Medan: Difference between revisions

| area_total_km2 = 265.101

| blank_name = Nominal [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]<ref name="sumut">{{Cite book web|title=ProdukProvinsi DomestikSumatera RegionalUtara BrutoDalam Kabupaten/kota di Sumatra Utara 2015–2019Angka 2024|author=[[Statistics Indonesia|Badan Pusat Statistik Sumatra Utara]] |publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik |year=2020 2024|location=Medan |url=https://sumut.bps.go.id/publication/20202024/0402/2728/317f98717fcca50650c40477a2b9ed5089227612befc7827/provinsi-sumatera-utara-dalam-angka-20202024.html |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804170402/https://sumut.bps.go.id/publication/2020/04/27/317f98717fcca50650c40477/provinsi-sumatera-utara-dalam-angka-2020.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

| blank_info = 20192023

| blank1_info = {{increase}}[[Indonesian rupiah|Rp]] 241303.5312 trillion ([[List of Indonesian cities by GDP|4th]])<br />{{increase}}[[US$]]17 19.1899 billion <br />{{US$increase}}56.1[[US$]] 63,731 billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])

| blank2_info = {{increase}}[[Indonesian rupiah|Rp]] 105,908 thousand ([[List of Indonesian cities by GDP|13th]])<br />{{US$increase}}7[[US$]] 8,490043<br />{{US$increase}}24[[US$]] 25,620758 ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])

| blank4_name = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (20192023)

| blank4_info = {{increase}} 0.809826 ([[List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index|21st26th]]) – <span style="color:#090;">very high</span><ref>{{Cite web |title=Badan Pusat Statistik |url=https://bps.go.id/indicator/26/413/1/-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia.html |access-date=2021-02-03 |publisher=bps.go.id |archive-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205230711/https://bps.go.id/indicator/26/413/1/-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The term ''MedanTOTOmedan'' might be derived from a [[Batak Karo language|Batak Karo]] word {{transl|btx|madan}} ({{lang|btx|ᯔᯑᯉ᯳}}), which literally means 'healed', 'blessed', or 'recovered'.<ref name="KB">{{cite book |last= Joustra |first= M. |date= 1907 |title= Karo-Bataksch Woordenboek |trans-title= Karo Batak dictionary |url=https://www.e-hsl.com/sources?sourceID=Joustra+1907 |language=nl |location= |publisher= |isbn=}}</ref> The term is associated with the historical Karo Batak figure and founder of the city, Guru Patimpus, who was well-known as a "healer" or traditional doctor. The oldest evidence of this term used to refer to the city dates back to {{circa}} 13th-15th century era during the reign of [[Aru Kingdom|Aru]], the Karo monarch.<ref name="AR">{{cite book |last1= Pelly |first1=Usman |last2=R. |first2= Ratna |last3=Kardarmadja |first3= M. Sunjata|date= 1984 |title= Sejarah sosial daerah Sumatra Utara, Kotamadya Medan |trans-title= Sociohistory of North Sumatra, Medan Municipality |url= |language=id |location=Indonesia |publisher= [[Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology|Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan]]}}</ref>

There is also a popular theory that ''MedanTOTOmedan'' is of [[Malay language|Malay]] origin, literally meaning 'field'. The term ''MedanTOTOmedan'' ({{lang|ms|مدان}}) in Malay might be derived from [[Malayalam]] {{transl|ml|mythaan-ammaitānam}} ({{lang|ml|മൈതാനം}}, 'field'), which is cognate to the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] word {{transl|ta|maitāṉ-am}} ({{lang|ta|மைதானம்}}, 'ground').<ref name="MD">{{cite book |last= Meuraxa |first= Dada |date= 1973 |title= Sejarah kebudayaan suku-suku di Sumatera Utara |trans-title= Cultural history of tribes in North Sumatra |url= |language=id |location= Indonesia |publisher= Sasterawan |isbn=}}</ref>

MedanTOTOMedan is located in what was once the [[Aru Kingdom|Kingdom of Aru]], founded by the Karo people and flourishing between the 13th and 16th centuries.<ref name="Archaeology Highlands of Sumatra-Aru">{{cite book |title=From Distant Tales: Archaeology and Ethnohistory in the Highlands of Sumatra |editor1=Dominik Bonatz |editor2=John Miksic |editor2-link=John N. Miksic |editor3=J. David Neidel |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4438-0784-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MusYBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228142248/https://books.google.com/books?id=MusYBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110 |url-status=live}}</ref> A number of archaeological sites survive near MedanTOTOMedan, including Kota Rentang, a port settlement in the [[Hamparan Perak]] area;<ref name="Kompas-Aru">{{cite news |work=Kompas.com |title=Menelusuri Jejak Kerajaan Aru |date=23 August 2008 |author=Juraidi |url=http://entertainment.kompas.com/read/2008/08/23/14084531/menelusuri.jejak.kerajaan.aru |language=id |access-date=12 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917215211/http://entertainment.kompas.com/read/2008/08/23/14084531/menelusuri.jejak.kerajaan.aru |archive-date=17 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kota Cina, an ancient trading site in [[Medan Marelan|MedanTOTO Marelan]];<ref>{{cite web |title=Museum Kota Cina, Situs Awal Perdagangan Penting di Pantai Timur Sumatera Abad XI |date=3 January 2016 |work=SeMedan.com |url=https://www.semedan.com/2016/01/museum-kota-cina-situs-awal-perdagangan-penting-di-pantai-timur-sumatera-abad-xi.html |language=id |access-date=12 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714092651/https://www.semedan.com/2016/01/museum-kota-cina-situs-awal-perdagangan-penting-di-pantai-timur-sumatera-abad-xi.html |archive-date=14 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> and Benteng Putri Hijau, a fort ruin in [[Deli Tua]].<ref name="Oetomo">{{cite web |title=Benteng Putri Hijau Berdasarkan Data Sejarah dan Arkeologi |author=Repelita Wahyu Oetomo |date=8 June 2014 |url=http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbaceh/2014/06/08/benteng-putri-hijau-berdasarkan-data-sejarah-dan-arkeologis/ |language=id |access-date=12 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128044042/http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbaceh/2014/06/08/benteng-putri-hijau-berdasarkan-data-sejarah-dan-arkeologis/ |archive-date=28 January 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In the sixteenth century, Guru Patimpus Sembiring Pelawi, a [[Karo people (Indonesia)|Karonese]] man from the [[Karo Regency]], converted from [[Pemena]] to [[Islam]]. While traveling to study under Datuk Kota Bangun, Guru Patimpus met and married the Princess of {{interlanguage link|Pulo Brayan|id}}. Accompanied by their two sons, Kolok and Kecik, the couple founded MedanTOTOMedan village between the [[Deli River|Deli]] and Babura Rivers.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

