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Tubulin and microtubule-mediated processes, like cell locomotion, were seen by early microscopists, like [[Leeuwenhoek]] (1677). However, the fibrous nature of flagella and other structures were discovered two centuries later, with improved [[light microscope]]s, and confirmed in the 20th century with the [[electron microscope]] and biochemical studies.<ref>Wayne, R. 2009. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=t_biw80LgjwC Plant Cell Biology: From Astronomy to Zoology]''. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press, p. 165.</ref>
Microtubule in vitro assays for motor proteins such as dynein and kinesin are researched by fluorescently tagging a microtubule and fixing either the microtubule or motor proteins to a microscope slide then visualizing the slide with video-enhanced microscopy to record the travel of the microtubule motor proteins. This allows the movement of the motor proteins along the microtubule or the microtubule moving across the motor proteins.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cooper GM | title = Microtubule Motors and Movements| journal = The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 2nd Edition| access-date = 2019-03-12| date = 2000| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9833/}}</ref> Consequently, some microtubule processes can be determined by [[kymograph]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kapoor V, Hirst WG, Hentschel C, Preibisch S, Reber S | title = MTrack: Automated Detection, Tracking, and Analysis of Dynamic Microtubules | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 3794 | date = March 2019 | pmid = 30846705 | pmc = 6405942 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-018-37767-1 | bibcode = 2019NatSR...9.3794K | doi-access = free }}</ref>
== Structure ==
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[[File:MicrotubuleDynamicInstability.ogv|thumb|Animation of the microtubule dynamic instability. Tubulin dimers bound to GTP (red) bind to the growing end of a microtubule and subsequently hydrolyze GTP into GDP (blue).]]
Dynamic instability refers to the coexistence of assembly and disassembly at the ends of a microtubule. The microtubule can dynamically switch between growing and shrinking phases in this region.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Karp
==="Search and capture" model===
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