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{{Short description|Social institution in the classical Roman civilization}}
[[File:Roman marriage vows.jpg|300px|thumb|upright=1.5|Roman couple joining hands (''dextrarum iunctio''); the bride's belt may show the knot symbolizing that the husband was "belted and bound" to her, which he was to untie in their bed (4th century sarcophagus)<ref>''Cinctus vinctusque'', according to [[Sextus Pompeius Festus|Festus]] 55 (edition of Lindsay); Karen K. Hersch, ''The Roman Wedding: Ritual and Meaning in Antiquity'' (Cambridge University Press, 2010), pp. 101, 110, 211 .</ref>]]
'''Marriage in ancient Rome''' ({{lang|la|conubium}}) was a fundamental institution of society and was used by Romans primarily as a tool for [[marriage alliance|interfamilial alliances]].
Roman marriage had [[Roman mythology|precedents in myth]]. The [[The Rape of the Sabine Women|abduction of the Sabine Women]] may reflect the archaic custom of [[bride abduction]]. Rome's [[Sabine]] neighbours rejected overtures of intermarriage (''conubium'') by [[Romulus]] and his band of male immigrants. According to [[Livy]], Romulus and his men abducted the Sabine maidens but promised them honorable marriage, in which they would enjoy the benefits of property, citizenship, and [[Children of Ancient Rome|children]].
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Marriage ({{lang|la|conubium}}) was one of the fundamental institutions of Roman society, as it joined not only two individuals but two families. The Romans considered marriage a partnership, whose primary purpose was to have legitimate descendants to whom property, status, and family qualities could be handed down through the generations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Evans Grubbs |first=Judith |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Women_and_the_Law_in_the_Roman_Empire/spCFAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gl=INonepage&q&f=false |title=Women and the Law in the Roman Empire: a sourcebook on marriage, divorce and widowhood |publisher=Taylor & Francis |date=June 2002 |isbn=9781134743926 |pages=81}}</ref>
Marriage in ancient Rome was a strictly [[monogamy|monogamous]] institution: under Roman law, a [[Roman citizen]], whether male or female, could have only one spouse at a time. The practice of monogamy distinguished the [[Marriage in Ancient Greece|Greeks]] and Romans from ancient civilizations in which elite males typically had [[polygyny|multiple wives]]. [[Walter Scheidel]] believes that Greco-Roman monogamy may have arisen from the relative [[egalitarianism]] of the [[Greek democracy|democratic]] and [[Roman Republic|republican]] political systems of the city-states. The aspect of a monogamous institution was later embraced by [[early Christianity]], which in turn perpetuated it as an ideal in later [[Western culture]]. In the early fifth century Augustine referred to it as a "Roman custom".<ref>Scheidel, Walter, "A peculiar institution? Greco–Roman monogamy in global context", 2006, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-2145, USA (2006), In ''History of the Family'' 14 (2009), Elsevier, pp. 280–291 available online at sciencedirect.com [https://web.stanford.edu/~scheidel/Scheidel_HISFAM.pdf]</ref>
Marriage had [[Roman mythology|mythical precedents]], starting with the [[The Rape of the Sabine Women|abduction of the Sabine Women]], which may reflect the archaic custom of [[bride abduction]]. [[Romulus]] and his band of male immigrants approached the Sabines for ''conubium'', the legal right to intermarriage, from the [[Sabines]]. According to [[Livy]], [[Romulus]] and his men abducted the Sabine maidens, but promised them an honorable marriage, in which they would enjoy the benefits of property, citizenship, and [[children of Ancient Rome|children]].<ref>Treggiari, Susan (1991). ''Roman Marriage''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-814890-9}} esp. p. 8f</ref>
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