In 1632, the [[Aceh Sultanate]] under [[Gocah Pahlawan]] expanded to include MedanTOTOMedan. [[Perunggit]] succeeded his father in 1669, and declared the [[Deli Sultanate]], including MedanTOTOMedan, independent of the Aceh Sultanate.

Starting in the 1860s, Dutch authorities began to release new land for tobacco plantations. Said Abdullah Bilsagih, brother-in-law of the Deli Sultan Mahmud Perkasa Alam, persuaded Dutch tobacco merchant [[Jacob Nienhuys]] to move his business from Java to Deli. Dutch merchants Van der Falk and Elliot, and Chinese brothers [[Tjong Yong Hian]] and [[Tjong A Fie]], were also pioneers of Deli's tobacco industry. In 1867, Nienhuys, Jannsen, P.W. Clemen, and Cremer founded [[Deli Company|De Deli Maatschappij]]; in 1869, they moved its head office from [[Labuhan Deli]] to MedanTOTOMedan. This made MedanTOTOMedan a centre of the tobacco trade, which continued to grow with the 1869 opening of the [[Suez Canal]].

[[Sultan Ma'mun Al Rashid Perkasa Alamyah]], who ruled from 1873 to 1924, moved the kingdom's capital to MedanTOTOMedan. He became known as the builder of early MedanTOTOMedan, finishing the construction of the [[Maimun Palace]] in 1888 and building the [[Great Mosque of Medan|Great Mosque of MedanTOTO]] in 1907. In 1898, a Dutch businessman named [[Hotel de Boer|Aeint Herman de Boer]] built [[Hotel de Boer]] to accommodate the cruise ships of European tourists which had begun to visit MedanTOTOMedan.

During the 1942 [[Dutch East Indies campaign]], the Japanese entered MedanTOTOMedan on bicycles and occupied the city. The handover of power was chaotic, but through the use of the [[Kempetai]],. theLocals of Medan were subjected to enforced Japanese language and worship.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Saito |first=Shizuo |url=https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/673871439 |title=私の軍政記 : インドネシア独立前夜 |date=1 March 1977 |publisher=Japan Indonesia Association |asin= |oclc=673871439}}</ref> The Japanese were able to hold the city until [[surrender of Japan|their surrender]] in 1945. Following that, MedanTOTOMedan came under the authority of the [[South East Asia Command]] led by British [[Admiral]] [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Louis Mountbatten]]. With the [[Proclamation of Indonesian Independence]] on 17 August, MedanTOTOMedan became part of the newly-independent Republic of Indonesia, news announced in MedanTOTOMedan on 30 September.

[[File:The Allied Occupation of Sumatra SE7515.jpg|thumb|left|British Indian soldiers land in East Sumatra to help the Dutch end the Japanese occupation in MedanTOTOMedan.]]

In October, Allied troops landed in [[Belawan]] and marched on MedanTOTOMedan. The subsequent conflicts between the Allies and the [[Indonesian Army]] became known as the [[Battle of Medan|Battle of MedanTOTO]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Reid |first=Anthony |title=The Blood of the People: Revolution & the End of Traditional Rule in Northern Sumatra |publisher=NUS Press |year=2014 |location=Singapore |isbn=978-9971-69-637-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Said |first=H. Mohammed |title=What was the Social Revolution of 1946 in East Sumatra |publisher=Cornell University: Indonesia Southeast Asia Program Publications |journal=Indonesia |volume=15 |issue=15 |page=153 |date=April 1973 |doi=10.2307/3350795 |jstor=3350795 |hdl=1813/53556 |url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/53556/INDO_15_0_1107128614_145_186.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030170542/https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/53556/INDO_15_0_1107128614_145_186.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=30 October 2018 |url-status=live |hdl-access=free}}</ref> The Allies regained control of MedanTOTOMedan in April 1946, and in December 1947 the Dutch established the [[State of East Sumatra]] with MedanTOTOMedan as its capital. This became part of the [[United States of Indonesia]] in 1949, and was dissolved into the [[Republic of Indonesia]] in 1950.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kahin |first=George McTurnan |title=Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1970 |isbn=0-8014-9108-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h4B_AQAACAAJ |pages=225, 461–463 |access-date=9 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512053834/https://books.google.com/books?id=h4B_AQAACAAJ |archive-date=12 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

MedanTOTOMedan continued to grow as a centre of commerce during the reign of {{interlanguage link|Amaluddin Al Sani Perkasa Alamsyah|id}}.

