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{{Short description|Russian daily newspaper}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=OctoberFebruary 20132020}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = {{Lang|ru-latn|Kommersant}}
| image logo = Logo Kommersant.pngsvg
| image_sizeimage = 251pxKommersant.png
| caption image_size = Front page on 27 December 2010251px
| typecaption = Front page on 27 = DailyDecember [[newspaper]]2010
| ownerstype = Daily [[Alisher Usmanovnewspaper]]
| foundationowners = {{start date= and[[Alisher age|1989}}Usmanov]]
| language founder = [[RussianVladimir languageYakovlev (journalist)|RussianVladimir Yakovlev]]
| headquarters chiefeditor = [[Moscow]]Vladimir Zhelonkin
| circulation foundation = 120,000–130,000{{start date (Julyand 2013)age|1989}}
| websitelanguage = [[Russian = {{URLlanguage|http://www.kommersant.ru/}}Russian]]
| headquarters = [[Moscow]]
| circulation = 120,000–130,000 (July 2013)
| website = {{URL|http://www.kommersant.ru/}}
| oclc = 244126120
| eissn = 1563-6380
| issn = 1561-347X
}}
 
'''''{{Lang|ru-latn|Kommersant''}}''' ({{lang-ru|Коммерса́нтъКоммерсантъ}}, {{IPA-ru|kəmʲɪrˈsant|IPA}}, ''The Businessman'' or Commerce Man, often shortened to '''[[Ъ]]''') is a nationally distributed daily newspaper published in [[Russia]] mostly devoted to politics and business. It is a leading liberal business broadsheet.<ref>{{cite news|title=The press in Russia|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4315129.stm|accessdate=29 November 2014|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=16 May 2008}}</ref> The TNS Media and NRS Russia certified July 2013 circulation of the daily was 120,000–130,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kommersant.ru/about/kommersant|title=Kommersant Website; (Russian)|year=2013|accessdateaccess-date=1 September 2015}}</ref>
 
It is widely considered to be one of Russia's three main [[List of business newspapers|business dailies]] (together with ''[[Vedomosti]]'' and ''[[RBK Daily]]'').<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-09 |title="Ведомости", "Коммерсант" и РБК вышли с обложками "Мы Иван Голунов" |url=https://www.bbc.com/russian/news-48576700 |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=BBC News Русская служба |language=ru}}</ref>
 
== History ==
The original ''Kommersant'' newspaper was established in Moscow in 1909, but was shut down by the [[Bolsheviks]] following the [[October Revolution]] in 1917.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-15 |title=Kommersant |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015092748/http://www.presseurop.eu/it/content/source-profile/356311-kommersant |access-date= |website=[[Presseurop]]}}</ref>
In 1989, with the onset of press freedom in Russia, ''Kommersant'' was founded under the ownership of businessman and publicist [[Vladimir Yakovlev (journalist)|Vladimir Yakovlev]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/source-profile/356511-kommersant|title=Kommersant; Presseurop (English)|work=Presseurop|year=2012|accessdate=13 April 2012}}</ref> The newspaper's title is spelled in Russian with a terminal [[Yer|hard sign]] (ъ) &ndash; a letter that is silent at the end of a word in modern Russian, and was thus largely abolished by the post-revolution [[Reforms of Russian orthography#The post-revolution reform|Russian spelling reform]], in reference to a pre-Soviet newspaper of the same name active between 1909 and 1917. This is played up in the Kommersant logo, which features a script hard sign at the end of somewhat more formal font. The newspaper also refers to itself or its redaction as “Ъ”.▼
 
