravi|first7=Farideh|last8=Joshghan|first8=Hamidreza|last9=Areces|first9=Cristina|last10=Enríquez-de-Salamanca|first10=Mercedes|last11=Martinez-Quiles|first11=Narcisa|date=2015-08-31|title=Kurds HLA Genes: Its Implications in Transplantation and Pharmacogenomics|url=https://openmedicinejournal.com/VOLUME/2/PAGE/43/|journal=Open Medicine Journal|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=43–47|doi=10.2174/1874220301401010043|issn=1874-2203|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="doi.wiley.com"/>
==Modern Kurdish-majority entities and governments==
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* {{Cite book|title=The Crusades, Christianity, and Islam.|url=|last=Riley-Smith|first=Jonathan|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-231-14625-8|pages=|quote=}}
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* {{cite book|title=From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260|last=Humphreys|first=R. Stephen|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1977|isbn=0-87395-263-4|page=|quote=}}
* {{cite book|title=Non-Muslim Provinces under Early Islam: Islamic Rule and Iranian Legitimacy in Armenia and Caucasian Albania|last1=Vacca|first1=Alison|date=2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1107188518|page=|quote=}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last1=Mazaheri|first1=Mas‘ud Habibi|last2=Gholami|first2=Rahim|title=Ayyūbids|year=2008|url=|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Islamica|publisher=Brill|issn=|
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* {{Cite book|title=The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500–1900|last=Matthee|first=Rudi|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-1-4008-3260-6|pages=|quote=}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kurdish People}}
[[Category:Kurdish people| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the
[[Category:Ethnic groups divided by international borders]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of the Near East]]
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