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{{short description|Geographical place mentioned in the Torah}}▼
{{About|a region or people referred to in the Bible and Quran}}
{{redirect|Jabal Hubaysh, Saudi Arabia|the Yemeni mountain|Jabal Hubaysh, Yemen}}
▲{{short description|Geographical place mentioned in the Torah}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Midian
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}}
'''Midian''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɪ|d|i|ən}}; {{lang-he|מִדְיָן}} ''Mīḏyān''; {{lang-ar|مَدْيَن|Madyan}}; {{lang-grc-gre|Μαδιάμ}}, ''Madiam'';{{Efn | Also {{lang|grc|Μαδιανίτης}} for "Midianite".}} [[Taymanitic]]: 𐪃𐪕𐪚𐪌 ''MDYN'') is a geographical region in [[West Asia]] mentioned in the [[Hebrew Bible|Tanakh]] and [[Quran]]. [[William G. Dever]] states that biblical Midian was in the "northwest [[Arabian Peninsula]], on the east shore of the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] on the [[Red Sea]]",<ref>{{citation |last= Dever |first= W. G. |author-link= William G. Dever |title=Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From? |publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.]] |date=2006 |isbn= 978-0-8028-4416-3 |page=34}}</ref> an area which contained at least 14 inhabited sites during the [[Bronze Age|Late Bronze]] and [[Iron Age|early Iron Ages]].{{sfn|Graf|2016|p=428}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Luciani |first=Marta |title=Archaeology in the Land of Midian: Excavating the Qurayyah Oasis |journal=Biblical Archaeology Review |date=November–December 2023 |volume=49 |issue=4 |url=https://library.biblicalarchaeology.org/article/archaeology-in-the-land-of-midian-excavating-the-qurayyah-oasis/}}</ref>
According to the [[Book of Genesis]], the '''Midianites''' were the descendants of [[Midian, son of Abraham|Midian]], a son of [[Abraham]] and his wife [[Keturah]]: "Abraham took a wife, and her name was Keturah. And she bare him Zimran, and Jokshan, and Medan, and Midian, and Ishbak, and Shuah" ([[Genesis (Hebrew Bible)|Genesis]] 25:1–2, [[Authorized King James Version|King James Version]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+25%3A1-2&version=KJV|title= Genesis 25:1–2 |version=King James Version |website=[[Bible Gateway]]}}</ref>
Traditionally, knowledge about Midian and the Midianites' existence was based solely upon Biblical and classical sources,<ref>{{cite book |last=Bryce |first=Trevor |author-link=Trevor R. Bryce |date=2009 |title=The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: From the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire |page=472 |url= |location=[[London]], [[United Kingdom]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-415-39485-7 }}</ref> but in 2010 a reference to Midian was identified in a [[Tayma
== Land or tribal league? ==
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Later writers have questioned the identified sanctuary locations but supported the thesis of a Midianite league. [[George E. Mendenhall|George Mendenhall]] suggests that the Midianites were a non-[[Semitic languages|Semitic]] confederate group,<ref>"The Incident at Beth Baal Peor", ''The Tenth Generation: The Origins of the Biblical Tradition'', 1973</ref> and [[William Dumbrell]] maintains the same:
{{
William J. Dumbrell, Midian: A Land or a League?, ''Vetus Testamentum'', Vol. 25, Fasc. 2, No. 2a. Jubilee Number (May, 1975), p. 32.</ref>}}
== Metallurgy ==
The area of [[Timna valley]] contains large deposits of copper that had been mined from the prehistoric times onward. Copper was mined here by the Egyptians during the reign of Pharaoh [[Seti I]] at the end of the 14th century BCE.<ref>Jacob Edward Dunn 2015, [https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/dunn_jacob_e_201505_ma.pdf ‘A Land Whose Stones Are Iron And From Whose Hills You May Mine Copper’: Metallurgy, Pottery, And The Midianite-Qenite Hypothesis.] Thesis, University of Georgia. 129 pages</ref>
== Religion ==
{{see also|Kenite hypothesis}}
It is uncertain which deities the Midianites worshipped. Through their apparent religio-political connection with the [[Moabites]]<ref>{{bibleverse||Numbers|22:4, 7|HE}}</ref> they are thought to have [[Polytheism|worshipped a multitude]], including [[Baal-peor]] and [[Astarte|Ashteroth]]. According to [[Karel van der Toorn]], "By the 14th century BC, groups of Edomites and Midianites worshipped [[Yahweh]] as their God;" this conclusion is based on identification between Midianites and the [[Shasu]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Karel van der |last=Toorn |title=Family Religion in Babylonia, Ugarit, and Israel: Continuity and Change in the Forms of Religious Life |location=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |page=283}}</ref>
The Midianite connections to metallurgy at Timna have been noted by many scholars. Large amounts of Midianite ceramic ware has been discovered at these mining sites.<ref>Rothenberg, Beno. The Egyptian Mining Temple at Timna. Institute for Archaeo-Metallurgical Studies London: Thames and Hudson, 1988</ref>
An Egyptian temple of [[Hathor]] at Timna (Site 200) was first discovered during the [[Beno Rothenberg]]'s excavations.<ref>{{cite book|first=Beno |last=Rothenberg |title=Timna: Valley of the Biblical Copper Mines |location=London |publisher=[[Thames and Hudson]] |date=1972}}</ref>
:"Rothenberg’s excavation of Site 200 revealed a number of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions including those of: Seti I, Ramesses II, Merneptah, Seti II, and Queen Twosret of the Nineteenth Dynasty, as well as Ramesses III, Ramesses IV, and Ramesses V of the Twentieth Dynasty (pp. 163–166)."<ref>Jacob Edward Dunn 2015, [https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/dunn_jacob_e_201505_ma.pdf ‘A Land Whose Stones Are Iron And From Whose Hills You May Mine Copper’: Metallurgy, Pottery, And The Midianite-Qenite Hypothesis.] Thesis, University of Georgia. 129 pages. Note 200, page 54</ref>
The site also continued to be used during the Midianite occupation in the area, which is usually dated to terminal Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age.
