Mariano Zufía Urrizalqui: Difference between revisions

| image = Mariano Zufia.jpg

| caption = Zufía in the mid-1970s

| birth_date = 19021920

| death_date = {{death year and age|2005|1920}}

'''Mariano Zufía Urrizalqui''' (1920-2005), {{lang-eu|Mariano Zufia Urrizalki}}, was a [[Spaniards|Spanish]] politician and a [[Navarre|Navarrese]]se public official. In 1966-1973 he served in the [[Pamplona|Pamplonese]] city council, in two separate strings as a deputy mayor. In 1974-1979 he was member of the Navarrese advisory body [[:es:Consejo Foral|Consejo Foral]], while in 1979-1983 he held a seat in the regional Parlamento Foral. In 1982-1992 he was president of [[:es:Cámara de Comptos de Navarra|Cámara de Comptos]], the Navarrese institution responsible for tax collection and the self-government-controlled public sector finances. He ran for the [[Cortes Generales|Cortes]] in 1971, 1977 and 1979, but failed. Politically he supported the [[Carlism|Carlist]] cause, until the 1960s within its mainstream [[Traditionalism (Spain)|Traditionalist]] current, and afterwards as member of the progressist [[Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma|carlohuguista]] faction. In 1977-1979 he headed [[Carlist Party of Euskal Herria|Euskadiko Karlista Alderdia]], the vasco-navarrese branch of [[Carlist Party (1970)|Partido Carlista]]; in 1979-1983 he was the nationwide leader of PC.

First representatives of the Zufía family were noted there in the Navarrese town of [[Larraga]] in the late 17th century;<ref> ''Linaje Suescun'', [in:] ''Antzinako'' service, available [http://www.antzinako.org/RepLinajes/suescunenlarraga.html here]</ref> in the late 18th century a carpenter Miguel Zufía<ref> he was known as “vezino de Larraga”, compare ''Andosilla'' entry, [in:] ''Gran Enciclopedia Navarra'' service, available [http://www.enciclopedianavarra.com/?page_id=3269 here]</ref> rose to the status of a locally known artist.<ref> ''El órgano de Larraga'', [in:] ''Diario de Navarra'' 07.01.15, available [https://www.diariodenavarra.es/noticias/navarra/zona_media/2015/01/07/el_organo_larraga_190156_1008.html here]</ref> Close to nothing is known about Mariano’sMariano's great-grandfather José Miguel Zufía Guerendiáin.<ref> Zufía Guerendiáin was born Larraga and married to Javiera García Ibánez, ''José Miguel Zufía Guerendiáin'' entry, [in:] ''Geni'' genealogical service, available [https://www.geni.com/people/Jos%C3%A9-Miguel-Zuf%C3%ADa-Guerendi%C3%A1in/6000000165182022821 here]</ref> His son and Mariano’sMariano's grandfather Mariano Brígido Zufía García<ref> Zufía García was born Larraga and married to Guillerma Saenz González, ''Mariano Brígido Zufía García'' entry, [in:] ''Geni'' genealogical service, available [https://www.geni.com/people/Mar%C3%ADa-Bibiana-Zuf%C3%ADa-Saenz/6000000165350393869 here]</ref> left Larraga and moved to Pamplona either in the late 1880s or early 1890s;<ref> first children of Zufía García were born in Larraga (until 1888); last ones were born in Pamplona (since 1891)</ref> sources refer to his “modest” social standing.<ref> Juan Carlos López López, ''Biografía Mariano Zufía'', s.l. 2009, p. 15</ref> His son and Mariano’sMariano's father, Lázaro Zufía Saenz (1892-1958) was born already in the Navarrese capital;<ref> ''Lázaro Zufía Sanz'' entry, [in:] ''Geni'' genealogical service, available [https://www.geni.com/people/L%C3%A1zaro-Zuf%C3%ADa-Saenz/6000000165179925998 here]</ref> he had to earn a living at the young age and became a railway man, gradually rising to “jefe de estación” in [[Andoain]], [[Leitza|Leiza]] and Pamplona-Empalme.<ref> López López 2009, p. 15</ref> At unspecified time he married a Pamplonese girl from the family of similar status, Matilde Urrizalqui Campos.<ref> López López 2009, pp. 15-16</ref> The couple lived at various locations in [[Gipuzkoa]] and Navarre following the professional lot of Lázaro; Matilde used to run a buffet for train passengers. They had 4 children; out of these, 2 died in infancy.<ref> López López 2009, p. 15</ref>

Mariano frequented schools in Pamplona and Andoain; in the early 1930s he entered a preparatory college for Seminario Mayor in [[:es:Saturrarán (playa)|Saturrarán]].<ref> López López 2009, p. 15 and passim</ref> Following 2 years he resigned future religious career and entered Instituto of Pamplona; the civil war broke out when Zufía was in midst of his [[Spanish Baccalaureate|bachillerato]] course.<ref> López López 2009, p. 18</ref> He volunteered to [[Requetés|requeté]], but following 2 months on the frontline in [[Sierra de Guadarrama]] he fell ill and was treated in a hospital in [[Burgos]]. When released he resumed education and completed another grade, until in January 1937 he volunteered to requeté again.<ref>he was probably incorporated into Tercio del Rey, also deployed in the Guadarrama. His biography claims he joined “tercio de Cristo Rey”, López López 2009, p. 22. No such unit existed, though there was “Tercio del Rey”, raised in Navarre</ref> Followed few months he returned home and completed the bachillerato. In late 1938 he applied to aviation school but was rejected due to poor eyesight.<ref> López López 2009, p. 24</ref> Instead, as 18-year-old, he was drafted. Zufía applied forto the [[:es:Alférez provisional|alferéz provisional]] school in Pamplona, where he remained assigned until after the war. Following few months of service in [[Valencia]] in late 1939 he resigned from the army and took courses in commerce. In 1942 he was employed at junior position in the Pamplona branch of [[Banco de Bilbao]].<ref> López López 2009, p. 27</ref>

