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| leader_title1 = Vice Mayor
| leader_name1 = {{ill|Aulia Rachman|id}}
| area_total_km2 = 265.
| area_urban_km2 = 478
| area_metro_km2 = 2,831.97
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| map_caption1 = Interactive map of Medan
| image_map = {{#property:p242}}
| blank_name = Nominal [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]<ref name="sumut">{{Cite
| blank_info =
| blank1_name = - Total
| blank1_info = {{increase}}[[Indonesian rupiah|Rp]]
| blank2_name = - Per capita
| blank2_info = {{increase}}[[Indonesian rupiah|Rp]] 105,908 thousand ([[List of Indonesian cities by GDP|13th]])<br />{{
| blank3_name = - Growth
| blank3_info = {{increase}} 6.0%
| blank4_name = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (
| blank4_info = {{increase}} 0.
}}
'''Medan''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ɛ|ˈ|d|ɑː|n}} {{respell|meh|DAHN}}, {{IPA-id|mɛˈdan|lang|Id-Medan.ogg}}) is the [[capital city|capital]] and largest city of the [[Indonesia]]n [[Provinces of Indonesia|province]] of [[North Sumatra]].<ref name="Kumar Mishra Avtar Chakraborty 2021 pp. 585–596">{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Pankaj |last2=Mishra |first2=Binaya Kumar |last3=Avtar |first3=Ram |last4=Chakraborty |first4=Shamik |title=Global Groundwater |chapter=Quantifying future water environment using numerical simulations: a scenario-based approach for sustainable groundwater management plan in Medan, Indonesia |publisher=Elsevier |year=2021 |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818172-0.00043-8 |pages=585–596 |isbn=9780128181720 |s2cid=230551984 |quote=Medan is the capital city of North Sumatra province.}}</ref> The nearby [[Strait of Malacca]], [[Port of Belawan]], and [[Kualanamu International Airport]] make Medan a regional hub and multicultural metropolis, acting as a [[financial centre]] for [[Sumatra]] and a gateway to the western part of Indonesia. About 60% of the economy in North Sumatra is backed by trading, agriculture, and processing industries,<ref name="Medan Business">{{cite web |title=Medan Business: Top Sectors, Economies, Business Setup |url=https://www.cekindo.com/blog/doing-business-in-medan |date=23 July 2021 |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref> including exports from its 4 million acres of palm oil plantations. The [[Government of Indonesia|National Development Planning Agency]] listed Medan as one of the [[Regions of Indonesia#Development regions|four main central cities in Indonesia]], alongside [[Jakarta]], [[Surabaya]], and [[Makassar]]. In terms of population, it is the most populous city in Indonesia outside of the island of Java. Its population as of 2023 is approximately equal to the country of [[Moldova]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bappenas.go.id/files/2713/5227/9312/bag-z-74-75-cek__20090130070903__25.doc |title=26. Z. Irian Jaya |website=bappenas.go.id |type=Word DOC |language=id |access-date=16 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705115720/https://www.bappenas.go.id/files/2713/5227/9312/bag-z-74-75-cek__20090130070903__25.doc |archive-date=5 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMaqCLchf9UC&pg=PT114 |title=Geografi |publisher=Grasindo |isbn=9789797596194 |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805101052/https://books.google.com/books?id=MMaqCLchf9UC&pg=PT114 |url-status=live }}</ref> ▼
As of the 2020 Census, Medan had a population of 2,435,252 within its [[city limits]];<ref name="bps2016">{{Cite web |url=https://sumut.bps.go.id/dynamictable/2017/10/03/60/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-jenis-kelamin-dan-kabupaten-kota-sumatera-utara-2011-2016.html |title=Jumlah Penduduk menurut Jenis Kelamin dan Kabupaten/Kota Sumatra Utara 2011–2016 |date=3 October 2017 |website=Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Sumatra Utara |language=id |access-date=8 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518051911/https://sumut.bps.go.id/dynamictable/2017/10/03/60/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-jenis-kelamin-dan-kabupaten-kota-sumatera-utara-2011-2016.html |archive-date=18 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> the official population estimate as of mid 2023 was 2,474,166 - comprising 1,231,673 males and 1,242,493 females.