The Midianites transformed the Hathor mining temple into a desert tent-shrine.<ref>{{cite book |title=Unearthing the Wilderness: Studies on the History and Archaeology of the Negev and Edom in the Iron Age |last=Avner |first=Uzi |publisher=Peeters |year=2014 |isbn=978-90-429-2973-9 |pages=103–162 |editor-last=Tebes |editor-first=Juan Manuel |chapter=Egyptian Timna – Reconsidered |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q9g1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103}}</ref> In addition to the discovery of post-holes, large quantities of red and yellow decayed cloth with beads woven into it, along with numerous copper rings/wire used to suspend the curtains, were found all along two walls of the shrine.
Beno Rothenberg,<ref>{{cite book|first=Beno |last=Rothenberg |title=Timna: Valley of the Biblical Copper Mines |location=London |publisher=[[Thames and Hudson]] |date=1972}}</ref> the excavator of the site, suggested that the Midianites were making offerings to Hathor, especially since a large number of Midianite votive vessels (25%) were discovered in the shrine. However, whether Hathor or some other deity was the object of devotion during this period is difficult to ascertain.
== In religious scripture ==
=== In the Bible ===
[[File:Figures Five Kings of Midian Slain by Israel.jpg|thumb|Five kings of Midian slain by Israel (illustration from the 1728 ''Figures de la Bible'')]]
Midian was the son of [[Abraham]].<ref>{{bibleverse||Genesis|25:1–2|HE}}</ref> Abraham's great
[[Moses]] spent 40 years in voluntary exile in Midian after killing an Egyptian.<ref>{{bibleverse||Exodus|2:11–15|HE}}</ref> There, he married [[Zipporah]], the daughter of Midianite priest [[Jethro (biblical figure)|Jethro]]<ref>{{bibleverse||Exodus|2:21|HE}}</ref> (also known as [[Reuel]]). Jethro advised Moses on establishing a system of delegated legal decision-making.<ref>{{bibleverse||Exodus|18|HE}}</ref> Moses asked [[List of minor biblical figures, A–K#Hobab|Hobab]], the son of Reuel, to accompany the Israelites travelling towards the [[Promised Land]] because of his local knowledge, but Hobab preferred to return to his homeland.<ref>{{bibleverse||Numbers|10:29–31|HE}}</ref> A number of scholars have proposed that the biblical description of devouring fire on Mount Sinai refers to an erupting volcano in the land of biblical Midian identified as [[Hala-'l Badr]] in northwestern [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dunn |first=Jacob E. |date=2014 |title=A God of Volcanoes: Did Yahwism Take Root in Volcanic Ashes? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309089214536484 |journal=Journal for the Study of the Old Testament |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=387–424 |doi=10.1177/0309089214536484 |issn=0309-0892}}</ref>
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The Midian Mountains ({{lang-ar|جِبَال مَدْيَن|Jibāl Madyan}}) are a [[mountain range]] in northwestern [[Saudi Arabia]]. They are considered to be either contiguous with the [[Hijaz Mountains]] to the south,<ref name="GhazanfarFisher2013">{{cite book |last1=Ghazanfar |first1=Shahina A. |
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== References ==
{{reflist}}
===Bibliography===
* Clines, David and John Sawyer, eds. "Midian, Moab and Edom: The History and Archaeology of Late Bronze and Iron Age Jordan and North-West Arabia". ''Journal for the Study of the Old Testament'', Supplement Series, No. 24. Sheffield Academic Press, 1983.
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