In 1989, with the onset of press freedom in Russia, {{Lang|ru-latn|Kommersant}} was relaunched under the ownership of businessman and publicist [[Vladimir Yakovlev (journalist)|Vladimir Yakovlev]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/source-profile/356511-kommersant|title=Kommersant; Presseurop (English)|work=Presseurop|year=2012|access-date=13 April 2012|archive-date=5 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405003856/http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/source-profile/356511-kommersant|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2008-02-01|title=Media Map|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03064220701882780|journal=[[Index on Censorship]]|volume=37|issue=1|pages=183–189|doi=10.1080/03064220701882780|issn=0306-4220|last1=Bessudnov |first1=Alexei |s2cid=220926309 }}</ref> The first issue was released in January 1990.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Arrese|first=Ángel|date=2017-03-01|title=The role of economic journalism in political transitions|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1464884915623172|journal=[[Journalism (journal)|Journalism]]|language=en|volume=18|issue=3|pages=368–383|doi=10.1177/1464884915623172|s2cid=147918088 |issn=1464-8849}}</ref> It was modeled after Western [[business journalism]].<ref name=":0" />
In 1997, business mogul [[Boris Berezovsky (businessman)|Boris Berezovsky]] &ndash; a member of the former President Boris Yeltsin's 'family'<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/russia/article/0,,2056443,00.html/ ''Fortune made in Yeltsin era''] &ndash; ''Guardian'', 13 April 2007. Retrieved 24 July 2007.</ref> &ndash; bought the Kommersant publishing house, which included ''Kommersant-daily'', two serious weekly magazines (the political ''Kommersant-vlast'' (literally 'Power') and the financial ''[[Kommersant Dengi]]'' ('Money') &ndash; as well as entertainment magazines ''Domovoi'' and ''Avtopilot'' and ''Molotok'', a teen magazine, which later incurred the authorities' wrath.<ref>[http://english.pravda.ru/russia/kremlin/82774-1/ ''Prosecutors to save Russian teenagers from SMS pornography'' &ndash; ''Pravda'', 30 June 2006]. Retrieved 24 July 2007.</ref>
 
▲In 1989, with the onset of press freedom in Russia, ''Kommersant'' was founded under the ownership of businessman and publicist [[Vladimir Yakovlev (journalist)|Vladimir Yakovlev]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presseurop.eu/en/content/source-profile/356511-kommersant|title=Kommersant; Presseurop (English)|work=Presseurop|year=2012|accessdate=13 April 2012}}</ref> The newspaper's title is spelled in Russian with a terminal [[Yer|hard sign]] (ъ) &ndash;– a letter that is silent at the end of a word in modern Russian, and was thus largely abolished by the post-revolution [[Reforms of Russian orthography#The post-revolution reform|Russian spelling reform]], in reference to athe pre-Sovietoriginal newspaper of the same''Kommersant''.<ref name=":1" active between 1909 and 1917./> This is played up in the {{Lang|ru-latn|Kommersant}} logo, which features a script hard sign at the end of somewhat more formal font. The newspaper also refers to itself or its redaction as “Ъ”"Ъ".
In January 2005, ''Kommersant'' published blank pages as a protest at a court ruling ordering it to publish a denial of a story about a crisis at [[Alfa-Bank]]. The sole article in the paper was this one, published upside down, on the front page. The headline of the article was "Full Plaintiff" (полный истец) which has little meaning, but rhymes with a [[Russian mat|Russian swear word]], meaning "complete disaster" ({{Lang-ru|[[Russian mat|полный пиздец]]|links=|translit=polniy pizdets}}).<ref>{{cite news|script-title=ru:Полный истец|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?DocsID=543041|work=Kommersant| location=Moscow|date=31 January 2005|language= Russian|accessdate=24 August 2009}}</ref> The English version of the article was headed "Alfa-d Up".<ref>{{cite news|title=Alfa-d Up|url=http://www.kommersant.com/p543041/r_524/Alfa-d_Up/|work=Kommersant|location=Moscow|date=31 January 2005|accessdate=28 August 2009|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606111951/http://www.kommersant.com/p543041/r_524/Alfa-d_Up/|archivedate=6 June 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
 
Founded as a [[weekly newspaper]], it became popular among business and political elites.<ref name=":1" /> It then became a daily newspaper in 1992.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> It was owned by the businessman [[Boris Berezovsky (businessman)|Boris Berezovsky]] from 1999 until 2006, when he sold it to [[Badri Patarkatsishvili]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Koikkalainen|first=Katja|date=2007-12-01|title=The local and the International in Russian business journalism: Structures and practices|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09668130701655176|journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies]]|volume=59|issue=8|pages=1315–1329|doi=10.1080/09668130701655176|s2cid=153949932 |issn=0966-8136}}</ref> In September 2006, it was sold to [[Alisher Usmanov]].<ref name=":2" />
After clashing with Usmanov, ''Kommersant'' editor-in-chief Vladislav Borodulin left the paper.<ref>[http://www.editorsweblog.org/newsrooms_and_journalism/2006/10/russia_kommersant_editor_quits.php ''Kommersant editor quits'' - World Association of Newspapers, quoting the Associated Press, 2 October 2006]. Retrieved 24 July 2007.</ref> "[Borodulin’s] decision to resign was not forced, but evidently they expressed different views on how the publishing house should be developed," said the group's commercial director. Andrei Vasilyev, appointed for a second stint at the helm of the daily &ndash; after a long run from 1999 to 2005&ndash; said ''Kommersant-daily'' had no intention of following any imposed policy, and added that the edition would carry articles that might not please the owner.<ref>[http://en.rian.ru/russia/20061002/54450883.html ''New/old Kommersant editor vows to maintain line''- RIA Novosti, 2 October 2006]. Retrieved 24 July 2007</ref>
 