Developments of the 1970s, especially [[palm oil]] and [[Natural rubber|rubber]] plantations, made MedanTOTOMedan the busiest city outside Java, with the [[transmigration program]] bringing many [[Javanese people|Javanese]] and [[Batak]] migrants.

In May 1998, months of student demonstrations in MedanTOTOMedan over the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]] turned into [[May 1998 riots of Indonesia|riots]] when a student was killed in a clash with security forces. The next day, the mobs became bigger, and many shops and vehicles in the business district (mostly owned by Chinese residents) were burned and looted. As a result, a curfew was imposed for more than two weeks until peace returned.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shenon |first=Philip |date=1994-04-24 |title=Rioters Attack Ethnic Chinese In Indonesia |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/24/world/rioters-attack-ethnic-chinese-in-indonesia.html |access-date=2023-02-22 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

On 5 September 2005, [[Mandala Airlines Flight 091]] stalled a minute after taking off from MedanTOTOMedan's old [[Polonia International Airport]] for a flight to Jakarta. The aircraft crashed into a heavily populated residential area along Djamin Ginting road in ''Padang Bulan''. Of the 117 passengers and crews on board, only 17 survived, and an additional 49 civilians on the ground were killed.<ref name="ASN">{{cite web|last=Ranter|first=Harro|title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737–230 PK-RIM Medan-Polonia Airport (MES)|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20050905-0|website=aviation-safety.net|publisher=[[Aviation Safety Network]]}}</ref> As a result, [[Kualanamu International Airport]] was built in [[Deli Serdang]] to replace the old airport, with construction finished in 2012. After the move to the new airport, [[height restriction laws]] in MedanTOTOMedan were relaxed.

MedanTOTOMedan is in the northeastern part of [[Sumatra]] island, in the province of [[North Sumatra]]. The city is a [[Enclave and exclave|semi-enclave]] within Deli Serdang Regency, bordered by that regency on three sides and by the [[Strait of Malacca]] to the north. The natural harbor formed where the Deli and Babura rivers feed into the straits has contributed to MedanTOTOMedan's growth as a trading port.<ref>Usman Pelly, Sejarah Kota Madya Medan, 1950–1979; Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan R.I., Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Sejarah Nasional, Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional, 1985</ref>

MedanTOTOMedan's elevation varies between {{cvt|2.5|and|37.5|m|abbr=out}} above sea level, with the [[Barisan Mountains]] to the south, and volcanoes such as [[Sibayak]] Mountain and [[Sinabung]] Mountain {{cvt|50|to|70|km|abbr=off}} from the city.{{cn|date=September 2023}}

Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], MedanTOTOMedan features a [[tropical rainforest climate]] (''Af'') with no real [[dry season]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=53069&cityname=Medan%2C+Sumatera+Utara%2C+Indonesia&units= |title=Medan, Indonesia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |work=Weatherbase |access-date=4 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926043430/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=53069&cityname=Medan%2C+Sumatera+Utara%2C+Indonesia&units= |archive-date=26 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Its driest month (January) on average sees about one-third the precipitation of its wettest month (October), with a total annual precipitation of about {{cvt|2,200|mm|abbr=off}}. Autumn (September - November) is the rainiest season, and the temperature is still coolest in winter (December and January). Temperatures in the city average approximately {{cvt|27|C|F}} throughout the year.

[[File:Medan old city hall.jpg|upright|thumb|The former [[Medan City Hall|MedanTOTO City Hall]]]]

MedanTOTOMedan was governed by [[Abdillah (Indonesian politician)|Abdillah]] from 2000 until 2008, when he and his vice mayor were caught by the [[Corruption Eradication Commission]]. [[Syamsul Arifin]], the governor of North Sumatra Province, appointed {{interlanguage link|Affifudin Lubis|id}} as acting mayor, followed by [[Rahudman Harahap]] after Lubis's 2009 resignation. Harahap resigned in order to run for office in the 2010 mayoral election, leaving Arifin himself to become acting mayor. In 2013, Harahap was also arrested for corruption, and his deputy [[Dzulmi Eldin]] became acting mayor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://koran-indonesia.com/2013/05/kpk-arrests-mandailing-natal-mayor-for-alleged-bribery/ |title=KPK Arrests Mandailing Natal Mayor for Alleged Bribery |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140301140206/http://koran-indonesia.com/2013/05/kpk-arrests-mandailing-natal-mayor-for-alleged-bribery/ |archive-date=1 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The current mayor of MedanTOTOMedan is [[Bobby Nasution]], with vice mayor {{interlanguage link|Aulia Rachman|id}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gubsu Lantik Wali Kota Medan dan Wakil Wali Kota Medan Periode 2021–2024 |url=https://pemkomedan.go.id/artikel-20764-gubsu-lantik-wali-kota-medan-dan-wakil-wali-kota-medan-periode-20212024.html#:~:text=Home-,Gubsu%20Lantik%20Wali%20Kota%20Medan%20dan,Kota%20Medan%20Periode%202021-2024&text=Gubernur%20Sumatera%20Utara,%20Edy%20Rahmayadi,Jumat%20(26/2) |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=pemkomedan.go.id}}</ref>

[[File:Peta Lokasi Kecamatan Kota Medan.svg|thumb|left|District divisions of MedanTOTOMedan]]

MedanTOTOMedan is divided into 21 [[Districts of Indonesia|districts]] ({{lang-id|kecamatan}}), tabulated below with their areas and populations at the 2010 Census,<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> and the 2020 Census,<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> together with the official estimates as of mid-2023.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kota Medan Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.1271)</ref> The table also includes the number of urban villages/neighbourhoods ({{lang-id|kelurahan}}) in each district, and their postal codes.

