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Line 49: A single plant may produce up to three million tiny seeds annually.[citation needed] Easily carried by wind and water, the seeds germinate in moist soils after overwintering. The plant can also sprout anew from pieces of root left in the soil or water. Once established, loosestrife stands are difficult and costly to remove by mechanical and chemical means. Plants marketed under the name "European wand loosestrife" (''L. virgatum'') are the same species despite the different name. In some cases the plants sold are sterile, which is ~~prefera~~preferable. In North America, purple loosestrife may be distinguished from similar native plants (e.g. [[fireweed]] ''Epilobium angustifolium'', [[Vervain\|blue vervain]] ''Verbena hastata'', [[Liatris]] ''Liatris'' spp., and [[spiraea]] (''[[Spiraea douglasii]]'') by its angular stalks which are square in outline, as well by its leaves, which are in pairs that alternate at right angle and are not serrated. ====Biological control==== Purple loosestrife provides a model of successful [[biological pest control]]. Research began in 1985 and today the plant is managed well with a number of insects that feed on it. Five species of [[beetle]] use purple loosestrife as their natural food source and they can do significant damage to the plant. The beetles used as biological control agents include two species of [[leaf beetle]]: [[Galerucella calmariensis]] and [[Galerucella pusilla]], and three species of [[weevil]]: [[Hylobius transversovittatus]], [[Nanophyes breves]], and [[Nanophyes marmoratus]]. Infestations of either of the [[Galerucella]] species is extremely effective in wiping out a stand of purple loosestrife, defoliating up to 100% of the plants in an area. The moth [[Ectropis crepuscularia]] is a [[pest (organism)\|pest]] species itself and unsuitable for biological control.<ref>Wilson, L. M., Schwarzlaender, M., Blossey, B., & Randall, C. B. (2004). ''Biology and Biological Control of Purple Loosestrife''. Morgantown, WV: USDA Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team.</ref> ==References== {{wikispecies}} {{commons\|Lythrum salicaria}} {{wmog\|Lythrum salicaria}} {{wikiversity-bc\|Lythrum salicaria}} {{reflist}} == External links == * [http://www.invadingspecies.com/Invaders.cfm?A=Page&PID=7 Invading Species.com] Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters * [http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/aquatics/loosestrife.shtml Species Profile- Purple Loosestrife (''Lythrum salicaria'')], National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]]. Lists general information and resources for Purple Loosestrife. * [http://www.flora-iran.com Flora of Iran] {{DEFAULTSORT:Lythrum Salicaria}} [[Category:~~Lythraceae~~Lythrum]]▼ [[Category:~~Flora~~Invasive ofplant ~~Africa~~species]]▼ [[Category:Flora of ~~Europe~~Algeria]]▼ [[Category:Flora of ~~Australia~~Morocco]]▼ [[Category:Flora of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Flora of Iran]] [[Category:Flora of Israel]] [[Category:Flora of Turkey]] [[Category:Flora of Armenia]] [[Category:Flora of Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Flora of Georgia (country)]] [[Category:Flora of Russia]] [[Category:Flora of Mongolia]] [[Category:Flora of China]] [[Category:Flora of Japan]] [[Category:Flora of India]] [[Category:Flora of Pakistan]] [[Category:Myrtales of Australia]] [[Category:Flora of Queensland]] [[Category:Flora of South Australia]] [[Category:Flora of Tasmania]] [[Category:Flora of Victoria (Australia)]] [[Category:Flora of Denmark]] [[Category:Flora of Ireland]] [[Category:Flora of Norway]] [[Category:Flora of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Flora of Germany]] [[Category:Flora of Estonia]] [[Category:Flora of Latvia]] [[Category:Flora of Lithuania]] [[Category:Flora of Greece]] [[Category:Flora of Italy]] [[Category:Flora of Romania]] [[Category:Flora of France]] [[Category:Flora of Portugal]] [[Category:Flora of Spain]] [[Category:Invasive plant species in Oregon]] [[bg:Обикновена блатия]] ▲[[Category:Lythraceae]] [[ca:Salicària]] ▲[[Category:Flora of Africa]] [[~~Category~~cs:~~Flora~~Kyprej ~~of Asia~~vrbice]] [[da:Almindelig Kattehale]] ▲[[Category:Flora of Australia]] [[de:Gewöhnlicher Blutweiderich]] ▲[[Category:Flora of Europe]] [[et:Harilik kukesaba]] [[es:Lythrum salicaria]] [[fr:Salicaire commune]] [[hsb:Wulka krawina]] [[io:Salikario]] [[it:Lythrum salicaria]] [[he:שנית גדולה]] [[lt:Paprastoji raudoklė]] [[hu:Réti füzény]] [[nl:Grote kattenstaart]] [[no:Kattehale]] [[pl:Krwawnica pospolita]] [[ro:Răchitan]] [[ru:Дербенник иволистный]] [[fi:Rantakukka]] [[sv:Fackelblomster]] [[uk:Плакун верболистий]]

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