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kota Medan Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.1271)</ref> When the surrounding [[urban area]] is included, the population is over 3.4 million, making it the [[List of metropolitan areas in Indonesia#Built-up urban areas|fourth largest urban area in Indonesia]].<ref name="Demographia">{{cite web |title=Demographia World Urban Areas, 14th Annual Edition |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207210003/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2020 |date=April 2019 |access-date=9 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Medan metropolitan area]]—which includes neighbouring [[Binjai]], [[Deli Serdang Regency]], and a part of [[Karo Regency]]—is the largest metropolitan area outside of [[Java]], with 4,744,323 residents counted in the 2020 Census.<ref name="mebidangro">{{Cite web |url=http://perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id/n/metropolitan/2 |title=PU-net |access-date=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518051906/http://perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id/n/metropolitan/2 |archive-date=18 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> ▼
▲'''Medan''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ɛ|ˈ|d|ɑː|n}} {{respell|meh|DAHN}}, {{IPA-id|mɛˈdan|lang|Id-Medan.ogg}}) is the [[capital city|capital]] and largest city of the [[Indonesia]]n [[Provinces of Indonesia|province]] of [[North Sumatra]].<ref name="Kumar Mishra Avtar Chakraborty 2021 pp. 585–596">{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Pankaj |last2=Mishra |first2=Binaya Kumar |last3=Avtar |first3=Ram |last4=Chakraborty |first4=Shamik |title=Global Groundwater |chapter=Quantifying future water environment using numerical simulations: a scenario-based approach for sustainable groundwater management plan in Medan, Indonesia |publisher=Elsevier |year=2021 |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-818172-0.00043-8 |pages=585–596 |isbn=9780128181720 |s2cid=230551984 |quote=Medan is the capital city of North Sumatra province.}}</ref> The nearby [[Strait of Malacca]], [[Port of Belawan]], and [[Kualanamu International Airport]] make Medan a regional hub and multicultural metropolis, acting as a [[financial centre]] for [[Sumatra]] and a gateway to the western part of Indonesia. About 60% of the economy in North Sumatra is backed by trading, agriculture, and processing industries,<ref name="Medan Business">{{cite web |title=Medan Business: Top Sectors, Economies, Business Setup |url=https://www.cekindo.com/blog/doing-business-in-medan |date=23 July 2021 |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref> including exports from its 4 million acres of palm oil plantations. The [[Government of Indonesia|National Development Planning Agency]] listed Medan as one of the [[Regions of Indonesia#Development regions|four main central cities in Indonesia]], alongside [[Jakarta]], [[Surabaya]], and [[Makassar]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bappenas.go.id/files/2713/5227/9312/bag-z-74-75-cek__20090130070903__25.doc |title=26. Z. Irian Jaya |website=bappenas.go.id |type=Word DOC |language=id |access-date=16 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705115720/https://www.bappenas.go.id/files/2713/5227/9312/bag-z-74-75-cek__20090130070903__25.doc |archive-date=5 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMaqCLchf9UC&pg=PT114 |title=Geografi |publisher=Grasindo |isbn=9789797596194 |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805101052/https://books.google.com/books?id=MMaqCLchf9UC&pg=PT114 |url-status=live }}</ref>