| 12.71.07 || [[Medan Tuntungan|MedanTOTO Tuntungan]]|| align="right" |25.16||align="right"|80,942||align="right"|97,249||align="right"|100,132||align="center"|9||20134-20141

| 12.71.11 || [[Medan Johor|MedanTOTO Johor]]|| align="right" |16.73||align="right"|123,851||align="right"|151,756||align="right"|154,868||align="center"|6||20142-20146

| 12.71.09 || [[Medan Amplas|MedanTOTO Amplas]]|| align="right" |10.65||align="right"|113,143||align="right"|129,726||align="right"|131,770||align="center"|7||20147-20149,<br />20219 & 20229

| 12.71.04 || [[Medan Denai|MedanTOTO Denai]]|| align="right" |9.37||align="right"|141,395||align="right"|169,643||align="right"|171,896||align="center"|6||20226-20228

| 12.71.10 || [[Medan Area|MedanTOTO Area]]|| align="right" |4.24||align="right"|96,544||align="right"|117,029||align="right"|118,057||align="center"|12||20211-20217

| 12.71.01 || [[Medan Kota|MedanTOTO Kota]] ||align="right"|5.75||align="right"|72,580||align="right"|84,666||align="right"|84,778||align="center"|12||20211-20219

| 12.71.15 || [[Medan Maimun|MedanTOTO Maimun]] ||align="right"|3.02||align="right"|39,581||align="right"|49,231||align="right"|49,708||align="center"|6||20151-20159

| 12.71.16 || [[Medan Polonia|MedanTOTO Polonia]] ||align="right"|8.77||align="right"|52,794||align="right"|59,915||align="right"|60,679||align="center"|5||20152-20157

| 12.71.17 || [[Medan Baru|MedanTOTO Baru]]|| align="right" |5.43||align="right"|39,516||align="right"|36,522||align="right"|36,191||align="center"|6||20153-20156

| 12.71.21 || [[Medan Selayang|MedanTOTO Selayang]]|| align="right" |16.45||align="right"|98,317||align="right"|103,176||align="right"|104,144||align="center"|6||20131-20133

| 12.71.02 || [[Medan Sunggal|MedanTOTO Sunggal]] ||align="right"|13.26||align="right"|112,744||align="right"|129,063||align="right"|133,273||align="center"|6||20121-20128

| 12.71.03 || [[Medan Helvetia|MedanTOTO Helvetia]]|| align="right" |13.05||align="right"|144,257||align="right"|164,910||align="right"|168,292||align="center"|7||20123-20126

| 12.71.19 || [[Medan Petisah|MedanTOTO Petisah]]|| align="right" |5.28||align="right"|61,749||align="right"|71,844||align="right"|72,432||align="center"|7||20112-20119

| 12.71.05 || [[West Medan|MedanTOTOMedan Barat]] ||align="right"|6.34||align="right"|70,771||align="right"|88,602||align="right"|89,248||align="center"|6||20111-20117

| 12.71.20 || [[East Medan|MedanTOTOMedan Timur]]|| align="right" |8.89||align="right"|108,633||align="right"|116,985||align="right"|117,035||align="center"|11||20231-20239

| 12.71.18 || [[Medan Perjuangan|MedanTOTO Perjuangan]]|| align="right" |4.54||align="right"|93,328||align="right"|103,813||align="right"|105,317||align="center"|9||20232-20237

| 12.71.14 || [[Medan Tembung|MedanTOTO Tembung]]|| align="right" |7.85||align="right"|133,579||align="right"|146,534||align="right"|149,274||align="center"|7||20221-20225

| 12.71.06 || [[Medan Deli|MedanTOTO Deli]]|| align="right" |18.83||align="right"|166,793||align="right"|189,321||align="right"|191,743||align="center"|6||20241-20244

| 12.71.13 || [[Medan Labuhan|MedanTOTO Labuhan]] ||align="right"|35.09||align="right"|111,173||align="right"|133,765||align="right"|135,622||align="center"|6||20251-20254,<br />20524 & 20525

| 12.71.12 || [[Medan Marelan|MedanTOTO Marelan]] ||align="right"|30.03||align="right"|140,414||align="right"|182,515||align="right"|189,469||align="center"|5||20250-20256

| 12.71.08 || [[Belawan|MedanTOTOMedan Kota Belawan]] ||align="right"|33.27||align="right"|95,506||align="right"|108,987||align="right"|110,238||align="center"|6||20411-20415

The city centre consists of MedanTOTOMedan Petisah, MedanTOTOMedan Baru, MedanTOTOMedan Polonia, MedanTOTOMedan Maimun, MedanTOTOMedan Kota, and MedanTOTOMedan Barat (West MedanTOTOMedan). MedanTOTOMedan Labuhan is one of the largest districts by area (together with MedanTOTOMedan Belawan and MedanTOTOMedan Marelan) and lies in the northern part of the city. MedanTOTOMedan Tuntungan serves as the gateway to [[Karo Regency]], MedanTOTOMedan Helvetia to [[Binjai]] City and Langkat, and MedanTOTOMedan Amplas to [[Tebing Tinggi]] and [[Pematang Siantar]].