In 1947 Zufía married Rosalia Sanz Gurbindo<ref> López López 2009, p. 31</ref> (died 2011);<ref>''Esquela online de Rosalia Sanz Gurbindo'', [in:] ''Rememori'' service, available [https://www.rememori.com/392833:rosalia_sanz_gurbindo here]</ref> none of the sources consulted provides information either on her or on her family. Until 1948 they lived in Pamplona, then following Zufía’sZufía's professional bank assignments in [[Tudela, Navarre|Tudela]] (1948-1951), [[Estella-Lizarra|Estella]] (1951-1953) and again in Tudela (1953-1959), where Zufía became director of the local Banco de Bilbao office. In 1959 they returned to Pamplona as Zufía was appointed deputy-manager of the BdB branch in the Navarrese capital.<ref> López López 2009, p. 31</ref> The couple had 7 children, born between 1948 and 1963; Mariano, José Javier, Carlos, Mertxe, Rosa, Pablo and Enrique Zufía Sanz.<ref> Mariano was born in 1948, José Javier in 1951, Carlos in 1954, Mertxe in 1957, Rosa in 1958, Pablo in 1962, and Enrique in 1963, López López 2009, pp. 31, 35</ref> None of them became a widely known public figure. Rosa Zufía Sanz is locally recognized in Gipuzkoa as a journalist related to the Basque broadcaster [[:es:Euskal Telebista|ETB]]<ref> ''Zufia Sanz, Rosa'' antry, [in:] ''Aunamendi Eusko Entziklopedia'' service, available [https://aunamendi.eusko-ikaskuntza.eus/es/zufia-sanz-rosa/ar-152382/ here]</ref> and director of its culture section, EITB Kultura-Transit,<ref> ''Rosa Zufia Sanz'', [in:] ''ContactOut'' service, available [https://www.contactout.com/Rosa-ZufiaSanz-50917106 here]</ref> while Carlos Zufía Sanz as co-director of a Navarrese media think-tank CIES occasionally takes part in related conferences or other events.<ref> ''CIES Estudios de Opinión y de Mercado Premio ‘Sociedad y Valores Humanos 2010'', [in:] ''Auzolan'' 34 (2010), available [https://www.colsocpona.org/documentos/auzolan/BoletinAuzolan34.pdf here]</ref>

Both Zufía’sZufía's parents came from Carlist families and were Carlists themselves.<ref> López López 2009, p. 15</ref> His father was member of Traditionalist trade unions and under the pen-name “Rozala Afizu” he contributed to Traditionalist dailies, ''[[:es:El Pensamiento Navarro|El Pensamiento Navarro]]'' and ''[[:es:La Constancia (1897-1936)|La Constancia]]''.<ref> López López 2009, pp. 15-16</ref> Already in his early teens the young Mariano engaged in the movement; he joined Muthiko Alaiak, the folk group animated by the iconic Pamplonese Carlist [[Ignacio Baleztena Ascárate|Ignacio Baleztena]], he played football in the amateur team formed by boys from the local Carlist círculo,<ref> López López 2009, p. 16</ref> entered [[:es:Agrupación Escolar Tradicionalista|Agrupación Escolar Tradicionalista]] and took part in school strikes of 1935-19361935–1936, staged as protests against what was perceived as anti-religious educational policy of the [[Second Spanish Republic|Republic]].<ref> López López 2009, p. 17</ref> A later hagiographic biography underlines Zufía’sZufía's Catholic conviction as the key motive behind his political choice, and suggests that it outweighed some socialist leaning, took after his maternal uncle.<ref> when frequenting Instituto in mid-1930s the adolescent Mariano lived in Pamplona with the family of his maternal uncle, Ramón Urrizalqui Campos (1884-1941); he was a carpenter, a socialist, and an UGT militant, López López 2009, p. 16, compare also ''Sentencia'', [in:] ''Navarra.es'' service, available [http://www.navarra.es/appsext/ArchivoDeNavarra/Ficheros/Descargar.ashx?Fichero=59b%5C140%5Ca5b%5Cead%5C872%5C51a%5C98d%5C5f0%5C638%5C8e6%5C72%5CTRP_SENTENCIAS_Lb.3_N.1358.pdf&Nombre=TRP_SENTENCIAS_Lb.3_N.1358.pdf here], and ''Urrizalqui Campos, Ramon'' entry, [in:] ''Fundación Pablo Iglesias'' service, available [https://fpabloiglesias.es/entrada-db/3930_urrizalqui-campos-ramon/ here]</ref> In the mid-1930s Zufía enlisted to requeté and as an adolescent boy trained with wooden rifle in the hills surrounding Pamplona.<ref> López López 2009, pp. 17-18</ref> He actually served in requeté combat units during two short strings, in the summer of 1936 and in the spring of 1937.