▲As of the 2020 Census, Medan had a population of 2,435,252 within its [[city limits]];<ref name="bps2016">{{Cite web |url=https://sumut.bps.go.id/dynamictable/2017/10/03/60/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-jenis-kelamin-dan-kabupaten-kota-sumatera-utara-2011-2016.html |title=Jumlah Penduduk menurut Jenis Kelamin dan Kabupaten/Kota Sumatra Utara 2011–2016 |date=3 October 2017 |website=Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Sumatra Utara |language=id |access-date=8 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518051911/https://sumut.bps.go.id/dynamictable/2017/10/03/60/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-jenis-kelamin-dan-kabupaten-kota-sumatera-utara-2011-2016.html |archive-date=18 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> the official population estimate as of mid 2023 was 2,474,166 - comprising 1,231,673 males and 1,242,493.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kota Medan Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.1271)</ref> When the surrounding [[urban area]] is included, the population is over 3.4 million, making it the [[List of metropolitan areas in Indonesia#Built-up urban areas|fourth largest urban area in Indonesia]].<ref name="Demographia">{{cite web |title=Demographia World Urban Areas, 14th Annual Edition |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207210003/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2020 |date=April 2019 |access-date=9 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Medan metropolitan area]]—which includes neighbouring [[Binjai]], [[Deli Serdang Regency]], and a part of [[Karo Regency]]—is the largest metropolitan area outside of [[Java]], with 4,744,323 residents counted in the 2020 Census.<ref name="mebidangro">{{Cite web |url=http://perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id/n/metropolitan/2 |title=PU-net |access-date=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518051906/http://perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id/n/metropolitan/2 |archive-date=18 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The city was founded at the confluence of the [[Deli River]] and the Babura river by a [[Karo people (Indonesia)|Karonese]] man named Guru Patimpus. Then called ''Kampung Medan Putri'', it became part of the [[Deli Sultanate]], established in 1632. In the late 19th century, [[Dutch East Indies|colonial Dutch]] seeking new plantation areas chose Medan and Deli as plantation hubs to found the [[Deli Company]]. Within a few years, the Dutch [[tobacco]] trade transformed Medan into an economic hub, earning it the nickname {{lang|nl|Het Land Dollar}} ("the land of the money"). The [[Deli Railway]], established to ship tobacco, [[rubber]], [[tea]], [[timber]], [[Palm oil production in Indonesia|palm oil]], and [[sugar]] from Medan to the [[Port of Belawan]] for worldwide export, brought further rapid development to Medan. The city became first the capital of the [[State of East Sumatra]], and then the provincial capital of North Sumatra.
== Nomenclature ==
The term ''medan'' might be derived from a [[Batak Karo language|Batak Karo]] word {{transl|btx|madan}} ({{lang|btx|ᯔᯑᯉ᯳}}), which literally means 'healed', 'blessed', or 'recovered'.<ref name="KB">{{cite book |last= Joustra |first= M. |date= 1907 |title= Karo-Bataksch Woordenboek |trans-title= Karo Batak dictionary |url=https://www.e-hsl.com/sources?sourceID=Joustra+1907 |language=nl |location= |publisher= |isbn=}}</ref> The term is associated with the historical Karo Batak figure and founder of the city, Guru Patimpus, who was well-known as a "healer" or traditional doctor. The oldest evidence of this term used to refer to the city dates back to {{circa}} 13th-15th century
There is also a popular theory that ''medan'' is of [[Malay language|Malay]] origin, literally meaning 'field'. The term ''medan'' ({{lang|ms|مدان}}) in Malay might be derived from [[Malayalam]] {{transl|ml|
==History==
[[File:Monumen Guru Patimpus Sembiring Pelawi (II).jpg|thumb|left|Guru Patimpus, the founder of Medan]]