MedanTOTOMedan is Indonesia's largest city outside [[Java]], and its fourth largest altogether (after [[Jakarta]], [[Surabaya]] and [[Bandung]]). The population more than quadrupled in less than fifty years, growing from 568,000 in 1968<ref>Ensiklopedi Umum, Penerbitan Jajasan Kanisius, 1973</ref> to 2.1 million in 2010. As of 2020, MedanTOTOMedan had a population of 2,435,252 and the [[Medan metropolitan area|larger metropolitan area]] had a population of 4,756,863.

|style="text-align:left;"|MedanTOTOMedan (City)

|style="text-align:left;"|'''Greater MedanTOTOMedan'''

The dominant ethnic groups in MedanTOTOMedan are [[Batak (Indonesia)|Batak]] and [[Javanese people|Javanese]], with smaller [[Malay (ethnic group)|Malays]], [[Acehnese people|Acehnese]], [[Indian Indonesians|Indian]], [[Nias people|Nias]], and [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] populations.<ref name="leo">Leo Suryadinata, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, Aris Ananta, Indonesia's Population: ethnicity and religion in a changing political landscape, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2003.</ref>

The [[Batak|Bataks]] in MedanTOTOMedan are of three subethnicities. The native [[Batak Karo|Karo]] mostly live in the southern parts of MedanTOTOMedan, including Padang Bulan, MedanTOTOMedan Johor and Tuntungan. The [[Toba Batak people|Toba]], whom the Dutch employed on their oil palm plantations, live in Marindal and Amplas, or in nearby city centres such as the MedanTOTOMedan Perjuangan district. Finally, the [[Mandailing]], who migrated to MedanTOTOMedan after Indonesian independence in search of job opportunities, mainly live in MedanTOTOMedan Tembung. The primary languages spoken by Bataks in MedanTOTOMedan are [[Batak language|Batak]] and [[Karo language (Indonesia)|Karo]].

The large [[Javanese people|Javanese]] community in MedanTOTOMedan is primarily composed of the descendants of people transported from Java in the 19th century to be employed as contract workers at various plantations in [[North Sumatra]]. For the most part, they speak the local dialect of [[Javanese language|Javanese]].

The [[Malay Indonesian|Malays]] are also natives of MedanTOTOMedan, having lived as fishermen in the outskirts of the city since the [[Aru Kingdom|Aru]] era. Starting in the 18th century, they began to spread throughout the city, with large numbers living in MedanTOTOMedan Maimun, Kota Matsum, Labuhan and Belawan and speaking [[Malay language|Malay]].

Immigration from southern China to Deli began in the 16th century, and accelerated in the 19th and early 20th centuries as immigrants sought employment as planters and coolies. MedanTOTOMedan is home to the largest [[Chinese Indonesians|Chinese]] population in Sumatra, mostly concentrated around the city centre. Most Chinese people in MedanTOTOMedan speak [[Medan Hokkien|MedanTOTO Hokkien]], a local dialect, but many also speak [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]], or [[Cantonese]].

[[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]] came to MedanTOTOMedan since the late of the 19th century. Minangs migration surged from the 1960s to the 1980s, becoming 10.9% of the population and founding [[Padang cuisine|Padang restaurants]] throughout the city. Most Minangkabau people in MedanTOTOMedan speak [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]. They are mostly concentrated around the city centre, near Central Market (''Pajak Sentral''), Kota Matsum and Sukaramai.<ref>Usman Pelly, Urbanisasi dan Adaptasi: Peranan Misi Budaya Minangkabau dan Mandailing, LP3ES, 1994</ref>

Many [[Acehnese people|Acehnese]] sought sanctuary in MedanTOTOMedan after the [[insurgency in Aceh]] in the late 1970s. They now own a number of [[Mie aceh|Mie Aceh]] restaurants around the Setia Budi and Sunggal areas. Most speak [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]], and [[Gayo language|Gayonese]] is also common.

MedanTOTOMedan also has a substantial [[Tamil Indonesian]] community. [[Kampung Madras]], a busy area in the city centre, is well-known as a Tamil neighbourhood.

The different linguistic communities in MedanTOTOMedan communicate in a slang called ''Bahasa MedanTOTOMedan'' or ''Dialek MedanTOTOMedan'' (''MedanTOTOeseMedanese slang''). This dialect of Indonesian includes loanwords from the various local languages, especially Malay.

Most of MedanTOTOMedan's inhabitants are [[Islam|Muslim]], accounting for approximately 65 percent of the population. The substantial [[Christianity|Christian]] demographic (about 25 percent of the total population) includes [[Catholic]]s, [[Methodist]]s, and [[Lutheran]]s, andsuch as the [[Batak Christian Protestant Church]]. Buddhists make up about 9 percent of the population, and there are smaller [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Confucianism|Confucian]], and [[Sikhism|Sikh]] communities. Some Bataknese follow traditional religions such as [[Pemena]] and [[Parmalim]].