In January 2005, {{Lang|ru-latn|Kommersant}} published a protest at a court ruling ordering it to publish a denial of a story about a crisis at [[Alfa-Bank]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Alfa-d Up|url=http://www.kommersant.com/p543041/r_524/Alfa-d_Up/|work=Kommersant|location=Moscow|date=31 January 2005|access-date=28 August 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606111951/http://www.kommersant.com/p543041/r_524/Alfa-d_Up/|archive-date=6 June 2011}}</ref> In 2008, ''[[BBC News]]'' named {{Lang|ru-latn|Kommersant}} one of Russia's leading liberal business broadsheets.<ref>{{cite news|date=16 May 2008|title=The press in Russia|publisher=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4315129.stm|access-date=29 November 2014}}</ref>
On 9 December 2008 the publication of articles in English ceased, and currently the Kommersant website has no English version. Since February 2009 ''Kommersant'' newspaper is printed and distributed in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kommersant.uk.com |title="Коммерсантъ" United Kingdom|work=Kommersant|accessdate=13 January 2011}}</ref>
 
It has been argued that ''Kommersant'' strategically uses an ironic tone in its reporting, expressed in "creative [[Neologism|neologisms]], [[Word play|wordplay]], metaphors, and legally imposed [[Euphemism|euphemisms]]," allowing it to maintain a degree of independence in periods of severe [[Censorship in Russia|state censorship]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tymbay |first=Alexey |date=2024-03-15 |title=Reading ‘between the lines’: How implicit language helps liberal media survive in authoritarian regimes. The Kommersant Telegram posts case study |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/17504813241236907 |journal=Discourse & Communication |language=en |doi=10.1177/17504813241236907 |issn=1750-4813}}</ref>
In 2015, the paper began hosting US-Russia Crosstalk, a joint initiative between ''Kommersant'' and the [[Valdai Discussion Club|Valdai Club]] in Russia, and ''[[The Washington Times]]'' and the [[Center for the National Interest]] in the United States, featuring foreign policy related discussion regarding relations between the two countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/us-russia-crosstalk/|title=U.S.-Russia Crosstalk - Washington Times|last=http://www.washingtontimes.com|first=The Washington Times|website=www.washingtontimes.com|access-date=2016-07-22}}</ref>
 
== Popularity ==
In 2017 "Kommersant" was among the ten most cited sources in the [[Russian Wikipedia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lewoniewski |first1=Włodzimierz |last2=Węcel |first2=Krzysztof |last3=Abramowicz |first3=Witold |date=2017-09-23 |title=Analysis of References Across Wikipedia Languages |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320041870 |journal=Communications in Computer and Information Science |volume=756 |issue= |pages=561–573 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-67642-5_47 |access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref> Currently it is on the 143rd place in the ranking of the most visited websites in Russia.<ref>[https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/kommersant.ru kommersant.ru Competitive Analysis, Marketing Mix and Traffic] - Alexa Rank</ref>
 
== See also ==
{{Portal|Russia|Journalism}}
 
* {{Interlanguage link multi|Kommersant FM|ru|3=Коммерсантъ FM}} a Russian [[news radio|news-radio]] station
 
==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}
 
==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150812020622/http://www.kommersant.com/about.asp KommersantЪKommersant, English version online]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4222931.stm BBC news reporting on Kommersant's protest]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/4031875.stm Photo gallery celebrating Kommersant's 15th anniversary]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140301122412/http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=18717 Story in the St. Petersburg Times about the sale of Kommersant]
*[http://nlr.ru/res/inv/ukazat55/record_full.php?record_ID=120198 "Kommersant" (1909–1917) digital archives in "Newspapers on the web and beyond"], the digital resource of the [[National Library of Russia]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2010}}
 
{{Authority control}}
 
[[Category:PublicationsNewspapers established in 1989]]
[[Category:Russian-language newspapers published in Russia]]
[[Category:Business newspapers]]
[[Category:MediaMass media in Moscow]]
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