Medan is located in what was once the [[Aru Kingdom|Kingdom of Aru]], founded by the Karo people and flourishing between the 13th and 16th centuries.<ref name="Archaeology Highlands of Sumatra-Aru">{{cite book |title=From Distant Tales: Archaeology and Ethnohistory in the Highlands of Sumatra |editor1=Dominik Bonatz |editor2=John Miksic |editor2-link=John N. Miksic |editor3=J. David Neidel |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4438-0784-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MusYBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228142248/https://books.google.com/books?id=MusYBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110 |url-status=live}}</ref> A number of archaeological sites survive near Medan, including Kota Rentang, a port settlement in the [[Hamparan Perak]] area;<ref name="Kompas-Aru">{{cite news |work=Kompas.com |title=Menelusuri Jejak Kerajaan Aru |date=23 August 2008 |author=Juraidi |url=http://entertainment.kompas.com/read/2008/08/23/14084531/menelusuri.jejak.kerajaan.aru |language=id |access-date=12 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917215211/http://entertainment.kompas.com/read/2008/08/23/14084531/menelusuri.jejak.kerajaan.aru |archive-date=17 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kota Cina, an ancient trading site in [[Medan Marelan]];<ref>{{cite web |title=Museum Kota Cina, Situs Awal Perdagangan Penting di Pantai Timur Sumatera Abad XI |date=3 January 2016 |work=SeMedan.com |url=https://www.semedan.com/2016/01/museum-kota-cina-situs-awal-perdagangan-penting-di-pantai-timur-sumatera-abad-xi.html |language=id |access-date=12 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714092651/https://www.semedan.com/2016/01/museum-kota-cina-situs-awal-perdagangan-penting-di-pantai-timur-sumatera-abad-xi.html |archive-date=14 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> and Benteng Putri Hijau, a fort ruin in [[Deli Tua]].<ref name="Oetomo">{{cite web |title=Benteng Putri Hijau Berdasarkan Data Sejarah dan Arkeologi |author=Repelita Wahyu Oetomo |date=8 June 2014 |url=http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbaceh/2014/06/08/benteng-putri-hijau-berdasarkan-data-sejarah-dan-arkeologis/ |language=id |access-date=12 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128044042/http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbaceh/2014/06/08/benteng-putri-hijau-berdasarkan-data-sejarah-dan-arkeologis/ |archive-date=28 January 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
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[[Sultan Ma'mun Al Rashid Perkasa Alamyah]], who ruled from 1873 to 1924, moved the kingdom's capital to Medan. He became known as the builder of early Medan, finishing the construction of the [[Maimun Palace]] in 1888 and building the [[Great Mosque of Medan]] in 1907. In 1898, a Dutch businessman named [[Hotel de Boer|Aeint Herman de Boer]] built [[Hotel de Boer]] to accommodate the cruise ships of European tourists which had begun to visit Medan.
During the 1942 [[Dutch East Indies campaign]], the Japanese entered Medan on bicycles and occupied the city. The handover of power was chaotic, but through the use of the [[Kempetai]]
[[File:The Allied Occupation of Sumatra SE7515.jpg|thumb|left|British Indian soldiers land in East Sumatra to help the Dutch end the Japanese occupation in Medan.]]
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===Climate===
Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], Medan features a [[tropical rainforest climate]] (''Af'') with no real [[dry season]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=53069&cityname=Medan%2C+Sumatera+Utara%2C+Indonesia&units= |title=Medan, Indonesia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |work=Weatherbase |access-date=4 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926043430/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=53069&cityname=Medan%2C+Sumatera+Utara%2C+Indonesia&units= |archive-date=26 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Its driest month (January) on average sees about one-third the precipitation of its wettest month (October), with a total annual precipitation of about {{cvt|2,200|mm|abbr=off}}. Autumn (September - November) is the rainiest season, and the temperature is still coolest in winter (December and January). Temperatures in the city average approximately {{cvt|27|C|F}} throughout the year.
