Content deleted Content added
→Culture: the Micronesians form a cultural region, as they have much more in common with each other in cultural practices and social organization than with other neighboring societies in the Philippines, Indonesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia.<ref name=Petersen/>{{specify}}<!--We've been told in the previous sentence how they are similar to their neighbours, but in this one it isn't explained how they all differ from them.--> |
→References: +Nav. |
||
| (9 intermediate revisions by 7 users not shown) | |||
Line 4:
| image =
| image_caption =
| pop =
| region1 =
| pop1 =
Line 24:
Based on the current scientific consensus, the Micronesians are considered, by linguistic, archaeological, and human genetic evidence, to be a subset of the sea-migrating [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian people]], who include the [[Polynesians]] and the [[Melanesians]]. Austronesians were the first people to invent oceangoing sailing technologies (notably [[Catamaran#Development in Oceania and Asia|double-hulled sailing canoes]], [[outrigger boat]]s, [[lashed-lug]] [[boat building]], and the [[crab claw sail]]), which enabled their rapid dispersal into the islands of the [[Indo-Pacific]].<ref name="Doran1981">{{cite book |last1=Doran |first1=Edwin B. |title=Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins |date=1981 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=9780890961070}}</ref><ref name="Dierking2007">{{cite book |last1=Dierking |first1=Gary |title=Building Outrigger Sailing Canoes: Modern Construction Methods for Three Fast, Beautiful Boats |date=2007 |publisher=International Marine/McGraw-Hill |isbn=9780071594561}}</ref><ref name="Horridge1986">{{cite journal |last1=Horridge |first1=Adrian |title=The Evolution of Pacific Canoe Rigs |journal=The Journal of Pacific History |date=1986 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=83–89 |jstor=25168892|doi=10.1080/00223348608572530 }}</ref> From 2000 BCE the Austronesians assimilated (or were assimilated by) the earlier populations on the islands in their migration pathway.<ref name="Bellwood1988">{{cite journal |last1=Bellwood |first1=Peter |title=A Hypothesis for Austronesian Origins |journal=Asian Perspectives |date=1988 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=107–117 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5105193.pdf |access-date=1 May 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501105624/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5105193.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bellwood 1991">{{cite journal |last1=Bellwood |first1=Peter |title=The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages |journal=Scientific American |date=1991 |volume=265 |issue=1 |pages=88–93 |jstor=24936983|bibcode=1991SciAm.265a..88B |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0791-88 }}</ref><ref name="hill&serjeanston1989">{{cite book |editor=Hill, Adrian V.S. |editor2=Serjeantson, Susan W. |title =The Colonization of the Pacific: A Genetic Trail|publisher =Oxford University Press|series =Research Monographs on Human Population Biology No. 7|year =1989|isbn = 9780198576952}}</ref><ref name="Bellwood2006">{{cite book |last1=Bellwood |first1=Peter |last2=Fox |first2=James J. |last3=Tryon |first3=Darrell |name-list-style=vanc |title=The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives |date=2006 |publisher=Australian National University Press |isbn=9781920942854 |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/comparative-austronesian-series/austronesians |access-date=23 March 2019 |archive-date=2 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402234524/https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/comparative-austronesian-series/austronesians |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="blench2012">{{cite book|author =Blench, Roger|editor =Tjoa-Bonatz, Mai Lin|editor2 =Reinecke, Andreas|editor3 =Bonatz, Dominik|title =Crossing Borders|chapter =Almost Everything You Believed about the Austronesians Isn't True|publisher =National University of Singapore Press|year =2012|pages =128–148|isbn =9789971696429|chapter-url =http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology/SE%20Asia/Berlin%202010/Blench%20Austronesians%202012%20offprint.pdf|access-date =23 March 2019|archive-date =30 December 2019|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20191230083644/http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology/SE%20Asia/Berlin%202010/Blench%20Austronesians%202012%20offprint.pdf|url-status =live}}</ref> This intermingling occurred in the northern coast of New Guinea and adjacent islands, which was the location where the Oceanic language family developed around four thousand years or so ago, after the Austronesian languages of this area grew distinct and became a separate branch of the Austronesian family.<ref name=Petersen/>
[[File:Carte lapita.png|thumb|250px|A map of the Lapita-cultural area]]
Migrants entered Micronesia from the east and the west. Migrants from the west came from the [[Philippines]] and [[Indonesia]], and settled [[Mariana Islands|the Marianas]] around 3500 years ago, after which [[Palau]] was settled around 3000 years ago.<ref name=Petersen/> Migrants from the east came from eastern [[Melanesia]] and settled the [[Gilbert Islands]], [[Marshall Islands]], eastern and central [[Caroline Islands]], [[Sonsorol]], [[Pulo Anna]], [[Merir]] and [[Tobi (island)|Tobi]].<ref name=Alkire/><ref name=Petersen>{{cite book |last1=Petersen |first1=Glenn |title=Traditional Micronesian Societies Adaptation, Integration, and Political Organization in the Central Pacific |date=2009 |url=https://www.academia.edu/14545649}}</ref> The migrants from the east belonged to the [[Lapita culture]] and settled eastern Micronesia over the course of several hundreds of years from perhaps the [[Santa Cruz Islands]], around 500-100 BC. In the following centuries, the Oceanic language variant brought by the Lapita migrants diverged and became the [[Micronesian languages|Micronesian branch]] of the Oceanic languages.<ref name=Petersen/> [[John Lynch (linguist)|John Lynch]] tentatively proposes a relationship between the Micronesian languages and the [[Loyalty Islands languages]] of Melanesia, but with the caveat "that this is something that could well be further investigated, even if only to confirm that Micronesian languages did ''not'' originate in the Loyalties."<ref>{{cite book |last=Lynch |first=John |author-link=John Lynch (linguist) |editor-last1=Lynch |editor-first1=John |year=2003 |chapter=The Bilabials in Proto Loyalties |title=Issues in Austronesian Historical Phonology |location=Canberra |publisher=Pacific Linguistics|pages=153-173 (171) |doi=10.15144/PL-550.153}}</ref> Yap was settled separately approximately 2000 years ago, as its language was brought by an Oceanic-speaking source in Melanesia,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carson |first1=Mike T. |title=Austronesian Migrations and Developments in Micronesia |date=2013}}</ref> perhaps the [[Admiralty Islands]].<ref name=Petersen/>▼