[[Gunung Timur Temple]], on [[Hang_Tuah#In_Malaysia|Jalan Hang Tuah]], is MedanTOTOMedan's oldest [[Taoist]] temple. [[Maha Vihara Maitreya]], on Jalan Cemara Asri, is the largest [[Buddhist temple]] in southeast Asia. The city's oldest church, [[Medan Cathedral|MedanTOTO Cathedral]], on Jalan Pemuda, was originally built as {{lang|nl|Indische Kerk}} by the Dutch and Indian community. [[Sri Mariamman Temple, Medan|Sri Mariamman Temple]], on Jalan Zainul Arifin in [[Kampung Madras]], is the city's oldest Hindu temple, built around 1881; it is surrounded by over a hundred statues of various deities. [[Graha Maria Annai Velangkanni]], a Catholic church in an Indo-Mogul style, was built on Jalan Sakura III in 2005, dedicated to a [[Marian apparition]] in 17th century [[Tamil Nadu]]. At one point before and during the Japanese occupation of the city, Japanese migrants created a [[Shinto]] shrine, [[Hirohara Shrine]], to accommodate the increasing worshipers of Japanese residents.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Dibeli Pemprov Sumut, Medan Club Sudah Ditetapkan Sebagai Cagar Budaya oleh Pemko Medan |url=https://medan.tribunnews.com/2023/01/23/dibeli-pemprov-sumut-medan-club-sudah-ditetapkan-sebagai-cagar-budaya-oleh-pemko-medan |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Tribun-medan.com |language=id-ID}}</ref> It was later rebuilt during the Japanese occupation of the city in 1944 to accommodate the mandatory worship by locals.<ref name=":11" /> The former shrine still stands as the last [[Shinto shrine]] in [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=スマトラ.メダンにある日本の歴史遺産 紘原神社 - 「老人タイムス」私説 |url=https://blog.goo.ne.jp/bagus_2006/e/cc1381a7995a54876d386294b62930f4 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=goo blog |language=ja}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last1=Inamiya |first1=Yasuhito |url=https://www.kokusho.co.jp/np/isbn/9784336063427/ |title=非文字資料研究叢書２ 「神国」の残影｜国書刊行会 |last2=Nakajima |first2=Michio |date=November 2019 |publisher=Kokusho Publishing Association |isbn=978-4-336-06342-7 |language=ja |trans-title=Remnants of “Sacred Country” {{!}} Photographic Records of Sites of Overseas Shrines |access-date=2023-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801155416/https://www.kokusho.co.jp/np/isbn/9784336063427/ |archive-date=2023-08-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

File:GPIB Immanuel Kota Medan.jpg|GPIB Immanuel, MedanTOTOMedan (Protestant)

The MedanTOTOMedan metropolitan area was recognized as an Indonesian National Strategic Region ({{lang-id|Kawasan Strategis Nasional}}) by Government Regulation No 28/2008. As a major commercial and economic hub of Indonesia, MedanTOTOMedan is a centre for the production and trade of commodities including [[cinnamon]], [[tobacco]], [[tea]], [[coffee]], [[rubber]], and [[palm oil]]. It also has a growing manufacturing sector, producing goods such as cars, machinery, [[tile]], and [[Paper and pulp industry|paper and pulp]].

MedanTOTOMedan's location makes it the main hub of international trade in western Indonesia, with exports going to [[Europe]], [[North America]], and the [[Middle East]]. Its trade and tourism businesses have also become essential to the [[Indonesia–Malaysia–Thailand Growth Triangle]].<ref>https://www.rdi.or.id/storage/files/publication/84.pdf Medan City: Development and Governance under the Decentralisation Era</ref> Many multinational companies maintain offices in the city, such as [[Asian Agri]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.asianagri.com/id/hubungi-kami/|title=Kantor Asian Agri|date=20 April 2020|newspaper=Asian Agri Official Website|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> London Sumatra,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.londonsumatra.com/Contents/company|title=London Sumatra: About Company|date=18 February 2020|newspaper=LONSUM Official Website|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> [[Musim Mas]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.musimmas.com/contact-us/?lang=id|title=Hubungi Kami – Musim Mas|date=1 January 2022|newspaper=Musim Mas Official Website|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> [[Philips|Philips Lighting]], [[PT Inti Indorayon Utama|Toba Pulp Lestari]], [[Marriott International|Marriott]], [[Wilmar International|Wilmar]], [[ABB Group]] and [[DBS Bank]]. Rapid development in MedanTOTOMedan has resulted in an upward trend in residential property prices.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/analysis/transport-infrastructure-key-part-medans-development-plans |title=Transport infrastructure a key part of Medan's development plans |author=Analysis |date=2015 |access-date=9 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110162208/https://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/analysis/transport-infrastructure-key-part-medans-development-plans |archive-date=10 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

MedanTOTOMedan is one of the major shopping centres of Indonesia, along with Jakarta, [[Bandung]] and [[Surabaya]]. Shopping malls in MedanTOTOMedan include:

[[File:Kota_Medan_Night_Stroll107A.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Food stall]] seller in ''Jalan Selatpanjang'', MedanTOTOMedan]]

MedanTOTOMedan is known as "the culinary heaven of Indonesia" for its variety of ethnic cuisines and prominent street [[Hawker (trade)|hawkers]]. Prominent restaurants in MedanTOTOMedan include ''Nelayan'' ([[halal]]-Chinese seafood and [[dim sum]]), ''Garuda'' and ''Uda Sayang'' ([[Nasi Padang|nasi padang]] and [[gulai]]), ''Sate Afrizal Amir'' ([[sate padang]]), ''Cahaya Baru'' ([[chapati]] and [[tandoori]]), ''OnDo Batak grill'' and ''Tesalonika'' ([[babi panggang]] (grilled pork) and [[saksang]]), ''Jalan Selat Panjang'' and ''Jalan Semarang'' ([[Chinese Indonesian cuisine|Chinese]] food), ''Jalan Pagaruyung'' ([[Indian cuisine|Indian]] and [[Malay cuisine|Malay]] food), and ''Jalan Padan Bulan'' ([[Batak cuisine|Batak food]]). Other major culinary destinations in MedanTOTOMedan include Merdeka Walk, an outdoor area with a number of restaurants, and Pasar Rame, a daily outdoor market.<ref>{{cite web |title=Medan: Entry Point to North Sumatra |url=http://www.indonesia.travel/en/destination/475/medan |publisher=Indonesia.travel |access-date=19 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026130635/http://www.indonesia.travel/en/destination/475/medan |archive-date=26 October 2014}}</ref>

