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{{Short description|Type of dog}}
{{other uses}}
{{for|the English breed of dog|English Mastiff}}
[[File:The dog book - a popular history of the dog, with practical information as to care and management of house, kennel, and exhibition dogs; and descriptions of all the important breeds (1906) (20800295488).jpg|thumb|260px|''The Mastiff'' by [[Philip Reinagle]], 1805]]
A '''mastiff''' is a large and powerful [[Dog type|type]] of [[dog]].{{sfn|Oxford Dictionaries|2019}}{{sfn|Young|Bannasch|2007|p=49}} Mastiffs are among the largest dogs, and typically have a short [[Coat (dog)|coat]], a long low-set tail and large feet; the skull is large and bulky, the muzzle broad and short ([[brachycephalic]]) and the ears drooping and pendant-shaped.{{sfn|Oxford Dictionaries|2019}}{{sfn|Young|Bannasch|2007|p=49}} European and Asian records dating back 3,000 years show dogs of the mastiff type.{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica|2019}} Mastiffs have historically been [[guard dog]]s, protecting homes and property, although throughout history they have been used as [[hunting dog]]s, [[war dog]]s and for [[blood sport]]s, such as [[dog fighting|fighting each other]] and other animals, including [[bull]]s, [[bear]]s and even [[lion]]s.{{sfn|Young|Bannasch|2007|p=49}}{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica|2019}}
==History==
Historical and archaeological evidence suggests that mastiffs have long been distinct in both form and function from the similarly large [[livestock guardian dog]]s from which they were most likely developed;{{sfn|Young|Bannasch|2007|p=48-49}} they also form separate [[genetic populations]].{{sfn|Parker|2012|p=45}} The [[Fédération Cynologique Internationale]] and some [[kennel club]]s group the two types together as [[Molossus (dog)|molossoid]] dogs; some modern livestock guardian breeds, such as the [[Pyrenean Mastiff]], the [[Spanish Mastiff]] and the [[Tibetan Mastiff]], and an extinct [[draught dog]] called the [[Belgian Mastiff]], have the word "mastiff" in their name, but are not considered true mastiffs.{{sfnp|Hancock|2001}}
Many older English sources refer to mastiffs as bandogs or bandogges, although technically the term "bandog" meant a dog that was tethered by a chain (or "bande") that would be released at night; the terms "mastiff" and "bandog" were often used interchangeably. One of the most famous "bandog" programs in England, led to the establishment of a recognized "bandog" breed known today as the [[Bull Mastiff]]. The least common "bandog" program in England was funded by Sir Nathanael Dieu-est-Mon'plaisir, the St. Louis Vincent Mastiff or South American Mastiff was named after Vincent Louis who reared plantation dogs originating from [[St. Louis]] and other parts of South America. This rare breed is the most expensive mastiff-type dog amongst the "bandog" breeds.{{sfnp|Wynn|2011}} In the twentieth century the term "bandog" was revived to describe some large fighting mastiff type dogs crossed with any bulldog in the United States.{{sfnp|Fogle|2009|p=36}}
==List of mastiff breeds==
===Extant breeds===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width: 250pt;" | Breed !! style="width: 250pt;" | Alternate name(s) !! style="width: 200pt;" | Country of origin !! style="width: 350pt;" | Use !! class="unsortable"|Image
|-
| [[Alano Español]] || {{ubl|Spanish Alano|Spanish Bulldog}} || Spain || [[Dogs in warfare|War dog]], [[bull-baiting]], [[big-game hunting]] || [[File:Alano-espanol-0003.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Alapaha Blue Blood Bulldog]] || || United States || Guard dog || [[File:Alapaha Blue-Blood Bulldog.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[American Bulldog]] || {{ubl|Old Southern White Bulldog|Old Southern White|English White Bulldog|White English|Hill Bulldog |Country Bulldog}} || United States || Guard dog|[[catch dog]], farm dog || [[File:BUCKEYE 2010 ANCHOR BULLY RASCALZ.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Boerboel]] || South African Mastiff || South Africa || Guard dog || [[File:HuntHillBoerboelsGunston1.jpeg|150px]]
|-
| [[Boxer (dog)|Boxer]] || {{ubl|German Boxer|Deutscher Boxer}} || Germany || Guard dog |big-game hunting || [[File:Male fawn Boxer undocked.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Broholmer]] || Danish Broholmer|Danish Mastiff || Denmark || Guard dog || [[File:Ivarr03.JPG|150px]]