Zufía refused to accept the [[Unification Decree (Spain, 1937)|unification]] into [[FET y de las JONS|Falange Española Tradicionalista]]; at the time he was in personal entourage of José María Zaldivar Arenzana, the fiercely anti-falangist AET jefe.<ref> López López 2009, p. 24</ref> He judged that [[Francisco Franco|Franco]] had cynically used the Carlists.<ref>“Mariano Zufía estaba convencido de que Franco les había utilizado para conseguir sus propios objetivos políticos”, Manuel Martorell Pérez, ''La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil'' [PhD thesis in Historia Contemporanea, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia], Valencia 2009, p. 165</ref> When released from a new period of military service, spent in the [[Canary Islands]] as at the time Spain feared [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] invasion on the archipelago,<ref> López López 2009, p. 27</ref> in 1944 he was taking part in anti-[[Francoism|Francoist]] rallies, staged in Pamplona. Following one of them he got detained; on charges of raising “gritos subversivos” the administration ordered his 6-month forced settlement in [[Zaragoza]].<ref> López López 2009, p. 27, Josep Miralles Climent, ''La rebeldía carlista. Memoria de una represión silenciada: Enfrentamientos, marginación y persecución durante la primera mitad del régimen franquista (1936-1955)'', Madrid 2018, ISBN 9788416558711, p. 246, Aurora Villanueva Martínez, ''El carlismo navarro durante el primer franquismo, 1937-1951'', Madrid 1998, ISBN 9788487863714, p. 228</ref> Upon his return to the Navarrese capital he immediately resumed opposition activities; they climaxed in a grand Carlist rally of December 1945, which ended up in a melee and the city turned into battleground between the Carlists and the security forces. Zufía was again detained and spent 2 weeks behind bars; as charges of possession of firearms have not been proven, he was eventually released.<ref> López López 2009, p. 27, Miralles Climent 2018, p. 262</ref>

Upon getting married in 1947 Zufía focused on his growing family and on professional career, especially that in 1948-1959 he lived in provincial Navarrese cities. At the time his Carlist activity boiled down to cultivating private links and to frequenting the annual [[:es:Actos de Montejurra|Montejurra ascents]].<ref> López López 2009, p. 31</ref> Works on Carlism of the 1950s do not mention him as a protagonist of the Navarrese movement and he is missing in both historiographic works<ref> compare Villanueva Martínez 1998, Martorell Pérez 2009, Ramón María Rodón Guinjoan, ''Invierno, primavera y otoño del carlismo (1939-1976)'' [PhD thesis Universitat Abat Oliba CEU], Barcelona 2015, Daniel Jesús García Riol, ''La resistencia tradicionalista a la renovación ideológica del carlismo (1965-1973)'' [PhD thesis UNED], Madrid 2015</ref> and in private accounts.<ref> compare Javier Lavardín, ''Historia del ultimo pretendiente a la corona de España'', Paris 1976</ref> He rather engaged in lay Catholic organizations; Zufía started to attend “cursillos de cristiandad”, which enhanced his Catholic outlook and also re-formatted it along more social lines.<ref> López López 2009, p. 31</ref> In the late 1950s he started to give lectures himself, e.g. on pre-marital preparatory courses organized by parishes, and joined Acción Católica de Medios Sociales Independientes. As he later commented, these initiatives produced his intellectual maturity and directed him towards “una sociedad más justa, libre e igualitaria”.<ref> López López 2009, p. 32</ref>

In 1960 Zufía for the first time aspired to public post; he headed a list of Carlist candidates, who from the so-called [[Municipal electoral regime during Francoism|tercio familiar pool]] and on a hardly veiled anti-Francoist ticket ran for the Pamplona town hall. He emerged successful, only to find that his mandate has been annulled by the electoral office. He did not meet the requirement of 2-year-residence in the district; the later biography presents this episode as a minor technicality used by the administration to prevent opposition candidates from entering the [[ayuntamiento]].<ref> López López 2009, p. 35</ref> During the next campaign of 1963 Zufía did not stand, but he co-ordinated the provincial Carlist campaign; it resulted in 3 party candidates having been elected.<ref> López López 2009, pp. 35-36</ref> He welcomed what looked like revitalization of Carlism, promoted by [[Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma|prince Carlos Hugo]] and his entourage; in 1964 Zufía and his wife travelled to [[Rome]] to attend the wedding ceremony of the prince.<ref> López López 2009, p. 40</ref> In Navarre he was already emerging as a recognized Carlist personality.

