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Microtubule plus ends are often localized to particular structures. In polarized [[interphase]] cells, microtubules are disproportionately oriented from the MTOC toward the site of polarity, such as the leading edge of migrating [[fibroblast]]s. This configuration is thought to help deliver microtubule-bound vesicles from the [[Golgi apparatus|Golgi]] to the site of polarity.
Dynamic instability of microtubules is also required for the migration of most mammalian cells that crawl.<ref name="MikhailovGundersen1998">{{cite journal |vauthors = Mikhailov A, Gundersen GG |title = Relationship between microtubule dynamics and lamellipodium formation revealed by direct imaging of microtubules in cells treated with nocodazole or taxol |journal = Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton |volume = 41 | issue = 4 |pages = 325–40| year = 1998 |pmid = 9858157 |doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0169(1998)41:4<325::AID-CM5>3.0.CO;2-D }}</ref> Dynamic microtubules regulate the levels of key [[G-proteins]] such as [[RhoA]]<ref name="Ren1999">{{cite journal |vauthors = Ren XD, Kiosses WB, Schwartz MA |title = Regulation of the small GTP-binding protein Rho by cell adhesion and the cytoskeleton |journal = The EMBO Journal |volume = 18 |issue = 3 |pages = 578–85 |date = February 1999 |pmid = 9927417 |pmc = 1171150 |doi = 10.1093/emboj/18.3.578 }}</ref> and [[Rac1]],<ref name="Waterman-StorerWorthylake1999">{{cite journal |vauthors = Waterman-Storer CM, Worthylake RA, Liu BP, Burridge K, Salmon ED |title = Microtubule growth activates Rac1 to promote lamellipodial protrusion in fibroblasts |journal = Nature Cell Biology |volume = 1 |issue = 1 |pages = 45–50 |date = May 1999 |pmid = 10559863 |doi = 10.1038/9018 |s2cid = 26321103 }}</ref> which regulate cell contractility and cell spreading. Dynamic microtubules are also required to trigger [[focal adhesion]] disassembly, which is necessary for migration.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors = Ezratty EJ, Partridge MA, Gundersen GG |title = Microtubule-induced focal adhesion disassembly is mediated by dynamin and focal adhesion kinase |journal = Nature Cell Biology |volume = 7 |issue = 6 |pages = 581–90 |date = June 2005 |pmid = 15895076 |doi = 10.1038/ncb1262 |s2cid = 37153935 }}</ref> It has been found that microtubules act as
===Cilia and flagella===
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