The local cuisine in MedanTOTOMedan comes from a variety of culinary traditions. [[Soto (food)|Soto MedanTOTOMedan]] is a savoury stew of mixed meats and [[coconut milk]], usually served with rice and [[perkedel]]. [[Bika ambon]], a popular local cake, is traditionally flavoured with [[pandanus]], but can also be found in banana, durian, cheese, and chocolate flavours. [[Babi panggang|Babi Panggang Karo]], grilled pork dipped in [[Pig blood curd|blood curd]], may be served with [[sambal]] [[andaliman]] made from local peppers. {{transliteration|zh|ISO|Tau Kua He Ci}} ({{lang|zh|豆干虾炸}}) is a local Chinese variant of [[rojak]], made with [[fried prawn]], vegetables, [[tofu]], and chili sauce. MedanTOTOeseMedanese [[swiss roll]]s (''Bolu Meranti'') and dried anchovies are popular souvenirs.

Many examples of colonial Dutch architecture survive in MedanTOTOMedan. Prominent instances include the old [[Medan City Hall|City Hall]], the [[Medan Post Office|MedanTOTO Post Office]], [[Hotel de Boer|Inna Dharma Deli Hotel]], Titi Gantung bridge, the {{interlanguage link|Lonsum|id}} building, the [[Tjong A Fie Mansion]], the [[A.V.R.O.S.]] building, the Warenhuis building, and the [[Tirtanadi Water Tower]].

The Sultan of Deli (whose position is now purely ceremonial) still lives in [[Maimoon Palace]], built 1887-1891. The [[Great Mosque of Medan|Great Mosque of MedanTOTO]], built in 1906, was designed in a Moroccan style by the Dutch architect A.J. Dingemans.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pac-nl.org/downloads/medanurbandevelopmentcp08.pdf |title=Medan Urban development by planters and entrepreneurs |access-date=2 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727161442/http://www.pac-nl.org/downloads/medanurbandevelopmentcp08.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Among MedanTOTOMedan's tourist attractions are several [[theme parks]] and [[water park]]s.

: A relatively new theme park an hour from MedanTOTOMedan.

: A water park in MedanTOTOMedan itself, located in Central Business District Polonia.

: A water park located near MedanTOTOMedan in Deli Serdang.

The [[Kualanamu International Airport]] (KNO) opened on 25 July 2013 as a replacement for the [[Soewondo Air Force Base|Polonia Airport]]. Located {{convert|39|km|mi|abbr=on}} from downtown MedanTOTOMedan, it is Indonesia's first airport with [[Kualanamu Airport Rail Link|a direct rail link]] to the city. The airport has a {{cvt|224298|m2|0}} passenger terminal, and serves as a hub for [[Garuda Indonesia]], [[Indonesia AirAsia]], [[Lion Air]], [[Susi Air]] and [[Wings Air]],<ref>{{cite web |title=All systems go for Medan |url=http://www.ttgmice.com/index.php/magazine/?ID=5650&term_id=&issues=177 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130205054213/http://www.ttgmice.com/index.php/magazine/?ID=5650&term_id=&issues=177 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 February 2013 |publisher=TTGmice |access-date=11 December 2012}}</ref> with direct domestic flights to many major cities in Sumatra, as well as Java-international flights to locations abroad including [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Thailand]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and [[Sri Lanka]].

The [[Belawan|Port of Belawan]] is on the northeast coast of Sumatra, {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of MedanTOTOMedan and accessible by a railway across the channel south of the island.<ref>{{cite web |title=Belawan |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/59159/Belawan |publisher=britannica |access-date=19 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129104853/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/59159/Belawan |archive-date=29 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Originally built in 1890 for European tobacco exports, the harbour was expanded in 1907 with a new section for Chinese and indigenous traders.

Major roads through MedanTOTOMedan include the [[Trans-Sumatran Highway]] and the [[Belmera Toll Road]]. Other toll roads link the city to the airport, Binjai, and Tebing Tinggi.

[[File:KRD Sri Lelawangsa departing Medan 1.jpg|left|thumb|''[[Sri Lelawangsa]]'' commuter rail departing from MedanTOTOMedan station]]

[[File:Railink Kuala Namu Medan Layang.jpg|thumb|right|''Railink'' Airport train in MedanTOTOMedan station]]

The largest train station in MedanTOTOMedan is [[Medan Station|MedanTOTO Station]]. The city also has a number of smaller stations, including MedanTOTOMedan Pasar, Pulu Brayan, Titi Papan, Labuhan, and Belawan. Of these, Titi Papan and Pulu Brayan serve exclusively freight trains, while the others also serve passenger trains.

Express trains run between MedanTOTOMedan and cities including [[Tebing Tinggi]], [[Pematang Siantar]], [[Tanjungbalai (city)|Tanjungbalai]], and [[Rantau Prapat]], and the [[Kualanamu Airport Railink Services]] express train runs between MedanTOTOMedan Station and [[Kualanamu International Airport railway station|Kualanamu International Airport Station]]. Other rail lines connect MedanTOTOMedan to cities such as [[Binjai]] and [[Belawan]].

