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Line 18: [[File:Tubulin dimer 1JFF.png\|thumb\|Cartoon representation of the structure of α(yellow)/β(red)-tubulin heterodimer, GTP and GDP.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Löwe J, Li H, Downing KH, Nogales E \| title = Refined structure of alpha beta-tubulin at 3.5 A resolution \| journal = Journal of Molecular Biology \| volume = 313 \| issue = 5 \| pages = 1045–57 \| date = November 2001 \| pmid = 11700061 \| doi = 10.1006/jmbi.2001.5077 \| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1229896 }}</ref>]] In [[eukaryote]]s, microtubules are long, hollow cylinders made up of ~~polymerised~~polymerized [[Tubulin#Eukaryotic\|α- and β-tubulin]] [[protein dimer\|dimers]].<ref name="weisenberg">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Weisenberg RC \| title = Microtubule formation in vitro in solutions containing low calcium concentrations \| journal = Science \| volume = 177 \| issue = 4054 \| pages = 1104–5 \| date = September 1972 \| pmid = 4626639 \| doi = 10.1126/science.177.4054.1104 \| bibcode = 1972Sci...177.1104W \| s2cid = 34875893 }}</ref> The inner space of the hollow microtubule cylinders is referred to as the lumen. The α and β-tubulin subunits are ~50% identical at the amino acid level, and both have a molecular weight of approximately 50 kDa.<ref name = "desai">{{cite journal \| vauthors = Desai A, Mitchison TJ \| title = Microtubule polymerization dynamics \| journal = Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology \| volume = 13 \| pages = 83–117 \| year = 1997 \| pmid = 9442869 \| doi = 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.83 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Desai \|first1=A. \|last2=Mitchison \|first2=T. J. \|date=1997 \|title=Microtubule polymerization dynamics \|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9442869/ \|journal=Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology \|volume=13 \|pages=83–117 \|doi=10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.83 \|issn=1081-0706 \|pmid=9442869}}</ref> These α/β-tubulin [[protein dimer\|dimers]] [[polymerize]] end-to-end into linear '''protofilaments''' that associate laterally to form a single microtubule, which can then be extended by the addition of more α/β-tubulin dimers. Typically, microtubules are formed by the parallel association of thirteen protofilaments, although microtubules composed of fewer or more protofilaments have been observed in various species <ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Chaaban S, Brouhard GJ \| title = A microtubule bestiary: structural diversity in tubulin polymers \| journal = Molecular Biology of the Cell \| volume = 28 \| issue = 22 \| pages = 2924–31 \| date = 2017 \| pmid = 29084910 \| doi = 10.1091/mbc.E16-05-0271 \| pmc = 5662251}}</ref> as well as ''in vitro''.<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Chrétien D, Metoz F, Verde F, Karsenti E, Wade RH \| title = Lattice defects in microtubules: protofilament numbers vary within individual microtubules \| journal = Journal of Cell Biology \| volume = 117 \| issue = 5 \| pages = 1031–40 \| date = June 1992 \| pmid = 1577866 \| doi = 10.1083/jcb.117.5.1031 \| pmc = 2289483}}</ref>

Microtubule: Difference between revisions