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Developments of the 1970s, especially [[palm oil]] and [[Natural rubber|rubber]] plantations, made Medan the busiest city outside Java, with the [[transmigration program]] bringing many [[Javanese people|Javanese]] and [[Batak]] migrants.
 
In May of 1998, months of student demonstrations in Medan over the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]] turned into [[May 1998 riots of Indonesia|riots]] when a student was killed in a clash with security forces. The next day, the mobs became bigger, and many shops and vehicles in the business district (mostly owned by Chinese residents) were burned and looted. As a result, a curfew was imposed for more than two weeks until peace returned.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shenon |first=Philip |date=1994-04-24 |title=Rioters Attack Ethnic Chinese In Indonesia |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/24/world/rioters-attack-ethnic-chinese-in-indonesia.html |access-date=2023-02-22 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
 
On 5 September 2005, [[Mandala Airlines Flight 091]] stalled a minute after taking off from Medan's old [[Polonia International Airport]] for a flight to Jakarta. The aircraft crashed into a heavily populated residential area along Djamin Ginting road in ''Padang Bulan''. Of the 117 passengers and crews on board, only 17 survived, and an additional 49 civilians on the ground were killed.<ref name="ASN">{{cite web|last=Ranter|first=Harro|title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737–230 PK-RIM Medan-Polonia Airport (MES)|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20050905-0|website=aviation-safety.net|publisher=[[Aviation Safety Network]]}}</ref> As a result, [[Kualanamu International Airport]] was built in [[Deli Serdang]] to replace the old airport, with construction finished in 2012. After the move to the new airport, [[height restriction laws]] in Medan were relaxed.
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| publisher = Meteomanz
| access-date = 22 March 2024}}</ref>
|source 2 = Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System (extremes)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/station/in-polon.htm |title=INDONESIA – POLONIA |last=Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System |website=www.globalbioclimatics.org |access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref> WeatherOnline (sun, 2010–2019)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?FMM=1&FYY=2010&LMM=12&LYY=2019&WMO=96035&CONT=asie&REGION=0027&LAND=ID&ART=SOS&R=0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab |title=Total Hours of Sunshine – Medan – Climate Robot Indonesia |website=www.weatheronline.co.uk |access-date=2020-04-15 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803202210/https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?FMM=1&FYY=2010&LMM=12&LYY=2019&WMO=96035&CONT=asie&REGION=0027&LAND=ID&ART=SOS&R=0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab |url-status=live }}</ref>
|date=November 2014|Apr record high C=37.2|Apr record low C=19.4|Aug record high C=37.2|Aug record low C=18.3|Dec record high C=34.4|Dec record low C=18.3|Feb record high C=36.1|Feb record low C=18.3|Jan record high C=35.0|Jan record low C=18.3|Jul record high C=37.2|Jul record low C=16.1|Jun record high C=37.2|Jun record low C=17.2|Mar record high C=36.1|Mar record low C=18.3|May record high C=36.1|May record low C=18.3|Nov record high C=35.0|Nov record low C=15.5|Oct record high C=35.0|Oct record low C=17.7|Sep record high C=36.1|Sep record low C=18.8}}
 
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Immigration from southern China to Deli began in the 16th century, and accelerated in the 19th and early 20th centuries as immigrants sought employment as planters and coolies. Medan is home to the largest [[Chinese Indonesians|Chinese]] population in Sumatra, mostly concentrated around the city centre. Most Chinese people in Medan speak [[Medan Hokkien]], a local dialect, but many also speak [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], [[Teochew dialect|Teochew]], or [[Cantonese]].
 
[[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]] came to Medan since the late of the 19th century. Minangs migration surged from the 1960s to the 1980s, becoming 10.9% of the population and founding [[Padang cuisine|Padang restaurants]] throughout the city. Most Minangkabau people in Medan speak [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]. They are mostly concentrated around the city centre, near Central Market (''Pajak Sentral''), Kota Matsum and Sukaramai.<ref>Usman Pelly, Urbanisasi dan Adaptasi: Peranan Misi Budaya Minangkabau dan Mandailing, LP3ES, 1994</ref>
 
Many [[Acehnese people|Acehnese]] sought sanctuary in Medan after the [[insurgency in Aceh]] in the late 1970s. They now own a number of [[Mie aceh|Mie Aceh]] restaurants around the Setia Budi and Sunggal areas. Most speak [[Acehnese language|Acehnese]], and [[Gayo language|Gayonese]] is also common.
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[[File:KNO Medan apron.JPG|left|thumb|[[Kualanamu International Airport]]]]
 
The [[Kualanamu International Airport]] (KNO) opened on 25 July 2013 as a replacement for the [[Soewondo Air Force Base|Polonia Airport]]. Located {{convert|39|km|mi|abbr=on}} from downtown Medan, it is Indonesia's first airport with [[Kualanamu Airport Rail Link|a direct rail link]] to the city. The airport has a {{cvt|224298|m²m2|0}} passenger terminal, and serves as a hub for [[Garuda Indonesia]], [[Indonesia AirAsia]], [[Lion Air]], [[Susi Air]] and [[Wings Air]],<ref>{{cite web |title=All systems go for Medan |url=http://www.ttgmice.com/index.php/magazine/?ID=5650&term_id=&issues=177 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130205054213/http://www.ttgmice.com/index.php/magazine/?ID=5650&term_id=&issues=177 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 February 2013 |publisher=TTGmice |access-date=11 December 2012}}</ref> with direct domestic flights to many major cities in Sumatra, as well as Java-international flights to locations abroad including [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Thailand]], [[Saudi Arabia]], and [[Sri Lanka]].
 
===Seaport===
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=== Universities and Colleges ===
[[File:Gedung Pascasarana Universitas Negeri Medan - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The State University of Medan, a [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] campus]]
Medan's 72 registered universities,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.4icu.org/id/north-sumatra/|title=Top Universities in North Sumatra|date=10 January 2022|newspaper=UniRank|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> academies, polytechnics, and colleges include:
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
*Dharmawangsa University
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