During the local elections of 1966 Zufía stood as the candidate of [[:es:Hermandad Obrera de Acción Católica|Hermandad Obrera de Acción Católica]]. He and two other HOAC contenders were elected. Zufía was nominated one of deputy mayors and elected as president of Comisión de Hacienda.<ref> López López 2009, p. 35</ref> In 1967-1969 he served in Comisión Permanente of the ayuntamiento.<ref> María del Mar Larraza Micheltorena, ''El ayuntamiento pamplonés en el tardofranquismo'', [in:] ''La Transició de la dictadure franquista a la democrácia'', Barcelona 2005, p. 77</ref> He soon earned his name as the person who engaged in numerous community-oriented initiatives and became known as member of “grupo social”.<ref> López López 2009, p. 35</ref> Some of his initiatives, marked by the anti-regime flavor, triggered reaction; the 1968 conference on human rights was suspended by administration.<ref> López López 2009, p. 36</ref> The same year Zufía refused to sign a manifesto which condemned the [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]] bombing attempt during [[Vuelta a España]]; he explained he could not have signed a document which endorsed the regime. In return he was dismissed as [[Deputy mayor|teniente de alcalde]],<ref> Larraza Micheltorena 2005, p. 77</ref> which in turn triggered some minor public protests.<ref> López López 2009, p. 35-36</ref> In 1969 he was fined 25,000 [[Spanish peseta|ptas]] for irregularities related to organisation of the massive Montejurra rally.<ref>Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, ''El naufragio de las ortodoxias. El carlismo, 1962–1977'', Pamplona 1997; ISBN 9788431315641, p. 334, also ''Diario de Burgos'' 13.05.63, available [https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=1000457646&posicion=7&presentacion=pagina here]</ref> In the early 1970s he was reinstated as deputy mayor when nominayed the 5th teniente de alcalde,<ref> López López 2009, p. 35-36</ref> and he again entered Comisión Permanente of the ayuntamiento.<ref> Larraza Micheltorena 2005, p. 77</ref>

In the late 1960s the progressist faction of Carlos Hugo marginalized the Traditionalists and took control over the Carlist structures nationwide. None of the sources consulted lists Zufía as a protagonist in this confrontation. On the one hand, he cultivated Traditionalist features when engaged in religious initiatives, be it as member of Consejo Pastoral or Junta Diocesana Económica; he even drafted new economic scheme for local parishes, the plan well received by the archbishop.<ref> López López 2009, p. 37</ref> On the other hand, his social endeavors in the ayuntamiento – e.g. support for so-called Plan Sur,<ref>Plan de Ordenación para el Sur de Pamplona, or Plan Sur, was about developing large areas in the south, including residential quarters, green areas, commercial centres; as the estate remained mostly in in private hands, expropriation and forced takeover would have been involved, López López 2009, pp. 36-37. For detailed discussion of urban planning and the role of Zufia in the Pamplona town hall see Zuriné Sainz Pascual, ''El despertar de una conciencia ciudadana a través del urbanismo: el Ayuntamiento de Pamplona 1966-1976'', [in:] ''Geronimo de Uztarriz'' 23/24 (2008), pp. 123-174</ref> a massive development project targeting southern outskirts of Pamplona and opposed by the establishment<ref> López López 2009, pp. 36-37</ref> - were perfectly in line with the progressist line, advanced by Carlos Hugo. As member of the Navarrese regional party executive Zufía supported expulsion from Carlist structures of the [[Joaquín Baleztena Ascárate|Baleztena brothers]]<ref> ''El affaire de „El Pensamiento Navarro”'', [in:] ''Montejurra'' V/53 (1970), p. 15</ref> and later admitted having been fully supportive of the radical left-wing turn, engineered by the carlohuguistas.<ref> López López 2009, p. 41</ref>

Since the late 1960s Zufía, deputy director of the Pamplona Banco de Bilbao branch and for the second term a member of the city council, was a recognized and well-positioned figure in Navarre; as such he started frequenting meetings of the carlohuguista command group, organized across the border in [[Arbonne]]. His party activity became increasingly hectic; he took part in executive sittings, delivered lectures at various courses<ref> ''Cursillo para la formación de la juventud carlista'', [in:] ''Montejurra'' IV/39-40 (1968), p. 5</ref> or attended semi-legal assemblies.<ref> López López 2009, p. 41</ref> Following reformatting of Carlist structures into [[Carlist Party (1970)|Partido Carlista]], in 1970<ref> Josep Miralles Climent, ''El carlismo militante (1965-1980). Del tradicionalismo al socialismo autogestionario'' [PhD thesis Universidad Jaume I], Castellón 2015, p. 265</ref> or 1971<ref> Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 204</ref> he entered so-called Gabinete Ideológico, a doctrinal council of the organization; Zufía formed part of a 3-member Comisión Delegada for socio-economic studies. In late 1971 two Carlist members of the outgoing Cortes, [[José Ángel Zubiaur Alegre|José Zubiaur]] and Auxilio Goñi, refused to sign an in-blanco resignation, required by Carlos Hugo as a condition of their endorsement in the forthcoming elections. Zufía tried to persuade Zubiaur to accept the scheme,<ref>José-Ángel Zubiaur Alegre, José-Ángel Zubiaur Carreño, ''Elecciones a Procuradores familiares en Navarra en 1971'', [in:] ''Aportes'' 27/79 (2012), p. 163</ref> but failed. Eventually Zubiaur and Goñi secured recommendations needed for Zufía to stand in the elections.<ref> Zubiaur Alegre, Zubiaur Carreño 2012, p. 164</ref> His campaign focused on peace, social justice, Navarre and family,<ref> Zubiaur Alegre, Zubiaur Carreño 2012, p. 167</ref> but he failed.<ref> López López 2009, p. 38</ref>

In 1971 Zufía was nominated to the newly created Partido Carlista supreme body Junta de Gobierno, and especially to its permanent Secretaría General;<ref> Robert Vallverdú i Martí, ''La metamorfosi del carlisme català: del "Déu, Pàtria i Rei" a l'Assamblea de Catalunya (1936-1975)'', Barcelona 2014, ISBN 9788498837261, p. 224</ref> in 1972 he entered one more structure, Consejo de Dirección.<ref> Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 221</ref> Increasingly often he used to co-sign key party documents,<ref> Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 225</ref> represented the party in Navarrese strike committees, as a bank professional he helped to manage funds, and interfaced with other clandestine organizations like Federación Obrera Socialista.<ref> López López 2009, p. 39</ref> In 1973 he refused to sign a town hall declaration which condemned the ETA attempt against [[Luis Carrero Blanco|Carrero Blanco]]; formal investigation has been launched against him, but it produced no repressive measures.<ref> López López 2009, p. 36</ref>