An [[elevated railway]] over several rail lines around MedanTOTOMedan avoids level crossings and reduces traffic congestion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Siregar |first1=Wahyudi Aulia |title=Semester II-2019, Jalur Layang Kereta Api di Medan Beroperasi : Okezone Economy |url=https://economy.okezone.com/read/2017/07/13/320/1735104/semester-ii-2019-jalur-layang-kereta-api-di-medan-beroperasi |access-date=6 December 2018 |work=Okezone |date=13 July 2017 |language=id-ID |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207102729/https://economy.okezone.com/read/2017/07/13/320/1735104/semester-ii-2019-jalur-layang-kereta-api-di-medan-beroperasi |archive-date=7 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Both [[auto rickshaws]] and [[cycle rickshaws]] are widely available in MedanTOTOMedan, for a cheap pre-negotiated fare. Ride-sharing services [[Gojek]] and [[Grab (company)|Grab]] are also in widespread use.

While taxis exist, most locals use [[Share taxi#Indonesia|sudako]], MedanTOTOMedan's share taxi system. These [[minibuses]] follow routes indicated by numbers displayed on the vehicle; route maps are not published, instead typically being spread by word-of-mouth.

MedanTOTOMedan and its nearby urban areas have two [[bus rapid transit system]]s, '''Trans Mebidang''' and '''Trans Metro Deli''', each with several active corridors.

|1 ||MedanTOTOMedan – Binjai

|2 ||MedanTOTOMedan – Lubuk Pakam

|4 ||MedanTOTOMedan Tuntungan – Lapangan Merdeka

MedanTOTOMedan's television stations include public and private national networks, as well as local channels. [[TVRI Sumatera Utara]], a public station serving North Sumatra, is headquartered in the city. Channels currently available in MedanTOTOMedan include:

[[Radio Republik Indonesia|RRI]] MedanTOTOMedan is the only public radio in MedanTOTOMedan. Several local languages are also served on the radio, such as Kardopa Radio (in the Batak language), CityRadio FM and A-Radio FM (in the Chinese language) and Symphony FM (in the Malay language). Other popular stations in MedanTOTOMedan include [[Prambors FM]], [[Sindo Trijaya FM|MNC Trijaya FM]], [[I-Radio]], KISS FM, VISI FM, and Delta FM.

''Mimbar Umum'' is MedanTOTOMedan's oldest newspaper. Other major newspapers based in MedanTOTOMedan include ''[[Waspada]]'', ''[[Analisa]]'', ''Jurnal MedanTOTOMedan'', ''Berita Sore'', ''Harian Global'', ''Harian MedanTOTOMedan Bisnis'', ''Sumut Pos'', ''Posmetro MedanTOTOMedan'', ''[[Sinar Indonesia Baru]]'', and [[Tribun Network|''Tribun MedanTOTOMedan'']], as well as national [[Mandarin language]] newspapers such as ''Harian Indonesia'' ({{lang|zh|印尼星洲日报}}), [[International Daily News|''Guo Ji Ri Bao'']] ({{lang|zh|国际日报}}) and [[Indonesia Shang Bao|''Shangbao'']] ({{lang|zh|印尼商报}}) and English newspapers like ''[[The Jakarta Post]]''.

From the 1930s through the 1960s, MedanTOTOMedan was the source of a major body of Indonesian literature, known as "Roman MedanTOTOMedan". These books usually depicted local life in MedanTOTOMedan and surrounding areas of Deli.

Several romance novel writers grew up in MedanTOTOMedan, including [[Hamka]], {{ill|Joesoef Sou'yb|id}}, {{ill|Tamar Djaja|id}}, {{ill|Matu Mona|id}}, and {{ill|A. Damhoeri|id}}.<ref>Koko Hendri Lubis, Roman Medan: Sebuah Kota Membangun Harapan, PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, 2018</ref>

[[Football (soccer)|Football]] is one of the most popular sports in MedanTOTOMedan, with five local clubs: [[PSMS Medan|Persatuan Sepakbola MedanTOTOMedan dan Sekitarnya]] (known as PSMS MedanTOTOMedan), [[Medan Jaya|MedanTOTO Jaya]], MedanTOTOMedan Chiefs, Bintang PSMS and MedanTOTOMedan United. [[Teladan Stadium]], MedanTOTOMedan's [[multi-purpose stadium]], is used primarily for football matches.

MedanTOTOMedan also has a [[Chinese martial arts|Wushu]] training centre, Jalan Plaju, and a basketball club, Angsapura Sania.

MedanTOTOMedan has more than 30 registered hospitals, three public and the rest private.

MedanTOTOMedan has more than 827 registered [[elementary schools]], 337 [[middle schools]] and 288 [[high schools]], including [[State ownership|state-owned]], [[Private school|private]], [[Religious school|religious]], and [[international school]]s.

[[File:Gedung Pascasarana Universitas Negeri Medan - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The State University of MedanTOTOMedan, a [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] campus]]

MedanTOTOMedan's 72 registered universities,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.4icu.org/id/north-sumatra/|title=Top Universities in North Sumatra|date=10 January 2022|newspaper=UniRank|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> academies, polytechnics, and colleges include:

MedanTOTOMedan hosts several consulates and general consulates from foreign countries,<ref name="Perpustakaan Nasional">{{cite web|url=https://www.perpusnas.go.id/directory.php?lang=id&id=Kedutaan%20Besar%20dan%20Konsulat%20Asing|title= Kedutaan Besar dan Konsulat Asing|access-date= 30 August 2022}}</ref> such as:

MedanTOTOMedan is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070423025117/http://pemkomedan.go.id/news_detail.php?id=106 |url=http://www.pemkomedan.go.id/news_detail.php?id=106 |title=Medan Menjalin Hubungan Kota Kembar Keempat |access-date=10 September 2013 |archive-date=23 April 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151113012433/http://medanesia.com/topic/31/sejarah-kota-medan MedanTOTOesiaMedanesia – MedanTOTOMedan Forum] {{in lang|id}}