Mexican Americans: Difference between revisions

 

Genetic studies made in the Mexican population have found their common ancestry at 58.96% European, 31.05% Amerindian and 10.03% African. There is genetic asymmetry, with the direct paternal line predominately European and the maternal line predominately Amerindian. Younger Mexican Americans tend to have more Indigenous ancestry; in those studied born between the 1940s and 1990s, there was an average increase in ancestry of 0.4% per year. Though there is no simple explanation, it is possibly some combination of [[assortative mating]], changes in migration patterns over time (with more recent immigrants having higher levels of Indigenous ancestry), population growth and other unexamined factors.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Spear|first1=Melissa L|last2=Diaz-Papkovich|first2=Alex|last3=Ziv|first3=Elad|last4=Yracheta|first4=Joseph M|last5=Gravel|first5=Simon|last6=Torgerson|first6=Dara G|last7=Hernandez|first7=Ryan D|date=2020-12-29|editor-last=Sohail|editor-first=Mashaal|editor2-last=Wittkopp|editor2-first=Patricia J|editor3-last=Sohail|editor3-first=Mashaal|editor4-last=Wojcik|editor4-first=Genevieve L|title=Recent shifts in the genomic ancestry of Mexican Americans may alter the genetic architecture of biomedical traits|journal=eLife|volume=9|pages=e56029|doi=10.7554/eLife.56029|pmid=33372659|pmc=7771964|issn=2050-084X|doi-access=free}}</ref>

 

For instance, a 2006 study conducted by Mexico's [[National Institute of Genomic Medicine INMEGEN|National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN)]], which genotyped 104 samples, reported that Mestizo Mexicans are 58.96% European, 35.05% Amerindian, and 5.03% African.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ashg.org/genetics/abstracts/abs06/f1065.htm|title=Evaluation of Ancestry and Linkage Disequilibrium Sharing in Admixed Population in Mexico|author1=J.K. Estrada|author2=A. Hidalgo-Miranda|author3=I. Silva-Zolezzi|author4=G. Jimenez-Sanchez|publisher=ASHG|access-date=July 18, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913031830/http://www.ashg.org/genetics/abstracts/abs06/f1065.htm|archive-date=September 13, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to a 2009 report by the Mexican Genome Project, which sampled 300 Mestizos from six Mexican states and one Indigenous group, the gene pool of the Mexican mestizo population was calculated to be 55.2% percent Indigenous, 41.8% European, 5% African, and 0.5% Asian.<ref name="Silva-Zolezzi et al 2009"/> A 2012 study published by the ''[[Journal of Human Genetics]]'' found the deep paternal ancestry of the Mexican Mestizo population to be predominately European (64.9%) followed by Amerindian (30.8%) and African (5%).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Admixture and population structure in Mexican-Mestizos based on paternal lineages – |publisher=Journal of Human Genetics |quote=In the total population sample, paternal ancestry was predominately European (64.9%), followed by Native American (30.8%) and African (4.2%).|pmid=22832385|doi=10.1038/jhg.2012.67|volume=57|issue=9 |year=2012|journal=J. Hum. Genet.|pages=568–74 | last1 = Martínez-Cortés | first1 = G | last2 = Salazar-Flores | first2 = J | last3 = Fernández-Rodríguez | first3 = LG | last4 = Rubi-Castellanos | first4 = R | last5 = Rodríguez-Loya | first5 = C | last6 = Velarde-Félix | first6 = JS | last7 = Muñoz-Valle | first7 = JF | last8 = Parra-Rojas | first8 = I | last9 = Rangel-Villalobos | first9 = H| doi-access = free }}</ref> An autosomal ancestry study performed on Mexico City reported that the European ancestry of Mexicans was 52% with the rest being Amerindian and with alongside African contribution, additionally maternal ancestry was analyzed, with 47% being of European origin. Unlike previous studies which only included Mexicans who self-identified as Mestizos, the only criteria for sample selection in this study was that the volunteers self-identified as Mexicans.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Price |first1=Alkes L. |last2=Patterson |first2=Nick |last3=Yu |first3=Fuli |last4=Cox |first4=David R. |last5=Waliszewska |first5=Alicja |last6=McDonald |first6=Gavin J. |last7=Tandon |first7=Arti |last8=Schirmer |first8=Christine |last9=Neubauer |first9=Julie |last10=Bedoya |first10=Gabriel |last11=Duque |first11=Constanza |last12=Villegas |first12=Alberto |last13=Bortolini |first13=Maria Catira |last14=Salzano |first14=Francisco M. |last15=Gallo |first15=Carla |last16=Mazzotti |first16=Guido |last17=Tello-Ruiz |first17=Marcela |last18=Riba |first18=Laura |last19=Aguilar-Salinas |first19=Carlos A. |last20=Canizales-Quinteros |first20=Samuel |last21=Menjivar |first21=Marta |last22=Klitz |first22=William |last23=Henderson |first23=Brian |last24=Haiman |first24=Christopher A. |last25=Winkler |first25=Cheryl |last26=Tusie-Luna |first26=Teresa |last27=Ruiz-Linares |first27=Andrés |last28=Reich |first28=David |title=A Genomewide Admixture Map for Latino Populations |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=June 2007 |volume=80 |issue=6 |pages=1024–1036 |doi=10.1086/518313 |pmid=17503322 |pmc=1867092 }}</ref>