In 1973 and for reasons which are not clear Zufía did not seek prolongation of his term in the city council;<ref> López López 2009, p. 35</ref> as a result, it expired in 1974.<ref> Larraza Micheltorena 2005, p. 77</ref> However, the same year he stood in elections to [[:es:Consejo Foral|Consejo Foral]], a peculiar provincial Navarrese advisory body with rather limited powers; he was comfortably elected.<ref> Consejo Foral was an advisory body composed of57 members, mostly representatives of ayuntamientos, and met twice a year, López López 2009, p. 38</ref> During final years of Francoism Zufía and his sons<ref> Zufía’s sons were active in a few radical left-wing organisations like FARC or Frente Obrero, Miralles Climent 2015 pp. 250, 293</ref> were heavily engaged in numerous semi-clandestine activities, e.g. since 1974 in his house he hosted the editorial board of a bulletin titled ''Denok batean'' and provided residence to its chief editor.<ref> López López 2009, p. 41</ref> In establishment circles he was viewed as a dangerous subversive; in spite of earlier arrangements he was not promoted to director of the Banco de Bilbao Pamplonese branch.<ref> some real-estate owners potentially target of expropriations related to Plan Sur were also important Banco de Bilbao customers; they complained to the bank management. Zufía was unofficially advised to reconsider his engagement in the Plan. According to his later biography he refused to and as a result, against earlier pledges and normal business routine he was not nominated the manager of BdB Pamplona branch once its director retired, López López 2009, pp. 36-37</ref> His relations with the bank were already loose; in the early 1970s he was on unpaid leave, which enabled him to take a job restructuring financial structures of the [[Diocese of Pamplona|Pamplona diocese]].<ref> in 1971 the archbishopry arranged with BdB management that Zufía got unpaid leave; this enabled him to commence paid work for the diocesis, formally as member of Junta Económica Diocesana. He embarked on major plan to re-arrange the diocesis’ finances, including setup of so-called Caja de Compensación; his work was appreciated by the archbishop José Méndez Asensio, López López 2009, pp. 37-38</ref> Eventually, in late 1975 he arranged for premature retirement from the bank and despite poor conditions offered, he did retire the following year.<ref> López López 2009, pp. 42, 45</ref>

In late 1975 Carlos Hugo asked Zufía to move to [[Madrid]] to manage nationwide politics of Partido Carlista on the daily basis. He agreed and in early 1976 he represented PC in co-ordination committee of [[Plataforma de Convergencia Democrática|Plataforma de Convergencía Democrática]].<ref> López López 2009, pp. 42, 43, 45</ref> Once Plataforma merged with [[Democratic Junta of Spain|Junta Democrática]] into so-called [[:es:Coordinación Democrática|Platajunta]] Zufía assumed the same role in the new alliance.<ref> López López 2009, pp. 45-46</ref> His hectic activity a few times triggered interventions of the police and his sons were detained a number of times;<ref> in the spring of 1976 the oldest Zufía’s son was detained by security. The family decided to stage a protest in the Pamplona cathedral; the detainee was soon set free, López López 2009, p. 47-48</ref> he also represented radical left-wing opposition on various congresses abroad.<ref> e.g. in 1976 Zufía with Zavala as representatives of Plataforma attended a congress in Rome, Miralles Climent 2015, p. 341</ref> Like most of PC leaders he advanced a so-called ''rupturista'' strategy; Zufía called for a radical, revolutionary change of political regime instead of gradual [[Spanish transition to democracy|transformation into democracy]]. In late 1976 he declared that “we live under dictatorial regime”, and that “essentially, this government proceeds on the authoritarian path”.<ref>“la característica esencial del gobierno sigue siendo el autoritarismo”, Miralles Climent 2015, p. 509</ref>

Following more than a year in Madrid Zufía returned to Pamplona in 1977; within the federative structure of Partido Carlista he assumed jefatura of its vasco-navarrese branch, [[Carlist Party of Euskal Herria|Euskadiko Karlista Alderdia]]; he also held the seat in Consejo Federal del Partido Carlista.<ref> López López 2009, p. 49</ref> His efforts focused on formal registration of the party so that it could take part in forthcoming general elections. In April he and some 100 PC militants stormed the Consejo Foral building, declared occupation of the premises, displayed [[Ikurriña|Basque]] and Carlist flags and demanded legalization of PC. Some Consejo members demanded his expulsion from the body, but eventually the motion came to nothing.<ref> López López 2009, p. 51, Jeremy MacClancy, ''The Decline of Carlism'', Reno 2000, ISBN 978-0874173444 , p. 192, Miralles Climent 2015, p. 466</ref> In May 1977 he delivered one of his rare addresses at a mass rally, namely to the crowd of party followers gathered – instead of the suspended Montejurra ascent<ref> López López 2009, p. 52</ref> – in [[Javier, Spain|Javier]].<ref> ''Información Mensual'' IV/1977, available [https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo%20imagenes/grupo.do?path=3107591&posicion=3&presentacion=pagina here]; prior to 1977 Zufía has never spoken at Montejurra, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, pp. 302-303</ref> As a PC representative he held talks with ETA, reportedly to ensure peaceful electoral campaign.<ref> López López 2009, pp. 50-51</ref> At times he appeared at rallies beyond Navarre, e.g. in [[Catalonia]].<ref> where he spoke in Basque, ''Hoja Oficial de la Provincia de Barcelona'' 21.02.77, available [https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=1000225781&posicion=9&presentacion=pagina here]</ref>

