Medan: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|City and capital of North Sumatra, Indonesia}}

{{About|the city in Indonesia}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<!-- Please consider using formal English instead of localized English, for Indonesians. This is because this is the English Wikipedia, not the Simple English Wikipedia. --><!-- If wanting to put out information regarding the city of Medan in terms of culinary, tourism, etc., consider only highlighting main focuses. Full information for tourists should be put at Wikivoyage. -->

{{Infobox settlement

| official_name = City of Medan <br> {{nobold|{{lang|id|Kota Medan}}}}

| translit_lang1 = Regional

| settlement_type = [[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia|City]] and [[List of regencies and cities in North Sumatra|provincial capital]]

| image_skyline = {{multiple image

| leader_title1 = Vice Mayor

| leader_name1 = {{ill|Aulia Rachman|id}}

| area_urban_km2 = 478

| area_metro_km2 = 2,831.97

| elevation_m = 2.5–37.5

| elevation_ft = 8–123

| population_density_km2 = auto

| population_urban = 3,632,000 ([[List of Indonesian cities by population|4th]])

| demographics1_title1 = {{nowrap|Ethnic groups}}

| demographics1_info1 = {{plainlist|

| demographics1_title2 = Religion

| demographics1_info2 = [[Islam]]<br /> [[Christianity]]<br /> [[Buddhism]]<br /> [[Hinduism]]<br /> [[Confucianism]]

| map_caption1 = Interactive map of Medan

| image_map = {{#property:p242}}

| blank1_name = &nbsp;- Total

| blank2_name = &nbsp;- Per capita

| blank3_name = &nbsp;- Growth

| blank3_info = {{increase}} 6.0%

}}

 

 

The city was founded at the confluence of the [[Deli River]] and the Babura river by a [[Karo people (Indonesia)|Karonese]] man named Guru Patimpus. Then called ''Kampung Medan Putri'', it became part of the [[Deli Sultanate]], established in 1632. In the late 19th century, [[Dutch East Indies|colonial Dutch]] seeking new plantation areas chose Medan and Deli as plantation hubs to found the [[Deli Company]]. Within a few years, the Dutch [[tobacco]] trade transformed Medan into an economic hub, earning it the nickname {{lang|nl|Het Land Dollar}} ("the land of the money"). The [[Deli Railway]], established to ship tobacco, [[rubber]], [[tea]], [[timber]], [[Palm oil production in Indonesia|palm oil]], and [[sugar]] from Medan to the [[Port of Belawan]] for worldwide export, brought further rapid development to Medan. The city became first the capital of the [[State of East Sumatra]], and then the provincial capital of North Sumatra.

 

== Nomenclature ==

 

 

==History==

Medan is located in what was once the [[Aru Kingdom|Kingdom of Aru]], founded by the Karo people and flourishing between the 13th and 16th centuries.<ref name="Archaeology Highlands of Sumatra-Aru">{{cite book |title=From Distant Tales: Archaeology and Ethnohistory in the Highlands of Sumatra |editor1=Dominik Bonatz |editor2=John Miksic |editor2-link=John N. Miksic |editor3=J. David Neidel |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4438-0784-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MusYBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228142248/https://books.google.com/books?id=MusYBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110 |url-status=live}}</ref> A number of archaeological sites survive near Medan, including Kota Rentang, a port settlement in the [[Hamparan Perak]] area;<ref name="Kompas-Aru">{{cite news |work=Kompas.com |title=Menelusuri Jejak Kerajaan Aru |date=23 August 2008 |author=Juraidi |url=http://entertainment.kompas.com/read/2008/08/23/14084531/menelusuri.jejak.kerajaan.aru |language=id |access-date=12 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917215211/http://entertainment.kompas.com/read/2008/08/23/14084531/menelusuri.jejak.kerajaan.aru |archive-date=17 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kota Cina, an ancient trading site in [[Medan Marelan]];<ref>{{cite web |title=Museum Kota Cina, Situs Awal Perdagangan Penting di Pantai Timur Sumatera Abad XI |date=3 January 2016 |work=SeMedan.com |url=https://www.semedan.com/2016/01/museum-kota-cina-situs-awal-perdagangan-penting-di-pantai-timur-sumatera-abad-xi.html |language=id |access-date=12 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714092651/https://www.semedan.com/2016/01/museum-kota-cina-situs-awal-perdagangan-penting-di-pantai-timur-sumatera-abad-xi.html |archive-date=14 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> and Benteng Putri Hijau, a fort ruin in [[Deli Tua]].<ref name="Oetomo">{{cite web |title=Benteng Putri Hijau Berdasarkan Data Sejarah dan Arkeologi |author=Repelita Wahyu Oetomo |date=8 June 2014 |url=http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbaceh/2014/06/08/benteng-putri-hijau-berdasarkan-data-sejarah-dan-arkeologis/ |language=id |access-date=12 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128044042/http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbaceh/2014/06/08/benteng-putri-hijau-berdasarkan-data-sejarah-dan-arkeologis/ |archive-date=28 January 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