A 2022 genetic study has shown that the various peoples inhabiting Micronesia have diverse genetic origins and originate from distinct streams of migration. Micronesia was settled by three separate streams of First Remote Oceanian lineage, which corresponds to East Asian ancestry and clusters closely to modern day peoples of the Philippines such as the [[Kankanaey people|Kankanaey]] and the [[Amis people|Amis]] and [[Atayal people|Atayal]] of [[Taiwan]].<ref name=Liu/> The first wave of First Remote Oceanian lineage settled the Mariana Islands around 2800 BCE. A second separate wave settled Palau around 2400 BCE. A third separate wave settled Central Micronesia around 2100 BCE. The peoples of Central Micronesia and Palau have a degree of Papuan ancestry, but this is absent from the peoples of the Mariana Islands. The study also supports the Admiralty Islands as the source of the Central Micronesian peoples and languages.<ref name=Liu>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Yue-Chen |title=Ancient DNA reveals five streams of migration into Micronesia and matrilocality in early Pacific seafarers |date=1 July 2022 |url=https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-files/2022_Liu_Science_Micronesia.pdf |access-date=25 May 2024}}</ref>
▲Migrants from the east came from eastern [[Melanesia]] and settled the [[Gilbert Islands]], [[Marshall Islands]], eastern and central [[Caroline Islands]], [[Sonsorol]], [[Pulo Anna]], [[Merir]] and [[Tobi (island)|Tobi]].<ref name=Alkire/><ref name=Petersen>{{cite book |last1=Petersen |first1=Glenn |title=Traditional Micronesian Societies Adaptation, Integration, and Political Organization in the Central Pacific |date=2009 |url=https://www.academia.edu/14545649}}</ref> The migrants from the east belonged to the [[Lapita culture]] and settled eastern Micronesia over the course of several hundreds of years from perhaps the [[Santa Cruz Islands]], around 500-100 BC. In the following centuries, the Oceanic language variant brought by the Lapita migrants diverged and became the [[Micronesian languages|Micronesian branch]] of the Oceanic languages.<ref name=Petersen/> [[John Lynch (linguist)|John Lynch]] tentatively proposes a relationship between the Micronesian languages and the [[Loyalty Islands languages]] of Melanesia, but with the caveat "that this is something that could well be further investigated, even if only to confirm that Micronesian languages did ''not'' originate in the Loyalties."<ref>{{cite book |last=Lynch |first=John |author-link=John Lynch (linguist) |editor-last1=Lynch |editor-first1=John |year=2003 |chapter=The Bilabials in Proto Loyalties |title=Issues in Austronesian Historical Phonology |location=Canberra |publisher=Pacific Linguistics|pages=153-173 (171) |doi=10.15144/PL-550.153}}</ref>
==List of ethnic groups==▼
The Micronesian peoples can be divided into two cultural groups, the [[High island|high-islanders]] and the [[Low island|low-islanders]]. The Palauans, Chamorros, Yapese, Chuukese, Pohnpeians, Kosraeans and Nauruans belong to the high-islander group. The inhabitants of the low islands ([[atolls]]) are the Marshallese and the Kiribati, whose culture is distinct from the high-islanders.<ref>{{cite web |title=High-island and low-island cultures |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Micronesia-cultural-region-Pacific-Ocean/Contemporary-Micronesia |access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref> Low-islanders had better navigation and canoe technology, as a means of survival. High-islanders had access to reliable and abundant resources and did not need to travel much outside of their islands. High islands also possessed larger populations.<ref name=Alkire/>▼
Archeological evidence has revealed that some of the [[Bonin Islands]] were prehistorically inhabited by members of an unknown Micronesian ethnicity.<ref name="history">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iwojima.jp/ogasa2.html|title=小笠原諸島の歴史|website=www.iwojima.jp}}</ref>
▲==List of ethnic groups==
▲The Micronesian peoples can be divided into two cultural groups, the [[High island|high-islanders]] and the [[Low island|low-islanders]]. The Palauans, Chamorros, Yapese, Chuukese, Pohnpeians, Kosraeans and Nauruans belong to the high-islander group. The inhabitants of the low islands ([[atolls]]) are the Marshallese and the Kiribati, whose culture is distinct from the high-islanders.<ref>{{cite web |title=High-island and low-island cultures |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Micronesia-cultural-region-Pacific-Ocean/Contemporary-Micronesia |access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref> Low-islanders had better navigation and canoe technology, as a means of survival. High-islanders had access to reliable and abundant resources and did not need to travel much outside of their islands. High islands also possessed larger populations.<ref name=Alkire/>
===Banaban people===
Line 62 ⟶ 60:
{{redirect|Kiribati people|information on the population of Kiribati|Demographics of Kiribati}}
[[File:I-Kiribati dancer.jpg|thumb|[[Dance in Kiribati#Buki|Te Buki Dance]] in Kiribati]]
The Kiribati people, also known as ''I-Kiribati'', ''Tungaru'', or ''Gilbertese'', are the indigenous people of [[Kiribati]]. They speak the [[Gilbertese language]]. They numbered 103,000 as of 2008.