PC has not been registered prior to [[1977 Spanish general election|elections]] and it campaigned as “Agrupación Electoral Montejurra”;<ref>MacClancy 2000, p. 192</ref> Zufía headed the list of PC candidates to the lower chamber in Navarre,<ref> ''BOE'' 120 (1977), available [http://www.juntaelectoralcentral.es/cs/jec/documentos/GENERALES_1977_Candidaturas.pdf here]</ref> but with 8,451 votes it failed.<ref> López López 2009, p. 51, MacClancy 2000, p. 192</ref> In late 1977 he co-organized Carlos Hugo’sHugo's re-entry into Spain<ref>López López 2009, p. 52. As late as in 1976 Carlos Hugo was banned entry into Spain and not allowed to disambark from the aircraft at the Barajas airport. The 1977 attempt to re-enter the country was staged as a media event in hope that the coverage would prevent another expulsion; the strategy worked</ref> and was among protagonists of the party congress, as PC got eventually legalized.<ref> Vallverdú i Martí 2014, p. 267</ref> As member of Consejo Foral throughout 1978 he remained heavily engaged in works on Navarrese foral regime<ref> López López 2009, p. 38</ref> – with some of his radical proposals adopted<ref>Zufía was not entirely happy with so-called Real Decreto Paccionado, which ended one stage of the process, López López 2009, p. 54</ref> – and in labors on draft of the Basque autonomous statuestatute. As member of “ponencia redactora del Estatuto de Autonomía”<ref> Virginia Tamayo Salaberría (ed.), ''Autogobierno de Vasconia: desarrollo y crisis (1978-2006): documentos'', Donostia 2006, ISBN 9788469033784, p. 486</ref> Zufía claimed that Navarre “belongs to the Basque Country”<ref> ''Hoja Oficial de la Provincia de Barcelona'' 14.06.76, available [https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=1000225745&posicion=3&presentacion=pagina here]</ref> and opted for a common Basque-Navarrese unit,<ref> in the inter-party committee Zufía represented all minor parties (EKA, PTE, ORT, MCE), López López 2009, p. 53</ref> but given limited support in the region he started to backtrack.<ref> MacClancy 2000, p. 193, see also his increasingly skeptical position as reported by ''Diario de Burgos'' 12.12.79, available [https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=1000460949&posicion=15&presentacion=pagina here]</ref> In the [[1979 Spanish general election|general elections of early 1979]] Zufía stood in Navarre as a PC candidate for the senate;<ref> ''El País'' 20.01.79, available [https://elpais.com/diario/1979/01/20/espana/285634814_850215.html here]</ref> with 18,303 votes<ref> some sources claim 18,143 votes, see ''Gran Enciclopedia Navarra'', available [http://www.enciclopedianavarra.com/?page_id=16281 here]</ref> gathered he failed.<ref> ''Elecciones Generales 1 de Marzo de 1979'', [in:] ''HistoriaElectoral'' service, available [https://www.historiaelectoral.com/e1979comp.html here]</ref> However, a month later he ran for the newly established Navarrese [[Parliament of Navarre|Parlamento Foral]]. Running in the Estella district<ref> López López 2009, p. 78</ref> Zufía collected 12,165 votes; with 4,8% of the total, his result proved sufficient for election.<ref>PC fielded candidates in all merindades, but only Zufía got elected from Estella. His 12 165 votes (4,77%) were far behind those received by the front-runner, Jaime Ignacio del Burgo (68,000), ''Elecciónes al Parlamento de Navarra'', [in:] ''HistoriaElectoral'' service, available [https://www.historiaelectoral.com/anavarra.html here]</ref> His Consejo Foral ticket expired in 1979 as under the new regional regime the body ceased to exist.<ref> López López 2009, p. 54</ref>

|Description = [[José María Zavala Castella|José Ma Zavala]]

Following disastrous electoral result of 1979 most PC high executives, including its president Carlos Hugo and the secretary general [[José María Zavala Castella|José María Zavala]], resigned. It seemed that the prince, disillusioned and embittered by defeat, was pondering upon dissolution of the party,<ref> MacClancy 2000, p. 199</ref> the option incomprehensible to old militants like Zufía.<ref> Miralles Climent 2015, pp. 453-454</ref> Shortly afterwards Carlos Hugo left the party and withdrew from Spanish politics altogether. However, the Partido Carlista congress of November 1979<ref> some claim that in December 1979, Miralles Climent 2015, p. 457</ref> was dominated by these willing to go on. Zufía – who stood out among mostly 30- and 40-year-olds,<ref> in the late 1970s the 1920-born Zufía was among the oldest party militants; among other recognized names, Carles Feliú Travy was born in 1923, José María Zavala Castella in 1924, Josep Badía Tomás in 1925, Juan-Angel Pérez-Nieves Abascal in 1930, Pedro José Zabala Sevilla in 1934, Josep Carles Clemente Balaguer in 1935 and Evaristo Olcina Jiménez in 1938</ref> former requeté, man of proven party record, longtime Navarrese official, member of Parlamento Foral and a local known personality - was elected the new secretario general. He had no counter-candidate and was voted unanimously.<ref> López López 2009, p. 78</ref> As the position of party president has been abolished, Zufía effectively became the leader of Partido Carlista; at the same time he vacated the position of EKA secretary general.<ref> it was assumed by Luis Ramón Fernández del Pino, ''Hoja Oficial de Lunes'' 11.05.81, available [https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=2000992997&posicion=35&presentacion=pagina here]</ref> He declared that Carlos Hugo abandoned the party due tofor personal reasons and with the intention to confuse.<ref> ''El País'' 06.05.80, available [https://elpais.com/diario/1980/05/06/espana/326412016_850215.html here]</ref>