 

[[Sultan Ma'mun Al Rashid Perkasa Alamyah]], who ruled from 1873 to 1924, moved the kingdom's capital to Medan. He became known as the builder of early Medan, finishing the construction of the [[Maimun Palace]] in 1888 and building the [[Great Mosque of Medan]] in 1907. In 1898, a Dutch businessman named [[Hotel de Boer|Aeint Herman de Boer]] built [[Hotel de Boer]] to accommodate the cruise ships of European tourists which had begun to visit Medan.

 

 

[[File:The Allied Occupation of Sumatra SE7515.jpg|thumb|left|British Indian soldiers land in East Sumatra to help the Dutch end the Japanese occupation in Medan.]]

Developments of the 1970s, especially [[palm oil]] and [[Natural rubber|rubber]] plantations, made Medan the busiest city outside Java, with the [[transmigration program]] bringing many [[Javanese people|Javanese]] and [[Batak]] migrants.

 

 

On 5 September 2005, [[Mandala Airlines Flight 091]] stalled a minute after taking off from Medan's old [[Polonia International Airport]] for a flight to Jakarta. The aircraft crashed into a heavily populated residential area along Djamin Ginting road in ''Padang Bulan''. Of the 117 passengers and crews on board, only 17 survived, and an additional 49 civilians on the ground were killed.<ref name="ASN">{{cite web|last=Ranter|first=Harro|title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737–230 PK-RIM Medan-Polonia Airport (MES)|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20050905-0|website=aviation-safety.net|publisher=[[Aviation Safety Network]]}}</ref> As a result, [[Kualanamu International Airport]] was built in [[Deli Serdang]] to replace the old airport, with construction finished in 2012. After the move to the new airport, [[height restriction laws]] in Medan were relaxed.

 

==Geography==

 

Medan's elevation varies between {{cvt|2.5|and|37.5|m|abbr=out}} above sea level, with the [[Barisan Mountains]] to the south, and volcanoes such as [[Sibayak]] Mountain and [[Sinabung]] Mountain {{cvt|50|to|70|km|abbr=off}} from the city.{{cn|date=September 2023}}

 

===Climate===

 

{{Weather box|width=auto

|Jan sun=129.6

|Feb sun=141.0

|Dec sun=98.1

|year sun=

 

==Governance==

===Administrative divisions===

[[File:Peta Lokasi Kecamatan Kota Medan.svg|thumb|left|District divisions of Medan]]

{|class="sortable wikitable"

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! Pop'n<br>Census<br>2010

! Pop'n<br>Census<br>2020

! Ref

|-

|style="text-align:left;"|Medan (City)

|2,097,610

|2,435,252

|<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Sumatera Utara|url=http://sumut.bps.go.id/frontend/linkTabelStatis/view/id/499|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209154742/http://sumut.bps.go.id/frontend/linkTabelStatis/view/id/499|archive-date=9 December 2016|access-date=25 November 2016|website=sumut.bps.go.id}}</ref>

|-

|style="text-align:left;"|[[Binjai]] (City)

|246,154

|291,842

|<ref name=":0" />

|-

|style="text-align:left;"|[[Deli Serdang Regency]]

|1,790,431

|1,931,441

|<ref name=":0" />

|-

|86,244

|98,328

|<ref name=":0" />

|-

|style="text-align:left;"|'''Greater Medan'''

|'''4,220,439'''

|'''4,756,863'''

|<ref name=":0" />

|}

 

