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The earliest extant manuscript on armed combat (as opposed to unarmed wrestling) is [[Royal Armouries Ms. I.33]] ("I.33"), written in [[Franconia]] around 1300.
Not within the scope of this article are books on [[military strategy]] such as [[Sun Tzu]]'s ''[[The Art of War]]'' (before 100
==Predecessors==
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Some early testimonies of [[history of martial arts|historical martial arts]] consist of series of images only. The earliest example is a [[fresco]] in tomb 15 at [[Beni Hasan]], showing illustrations of [[wrestling]] techniques dating to the 20th century BCE. Similar depictions of wrestling techniques are found on [[pottery of ancient Greece|Attic vases]] dating to [[Classical Greece]].
The only known instance of a book from [[classical antiquity]] is [[Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 466]] from the 2nd century CE, detailing [[Greek wrestling]] techniques.
The only known instance of a book from [[classical antiquity]] is [[Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 466]] from the 2nd century CE, detailing [[Greek wrestling]] techniques. There are some examples in the [[Chinese classics]] that may predate the turn of the [[Common Era]]: the ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'' by [[Sima Qian]] (c. 100 BCE) documents [[wrestling]], referring to earlier how-to manuals" of the [[Han dynasty#Western Han|Western Han]] (2nd century BCE), which have however not survived. An extant Chinese text on wrestling is "Six Chapters of Hand Fighting" included in the 1st-century CE ''[[Book of Han]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Henning |first=Stanley E. |date=1999 |title=Academia Encounters the Chinese Martial arts |journal=China Review International |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=319–332 |doi=10.1353/cri.1999.0020 |issn=1069-5834 |jstor=23732172 |s2cid=145378249}}</ref>▼
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All other extant manuals date to the [[Middle Ages]] or later. The "combat stele" at [[Shaolin Monastery]] dates to 728 CE. The earliest text detailing [[Indian martial arts]] is the ''[[Agni Purana]]'' (c. 8th century), which contains several chapters giving descriptions and instructions on fighting techniques.<ref name=Zarrilli1992>{{cite journal |author=Zarrilli, Phillip B. |year=1992 |title=To Heal and/or To Harm: The Vital Spots (Marmmam/Varmam) in Two South Indian Martial Traditions Part I: Focus on Kerala's Kalarippayattu |url=https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/healharm.html |journal=Journal of Asian Martial Arts |volume=1 |issue=1 }}</ref><ref>P. C. Chakravarti (1972). ''The art of warfare in ancient India''. Delhi.</ref> It described how to improve a warrior's individual prowess and kill enemies using various methods in warfare whether they went to war in chariots, horses, [[war elephant|elephant]]s or on foot. Foot methods were subdivided into armed combat and unarmed combat.<ref name="Svinth">{{Cite web |last=Svinth |first=Joseph R. |date=2002 |title=Kronos: A Chronological History of the Martial Arts and Combative Sports |url=https://ejmas.com/kronos/ |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=Electronic Journals of Martial Arts and Sciences}}</ref> The former included the bow and [[arrow]], the sword, [[spear]], [[noose]], armour, iron dart, club, [[battle axe]], [[chakram]] and [[trishula|trident]].<ref name="Zarrilli1">{{cite web |last=Zarrilli |first=Phillip B. |date=1994 |title=Actualizing Power and Crafting a Self in Kalarippayattu |url=https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/power.html |access-date=2015-11-06 |website=[[University of Exeter]] |publisher=}}</ref> The latter included wrestling, knee strikes, punching and kicking methods.<ref name=Svinth/>▼
All other extant manuals date to the [[Middle Ages]] or later.
The "combat stele" at the [[Shaolin Monastery]] dates to 728 CE.
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The oldest extant [[historical European martial arts|European martial arts]] manual is [[Royal Armouries Ms. I.33]] (c. 1300).
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===French manuals===
Similar to the situation in Italy, there is one early manual (c. 1400, dealing with the [[pollaxe]] exclusively), and later treatises
*''[[Le jeu de la hache]]'' (c. 1400)
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*[[George Silver]], ''[[Paradoxes of Defense]]'' (1599)
*[[Joseph Swetnam]], ''Schoole of the Noble and Worthy Science of Defence'' (1612)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thearma.org/Manuals/swetnam.htm|title=Joseph Swetnam -- Part One|work=Thearma.org|access-date=2015-11-06}}</ref>
*Captain John Godfrey, ''A Treatise Upon the Useful Science of Defence, Connecting the Small and Back-Sword'' (1747)
*[[John Musgrave Waite]], ''Lessons in [[sabre]], [[singlestick]], sabre & [[bayonet]], and sword feats'' (1880)
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In 1599, the swordmaster [[Domingo Luis Godinho]] wrote the ''[[Arte de Esgrima]]'', the only fencing manual that preserved the older "Common" or "Vulgar" system of Spanish fencing, which has its traditions in the Middle Ages.
17th-century Spanish [[destreza]] is steeped in the Spanish [[Baroque]] noblemen mindset, so it does not contain graphical explanations of the fencing techniques so much as explanations based on mathematics and philosophical sciences in general. The subsequent difficulty
* [[Jerónimo Sánchez de Carranza]], {{Lang|es|De la filosophia de las armas y de su destreza...}} (1582)
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