Most information on Zufía’sZufía's public activity in the early 1980s is related to his mandate in the Navarrese parliament. He continued to focus on social problems and advocated setup of Cámara Económico-Social,<ref> in 1979 he proposed setup of Cámara Económico-Social, a body to deal with unemployment and social problems, Miralles Climent 2015, p. 474</ref> animated emergence of a regional [[University of Navarra|secular Navarrese university]]<ref> in 1979, López López 2009, p. 81</ref> and confronted the Right.<ref> López López 2009, p. 82</ref> Particular controversy was triggered by his support for [[Herri Batasuna]] motion that the Franco-awarded laurel be removed from the [[Flag of Navarre|Navarrese flag]];<ref> Larraza Micheltorena 2005, p. 533</ref> Traditionalist groupings denied him the name of a Carlist and wondered “si le queda una sola gota de sangre de su antiguo y verdadero Carlismo, de Dios, Patria, Fueros, Rey”, effectively lambasting him as a traitor.<ref> an open letter published in ''El Pensamiento Navarro'' read “Lo que nos sorprendió grandemente es que quien, como Mariano Zufía, continúa llamándose “carlista” –aunque declarándose actualmente socialista y autogestionario–, si le queda una sola gota de sangre de su antiguo y verdadero Carlismo, de Dios, Patria, Fueros, Rey, eche ese borrón sobre tantos mártires carlistas que dieron su vida por sus gloriosos ideales en la Cruzada de Liberación Nacional, aparte de otros buenos navarros que forjaron, con su sangre y heroico sacrificio, una buena parte de la gloriosa historia contemporánea de esa mil veces heroica Navarra, merecedora, por tantos motivos, de la más honrosa condecoración nacional a todo un pueblo», quoted after Larraza Micheltorena 2005, p. 535</ref> In 1981<ref> ''La Cámara de Comptos desde 1980'', [in:] ''CamaraDeComptos'' service, available [https://camaradecomptos.navarra.es/es/institucion/la-camara-de-comptos-desde-1980 here]</ref> the regional parliament thanks to votes of [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party|PSOE]] deputies and against votes of the Right<ref> UCD and UPN voted against him, López López 2009, p. 83-84</ref> elected him as the first president of Cámara de Comptos, a historical Navarrese body re-established to deal with local tax collection and management of public sector expenses;<ref> ''La institución en la actualidad'', [in:] ''CamaraDeComptos'' service, available [https://camaradecomptos.navarra.es/en/node/49 here]</ref> he assumed the duty in early 1982.<ref> ''La Cámara de Comptos desde 1980'', [in:] ''CamaraDeComptos'' service, available [https://camaradecomptos.navarra.es/es/institucion/la-camara-de-comptos-desde-1980 here]</ref>

[[File:Cartell PCV.png|thumb|160px|PC electoral[[1978 Spanish constitutional referendum|referendum]] poster]]

Within Partido Carlista Zufía's task was to combat defeatism in the party ranks.<ref>especially that rumors had it that PC would soon merge either with PNV or PSOE, ''Hoja Oficial de Lunes'' 07.04.80, available [https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=7154388&posicion=6&presentacion=pagina here]</ref> However, he failed to stop disintegration of the electoral social base.<ref>at the Zufía-led Montejurra ascents of 1980 and 1981 there were merely 1,000 militants attending, ''Hoja Oficial de Lunes'' 05.05.80, available [https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=2000992944&posicion=27&presentacion=pagina here]; others claimed 2,000, see MacClancy 2000, p. 275</ref> During [[1982 Spanish general election|electoral campaign of 1982]] Zufía initially headed the PC list for the [[Senate of Spain|Senate]],<ref> ''Meditarraneo'' 19.09.82, available [https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=5082388&posicion=27&presentacion=pagina here]</ref> but it was eventually withdrawn<ref> ''Partido Carlista de Euskadi'' entry, [in:] ''Gran Enciclopedia Navarra'', available [http://www.enciclopedianavarra.com/?page_id=16281 here]</ref> and the party did not take part in elections.<ref>"the party did not participate in the general elections of 1982", MacClancy 2000, p. 201</ref> During the local Navarrese elections of 1983 the party garnered 2,55% of the votes<ref> MacClancy 2000, p. 201</ref> compared to 4,79% collected in 1979. Zufía led the Carlist list<ref> the list included 54 candidates, ''BO de Navarra'' 45, available [http://www.juntaelectoralcentral.es/cs/jec/documentos/NAVARRA%201983%20Candidaturas.pdf here]</ref> and failed; hence, his term of the Parlamento Foral member came to the end and Partido Carlista lost its only representative in self-governmental Navarrese structures.<ref> López López 2009, p. 83</ref> He acknowledged defeat and in 1983 resigned as secretario general.<ref> López López 2009, p. 88</ref> In 1984 the new rules adopted by the Navarrese parliament specified that president of Cámara de Comptos must not be member of any political party.<ref> López López 2009, p. 90</ref> Forced to make choices, Zufía opted for the administrative career and in 1985 he resigned his membership in Partido Carlista.<ref> López López 2009, p. 91</ref> The same year thanks to PSOE votes he was re-elected as president of the Cámara.<ref> López López 2009, p. 90</ref>