===Ethnicities and languages===

 

 

{{Bar box

Immigration from southern China to Deli began in the 16th century, and accelerated in the 19th and early 20th centuries as immigrants sought employment as planters and coolies. Medan is home to the largest [[Chinese Indonesians|Chinese]] population in Sumatra, mostly concentrated around the city centre. Most Chinese people in Medan speak [[Medan Hokkien]], a local dialect, but many also speak [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]], or [[Cantonese]].

 

 

Many [[Acehnese people|Acehnese]] sought sanctuary in Medan after the [[insurgency in Aceh]] in the late 1970s. They now own a number of [[Mie aceh|Mie Aceh]] restaurants around the Setia Budi and Sunggal areas. Most speak [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]], and [[Gayo language|Gayonese]] is also common.

 

The different linguistic communities in Medan communicate in a slang called ''Bahasa Medan'' or ''Dialek Medan'' (''Medanese slang''). This dialect of Indonesian includes loanwords from the various local languages, especially Malay.

}}

 

 

 

<gallery mode="packed" heights="115">

File:Vihara Maitreya.jpg|[[Maha Vihara Maitreya]] (Buddhist)

File:Perhimpunan Shri Mariamman (Mariamman Hindu Temple), Medan.jpg|[[Sri Mariamman Temple, Medan|Sri Mariamman Temple]] (Hindu)

File:View Toward Main Hall, Vihara Gunung Timur, Medan, Sumatra.jpg|[[Gunung Timur Temple]] (Taoist)

File:Graha Maria Annai Velangkanni Medan.jpg|[[Graha Maria Annai Velangkanni]] (Catholic)

</gallery>

 

{{See also|List of tallest buildings in Medan|List of colonial buildings in Medan}}

[[File:Skewed Front View, Tjong A Fie Mansion, Medan.jpg|thumb|left|The Tjong A Fie Mansion]]

 

Many examples of colonial Dutch architecture survive in Medan. Prominent instances include the old [[Medan City Hall|City Hall]], the [[Medan Post Office]], [[Hotel de Boer|Inna Dharma Deli Hotel]], Titi Gantung bridge, the {{interlanguage link|Lonsum|id}} building, the [[Tjong A Fie Mansion]], the [[A.V.R.O.S.]] building, the Warenhuis building, and the [[Tirtanadi Water Tower]].

[[File:KNO Medan apron.JPG|left|thumb|[[Kualanamu International Airport]]]]

 

 

===Seaport===

*Methodist Hospital

*Sumatra Eye Center

}}

 

* Singapore Intercultural Schools Medan

* SMA Negeri 1 Medan (state-owned high school)

* SMA Negeri 3 Medan (state-owned high school)

* SMA Negeri 4 Medan (state-owned high school)

* Yayasan Pendidikan Shafiatul Amaliyah

* Yayasan Pendidikan Harapan

}}

 

=== Universities and Colleges ===

[[File:Gedung Pascasarana Universitas Negeri Medan - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The State University of Medan, a [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] campus]]

{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|

*Dharmawangsa University

*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chengdu]], [[Sichuan Province]], [[China]] (17 December 2002)<ref name=ChenduSisterCities>{{cite web|title=Chengdu Sister and partner cities|url=http://www.gochengdu.cn/news/our-sister-cities/city-profile-exchange-activities/our-sister-cities-a2101.html|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619055314/http://www.gochengdu.cn/news/our-sister-cities/city-profile-exchange-activities/our-sister-cities-a2101.html|archive-date=19 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Milwaukee]], [[Wisconsin]], [[United States]] (30 October 2014)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://onmilwaukee.com/buzz/articles/sistercitymedan.html |title=City will host Indonesian sister city signing ceremony Thursday |date=28 October 2014 |publisher=onMilwaukee.com |type=online magazine, press release |access-date=16 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104055213/http://onmilwaukee.com/buzz/articles/sistercitymedan.html |archive-date=4 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

 

==References==