|-
| [[Bulldog]] || {{ubl|English Bulldog |British Bulldog}} || United Kingdom (England) || Companion dog, formerly bull-baiting || [[File:Whitebulldog.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Bullmastiff]] || Gamekeeper's Night Dog || United Kingdom (England) || Guard dog || [[File:Bullmastiff edited.JPG|150px]]
|-
| [[Bully Kutta]] || {{ubl|Indian Mastiff|Pakistani Mastiff|Sindhi Mastiff|Indian Bully |Pakistani Bully}} || India and Pakistan || Guard dog, big-game hunting |dog fighting || [[File:PakistaniMastiffPunjab.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Campeiro Bulldog]] || {{ubl|Brazilian Bulldog|Countryside Bulldog |Pampas Bulldog}} || Brazil || Catch dog, butcher's dog || [[File:Buldogue Campeiro.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Cane Corso]] || {{ubl|Italian Mastiff|Italian Corso Dog|Italian Corso|Cane Corso Italiano}} || Italy || Guard dog, catch dog || [[File:Viggo-Ears-n-Tail.png|150px]]
|-
| [[Saint Miguel Cattle Dog|Cão Fila de São Miguel]] || {{ubl|São Miguel Cattle Dog|Saint Miguel Cattle Dog|Azores Cattle Dog |Azores Cow Dog}} || Portugal || Cattle-herding dog, catch dog || [[File:Rzeszów Cão Fila de São Miguel 3pl.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Chongqing dog]]
|
|China
|Guard dog
| [[File:Chinese Chongqing Dog Rüde.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Cimarrón Uruguayo]] || {{ubl|Cimarrón|Uruguayan Cimarrón|Cimarrón Creole|Maroon Dog|Cerro Largo Dog|Perro Cimarrón|Cimarrón Dog|Uruguayan Gaucho Dog}} || Uruguay || Guard dog || [[File:PERRO CIMARRON.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Continental bulldog|Continental Bulldog]] || Swiss Bulldog || Switzerland || Companion dog || [[File:Pitsch-Dog.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Dogo Argentino]] || {{ubl|Argentine Dogo|Argentine Mastiff}} || Argentina || Guard dog, big-game hunting, dog fighting || [[File:0Dogo-argentino-22122251920.jpg|150px]]
|-
| Dogo Guatemalteco || {{ubl|Guatemalan Dogo|Guatemalan Bull Terrier|Bullterrier Guatemalteco}} || Guatemala || Guard dog, formerly bull-baiting || [[File:Eggon Lasal.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Dogue Brasileiro]] || || Brazil || Guard dog || [[File:Doguebrasileiro.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Dogue de Bordeaux]] || {{ubl|French Mastiff|Bordeaux Mastiff|Bordeaux dog}} || France || Guard dog || [[File:DJT 0086.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[English Mastiff]] || {{ubl|Old English Mastiff|Mastiff}} || United Kingdom (England) || Guard dog || [[File:Westgort Anticipation 17 months.JPG|150px]]
|-
| [[Fila Brasileiro]] || {{ubl|Brazilian Mastiff|Cão de Fila Brasileiro}} || Brazil || Guard dog || [[File:Heroi Itanhandu.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[French Bulldog]] || Bouledogue Français || France || [[Lap dog]] || [[File:Mi Gran Amigo El General.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Great Dane]] || {{ubl|Deutsche Dogge|German Mastiff|German Boarhound}} || Germany || Big-game hunting || [[File:Great Dane K02.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Kurdish Mastiff]] || {{ubl|Pishdar dog|Assyrian Shepherd}} || Iraq || Guard dog ||
|-
| [[Neapolitan Mastiff]] || Mastino Napoletano || Italy || Guard dog || [[File:Mastino Napoletano Rüde clp.JPG|150px]]
|-
| [[Olde English Bulldogge]] || || United States || Modern-day re-creation of the extinct [[Old English Bulldog]] || [[File:UKC Olde English Bulldogge Male.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Perro de Presa Canario]] || {{ubl|Canary Mastiff|Canary Catch Dog|Presa Canario |Dogo Canario}} || [[Canary Islands]] || Guard dog, catch dog || [[File:Canario 0720.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Ca de Bou|Perro de Presa Mallorquin]] || {{ubl|Ca de Bou|Majorca Mastiff|Perro Dogo Mallorquin}} || Spain || Bull-baiting || [[File:Ca de bou dog.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Rottweiler]] || || Germany || Guard dog || [[File:Rottweiler standing facing left.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Serrano Bulldog]] || Buldogue Serrano || Brazil || Herding dog, butcher's dog || [[File:Anuke.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Tosa (dog)|Tosa]] || {{ubl|Tosa Inu|Tosa Ken|Tosa Tōken|Japanese Mastiff|Japanese Tosa|Japanese Fighting Dog|Tosa Fighting Dog}} || Japan || Dog fighting || [[File:BUKADAI 2.jpg|150px]]