In the late 1980s Zufía served his second term as president of Cámara de Comptos. His biography hails him as an impartial public servant bent on combating corruption, who advocated and in fact enforced transparency in the public sector.<ref> López López 2009, pp. 91-93</ref> His term expired in 1991. He was entitled to re-election, but Zufía decided not to stand; he claimed that 10 years in office was long enough and that to ensure sanity in public administration, he should provide an example and resign. PSOE failed to persuade him to change his mind and Zufía ceased as president in 1992.<ref> López López 2009, p. 93</ref> On retirement he engaged in [[Charity (practice)|charity]]; his focus was mostly on Junta de la Fundación Tutelar Navarra, an organization serving the incapacitated; in 1993 he was elected its president.<ref> López López 2009, p. 103</ref>

ThoughZufía no longer affiliate to any political organization, Zufíastill considered himself a Carlist. In the mid-1980s he told a British anthropologistdeclared that the party “could not simply disappear”, pointed to its glorious past, himself and his sons having been jailed, and concluded that “all of this could not just be given up”.<ref>he pointed to its glorious past, himself and his sons having been jailed, MacClancy 2000, p. 201</ref> In the mid-1980s he supported Partido Carlista entry into a Communist-dominated alliance [[United Left (Spain)|Izquierda Unida]], but following [[1986 Spanish general election|another disastrous general elections]] he concluded that PC had been cynically manipulated by the likes of [[Santiago Carrillo|Santiago Carillo]]. In the 1990s he changed his opinion about the party and summarized that Carlism “tiene un aspecto fuertemente sentimental” with 100 years of history, wars and generations of loyalty;<ref>“Partido Carlista – con cien años de vida, varias generaciones, guerras, padres, abuelos y bisabuelos”</ref> however, he declared thatbut it was is no longer valid as a political platform.<ref> López López 2009, p. 98</ref> He claimed that for him Carlism remained sort of a general guideline, marked by socialism, self-management, devolution and bottom-top decision-makingdevolution. He remained proud of his past in the Carlist ranks and noted that though defeated as a rupturista strategy in the 1970s, at least thecarlohuguista progressist movementprogressism reclaimed Carlism from the ultra-reactionaries. He denied the Carlist name to [[Traditionalism (Spain)|Traditionalist orthodoxes]], “personas que sigan con esa ideologia tradicionalista y integrista”.<ref> López López 2009, p. 99</ref> It is not clear what position he assumed in the 1990s when faced with a conflict between the Borbon-Parmas and the PC command, by some considered sectarian fanatic [[ayatollah]]s.<ref>Josep Carles Clemente, ''Los dias fugaces'', Cuenca 2013, ISBN 9788495414243, p. 93. The book, sort of shortened history of 20th-century Carlism written by the Carlos Hugo supporter, does not mention Zufía a single time</ref> He was increasingly irritated by positionpolicy assumedadopted by the Right and by what he viewed as reactionary sector of the Church. Zufía perished due to “enfermedad pulmonar”; at the moment he had 6 grandchildren.<ref> López López 2009, p. 103</ref>

Today Mariano Zufía is remembered mostly as the Navarrese public official, especially the one who helped to build the regional fiscal and public spendings machinery. In 2007 Fundación para la Formación e Investigación en Auditoría del Sector Público FIASEP, an independent institution promoting transparency in public finances, set up Premio Mariano Zufía; on irregular basis it is awarded since 2009.<ref> the last premio identified was awarded in 2014, see Fundación FIASEP website, available [http://grupobeteanblog.com/premio-mariano-zufia-de-fiasep-en-el-campo-de-la-auditoria-publica-2014/ here]</ref> On some websites related to Partido Carlista he is recorded as the former party leader and a distinguished personality, especially that until today he remains the only PC representative who has ever been elected to either a regional or the national parliament.<ref> compare ''LealtadALealtad'' service, link blocked by Wikipedia</ref> In historiographic works addressing either Carlism or the Spanish transición he appears marginally as a person who presided over disintegration of Partido Carlista into a third-rate political force.<ref> Jordi Canal, ''El carlismo'', Madrid 2000, ISBN 8420639478, p. 388, MacClancy 2000, pp. 195, 201</ref>

* María del Mar Larraza Micheltorena, ''El ayuntamiento pamplonés en el tardofranquismo'', [in:] ''La Transició de la dictadure franquista a la democrácia'', Barcelona 2005, ISBN 8460973972, pp. 68-79&nbsp;68–79

* Zuriné Sainz Pascual, ''El despertar de una conciencia ciudadana a través del urbanismo: el Ayuntamiento de Pamplona 1966-1976'', [in:] ''Geronimo de Uztarriz'' 23/24 (2008), pp. 123-174&nbsp;123–174