===Kosraean people===
[[File:Founding day 2005 Federated States of Micronesia 04.jpg|thumb|
The Kosraeans or Kusaieans are the indigenous people of [[Kosrae]]. They speak the [[Kosraean language]]. They number around 8,400 as of 2013.
===Marshallese people===
[[File:Old-fashioned clothes in Jaluit (from a book Published in 1931) P.282.png|thumb|Marshallese men on [[Jaluit]]]]
{{redirect|Marshallese people|information on the population of the Marshall Islands|Demographics of the Marshall Islands}}
The Marshallese people ([[Marshallese language|Marshallese]]: ''kajoor ri-Ṃajeḷ '', ''laḷ ri-Ṃajeḷ'') are the indigenous inhabitants of the [[Marshall Islands]]. They numbered 70,000 as of 2013.
===Nauruan people===
The [[Nauruans]] are an [[ethnicity]] inhabiting the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] [[island]] of [[Nauru]]. They are most likely a blend of [[Indigenous peoples of Oceania|other Pacific peoples]].<ref>{{cite book|title=FutureFish 2001: FutureFish in Century 21: The North Pacific Fisheries Tackle Asian Markets, the Can-Am Salmon Treaty, and Micronesian Seas|first=C.D. | last = Bay-Hansen|year=2006|publisher=[[Trafford Publishing]]|isbn=1-55369-293-4|page=277}}</ref>
The origin of the Nauruan people has not yet been finally determined. It can possibly be explained by the last Malayo-Pacific [[human migration]] (
===Palauan people===
[[File:Palauan mother 1st baby ceremony.jpg|thumb|Palauan mother 1st baby ceremony ]]
{{redirect|Palauans|information on the population of Palau|Demographics of Palau}}
The Palauans or Belauans ([[Palauan language|Palauan]]: ''Belau'', ''ngukokl a Belau'') — are the indigenous people of [[Palau]]. They numbered around 26,600 as of 2013.
===Pohnpeian people===
Line 117 ⟶ 115:
==Culture==
Micronesian culture is very diverse across island atolls<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kirch |first=Patrick Vinton |title=On the Road of the Winds: An Archeological History of the Pacific Islands before European Contact |publisher=University of California Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0520292819 |edition=2nd Rev. |location=Oakland |pages=42–45 |language=English}}</ref> and influenced by the surrounding cultures. In the east one finds a more [[Polynesian culture]] with [[social class]]es (nobility, commoners and slaves) and in the west a more Melanesian-Indonesian influenced culture led by [[tribal chief]]s without nobility, with [[the Marianas]] being an exception.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} Nonetheless, the Micronesians form a cultural region, as they have much more in common with each other in cultural practices and social organization than with other neighboring societies in the Philippines, Indonesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia.<ref name=Petersen/>{{specify|date=February 2024}}<!--We've been told in the previous sentence how they are similar to their neighbours, but in this one it isn't explained how they all differ from them.-->
The Micronesian cultures evolved from a common foundation and share a common dominator in the relationship and dependence they have with their ancestral lands. The ancestral land influenced the social organization, family structures, the economy, shared food and common work. The Micronesian family is formed from four equally important components, the household, the nuclear family, the extended family, and a lineage. The family and the community would cooperate with fishing, farming, raising children and passing knowledge to the next generations. Individuals and families would conform their behavior to cooperate with the community.<ref name="TheMicronesians"/>
Line 169 ⟶ 167:
{{Culture of Oceania}}
{{Ancient seafaring}}
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of Micronesia]]
| |||