|-
|}
===Extinct breeds===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width: 250pt;" | Breed !! style="width: 250pt;" | Alternate name(s) !! style="width: 200pt;" | Country or region of origin !! style="width: 200pt;" | Era !! style="width: 200pt;" | Use !!class="unsortable"|Image
|-
| [[Alaunt]] || Alaunt de Boucherie || Europe, [[Central Asia]] || {{ubl|[[Classical antiquity]]|the [[Middle Ages]]}} || Big-game hunting, guard dog, dog fighting || [[File:Jacopo del Sallaio.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Bullenbeisser]] || {{ubl|Bärenbeisser |German Bulldog}} || Germany || to [[World War II]] || Bull-baiting (as Bullenbeisser), bear-baiting (as Bärenbeisser) || [[File:Bullenbeiser.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Córdoba fighting dog]] || {{ubl|Córdoba dog|Córdobese dog |Perro de Pelea Cordobés}} || Argentina || to the 1920s || Dog fighting || [[File:Patan.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Dogo Cubano]] || {{ubl|Cuban Mastiff|Cuban Bloodhound|Cuban Dogo|Cuban Dogge}} || Cuba || 16th – late 19th C || Recapturing [[Fugitive slaves in the United States|runaway slaves]], bull-baiting, dog fighting || [[File:DogoCubano2.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Terceira Mastiff|Fila da Terceira]] || {{ubl|Terceira Mastiff|Cão de Fila da Terceira |Rabo Torto}} || Portugal || to the 1970s || Catch dog || [[File:Fila de Terceira.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Molossus (dog)|Molossus]] || {{ubl|Molossian Hound|Epirus Mastiff}} || [[Southern Europe]] || Classical antiquity || [[Dogs in warfare|War dog]], guard dog, big-game hunting, dog fighting || [[File:Molossian Hound, British Museum.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Old English Bulldog]] || || Great Britain and Ireland || 17th–19th C || Bull-baiting|dog fighting || [[File:CribandRosa1811.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Toy Bulldog]] || {{ubl|Miniature Bulldog |English Toy Bulldog}} || United Kingdom (England) || 18th – early 20th C || Lap dog || [[File:Toy Bulldog Little Knot 1903.jpg|150px]]
|-
|}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Bibliography==
{{commonscat}}
* {{cite book |last=Hancock |first=David |date=2001 |title=The Mastiffs: The Big Game Hunters – Their History, Development and Future |location=Ducklington, Oxon |publisher=Charwynne Dog Features |isbn=9780951780114 }}
* {{cite book |last=Fogle |first=Bruce |author-link=Bruce Fogle|date=2009 |title=The Encyclopedia of the Dog | url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofdo0000fogl/page/36/mode/1up |location=New York |publisher=DK Publishing |isbn=978-0-7566-6004-8 }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/animal/mastiff |title=Mastiff: breed of dog |author=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=2019 |website=www.britannica.com |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |access-date=9 September 2019 }}
* {{cite book |last=Parker |first=Heidi G. |editor1-last=Ostrander |editor1-first=Elaine A. |editor2-last=Ruvinsky |editor2-first=Anatoly |title=The Genetics of the Dog |location=Wallingford, Oxfordshire |publisher=CAPI books |date=2012 |pages=38–53 |chapter=Chapter 3: The history and relationship of dog breeds |isbn=9781845939403 }}
* {{cite web |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/mastiff |title=Mastiff |author=Oxford Dictionaries |author-link=Oxford Dictionaries (website) |date=2019 |website=Lexico.com |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=9 September 2019 }}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* {{cite book|last=Wynn|first=M. B.|title=History of the Mastiff: Gathered from Sculpture, Pottery, Carvings, Paintings and Engravings|date=2011|publisher=Read Books Ltd|isbn=978-1-4465-4892-9}}
* {{cite book |last1=Young |first1=Amy |last2=Bannasch |first2=Danika |editor1-last=Ostrander |editor1-first=Elaine A. |editor2-last=Giger |editor2-first=Urs |editor3-last=Lindblad-Toh |editor3-first=Kerstin |title=The Dog and its Genome |location=Cold Spring Harbor, New York |publisher=Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press |date=2007 |pages=47–66 |chapter=Chapter 4: Morphological variation in the dog |isbn=9780879697815 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94k1mKRcYd0C}}
{{Domestic dog}}
{{Mastiffs}}
[[Category:Dog types]]
[[Category:Mastiffs| ]]
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