{{Weather box|width=auto
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}}
Most of Medan's inhabitants are [[Islam|Muslim]], accounting for approximately 65 percent of the population. The substantial [[Christianity|Christian]] demographic (about 25 percent of the total population) includes [[Catholic]]s, [[Methodist]]s, and [[Lutheran]]s,
[[Gunung Timur Temple]], on [[Hang_Tuah#In_Malaysia|Jalan Hang Tuah]], is Medan's oldest [[Taoist]] temple. [[Maha Vihara Maitreya]], on Jalan Cemara Asri, is the largest [[Buddhist temple]] in southeast Asia. The city's oldest church, [[Medan Cathedral]], on Jalan Pemuda, was originally built as {{lang|nl|Indische Kerk}} by the Dutch and Indian community. [[Sri Mariamman Temple, Medan|Sri Mariamman Temple]], on Jalan Zainul Arifin in [[Kampung Madras]], is the city's oldest Hindu temple, built around 1881; it is surrounded by over a hundred statues of various deities. [[Graha Maria Annai Velangkanni]], a Catholic church in an Indo-Mogul style, was built on Jalan Sakura III in 2005, dedicated to a [[Marian apparition]] in 17th century [[Tamil Nadu]]. At one point before and during the Japanese occupation of the city, Japanese migrants created a [[Shinto]] shrine, [[Hirohara Shrine]], to accommodate the increasing worshipers of Japanese residents.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Dibeli Pemprov Sumut, Medan Club Sudah Ditetapkan Sebagai Cagar Budaya oleh Pemko Medan |url=https://medan.tribunnews.com/2023/01/23/dibeli-pemprov-sumut-medan-club-sudah-ditetapkan-sebagai-cagar-budaya-oleh-pemko-medan |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Tribun-medan.com |language=id-ID}}</ref> It was later rebuilt during the Japanese occupation of the city in 1944 to accommodate the mandatory worship by locals.<ref name=":11" /> The former shrine still stands as the last [[Shinto shrine]] in [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=スマトラ.メダンにある日本の歴史遺産 紘原神社 - 「老人タイムス」私説 |url=https://blog.goo.ne.jp/bagus_2006/e/cc1381a7995a54876d386294b62930f4 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=goo blog |language=ja}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last1=Inamiya |first1=Yasuhito |url=https://www.kokusho.co.jp/np/isbn/9784336063427/ |title=非文字資料研究叢書２ 「神国」の残影｜国書刊行会 |last2=Nakajima |first2=Michio |date=November 2019 |publisher=Kokusho Publishing Association |isbn=978-4-336-06342-7 |language=ja |trans-title=Remnants of “Sacred Country” {{!}} Photographic Records of Sites of Overseas Shrines |access-date=2023-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801155416/https://www.kokusho.co.jp/np/isbn/9784336063427/ |archive-date=2023-08-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="115">
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File:View Toward Main Hall, Vihara Gunung Timur, Medan, Sumatra.jpg|[[Gunung Timur Temple]] (Taoist)
File:Graha Maria Annai Velangkanni Medan.jpg|[[Graha Maria Annai Velangkanni]] (Catholic)
File:Hirohara Jinja's Haiden.jpg|[[Hirohara Shrine|Hirohara Jinja]] (formerly [[Shinto]])
</gallery>
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*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chengdu]], [[Sichuan Province]], [[China]] (17 December 2002)<ref name=ChenduSisterCities>{{cite web|title=Chengdu Sister and partner cities|url=http://www.gochengdu.cn/news/our-sister-cities/city-profile-exchange-activities/our-sister-cities-a2101.html|access-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619055314/http://www.gochengdu.cn/news/our-sister-cities/city-profile-exchange-activities/our-sister-cities-a2101.html|archive-date=19 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Milwaukee]], [[Wisconsin]], [[United States]] (30 October 2014)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://onmilwaukee.com/buzz/articles/sistercitymedan.html |title=City will host Indonesian sister city signing ceremony Thursday |date=28 October 2014 |publisher=onMilwaukee.com |type=online magazine, press release |access-date=16 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104055213/http://onmilwaukee.com/buzz/articles/sistercitymedan.html |archive-date=4 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
==See also==
{{portal|Indonesia}}
* [[Medan metropolitan area]]
==References==
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