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{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
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{{for|the clinical disorder|Narcissistic personality disorder}}
{{Other uses|Narcissism (disambiguation)}}
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'''Narcissism''' is a self{{Endash}}centered personality style characterized as having an excessive preoccupation with oneself and one's own needs, often at the expense of others.<ref name="Oxford">{{cite web |title=Oxford Learner's Dictionary |url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/narcissism |website=oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=14 September 2021 |archive-date=25 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625202203/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/narcissism |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="APA">{{cite web |title=APA Dictionary of Psychology |url=https://dictionary.apa.org/narcissism |website=dictionary.apa.org |publisher=American Psychological Association |access-date=14 September 2021 |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925164027/https://dictionary.apa.org/narcissism |url-status=live }}</ref>
Narcissism exists on a continuum that ranges from normal to [[abnormal personality]] expression.<ref name="Zlatan">{{cite journal | vauthors = Krizan Z, Herlache AD | title = The Narcissism Spectrum Model: A Synthetic View of Narcissistic Personality | journal = Personality and Social Psychology Review | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–31 | date = February 2018 | pmid = 28132598 | doi = 10.1177/1088868316685018 | s2cid = 206682971 | doi-access = free }}</ref> While many psychologists believe that a moderate degree of narcissism is [[healthy narcissism|normal and healthy]] in humans, there are also more extreme forms, observable particularly in people who are excessively self-absorbed, or who have a mental illness like [[narcissistic personality disorder]] (NPD), where the narcissistic tendency has become pathological,<ref name="Zlatan"/><ref name="Nazario">{{cite web |vauthors=Nazario B |date=4 September 2022 |veditors=Casarella J |title=Narcissistic Personality Disorder |url=https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/narcissistic-personality-disorder |website=webmd.com |publisher=Web MD |access-date=18 June 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513203125/https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/narcissistic-personality-disorder |url-status=live }}</ref> leading to functional impairment and [[psychosocial]] disability.<ref name="Caligor_2015">{{cite journal |vauthors=Caligor E, Levy KN, Yeomans FE |date=May 2015 |title=Narcissistic personality disorder: diagnostic and clinical challenges |journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=172 |issue=5 |pages=415–422 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14060723 |pmid=25930131}}</ref>
==Historical background==
The term ''narcissism''
The concept of excessive [[selfishness]] has been recognized throughout history. In ancient Greece, the concept was understood as [[hubris]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Berger |first1=Joël |last2=Osterloh |first2=Margit |last3=Rost |first3=Katja |last4=Ehrmann |first4=Thomas |title=How to prevent leadership hubris? Comparing competitive selections, lotteries, and their combination |journal=The Leadership Quarterly |date=1 October 2020 |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=101388 |doi=10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101388 |s2cid=219435184 }}</ref> Some religious movements such as the [[Hussites]] attempted to rectify what they viewed as the shattering and narcissistic cultures of recent centuries.<ref name="Fudge 2021 p. 47">{{cite book | last=Fudge | first=T.A. | title=Matthew Spinka, Howard Kaminsky, and the Future of the Medieval Hussites | publisher=Lexington Books | year=2021 | isbn=978-1-7936-5081-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jgo0EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 | access-date=2023-05-09 | page=47 | archive-date=2023-05-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509214123/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jgo0EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 | url-status=live }}</ref>
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In 1889, psychiatrists [[Paul Näcke]] and [[Havelock Ellis]] used the term "narcissism", independently of each other, to describe a person who treats their own body in the same way in which the body of a sexual partner is ordinarily treated. Narcissism, in this context, was seen as a perversion that consumed a person's entire sexual life.<ref name="millon"/> In 1911 [[Otto Rank]] published the first clinical paper about narcissism, linking it to vanity and self-admiration.<ref name="Ogrodniczuk">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ogrodniczuk J |title=Historical overview of pathological narcissism. In: Understanding and Treating Pathological Narcissism |journal=American Psychological Association |date=2013 |pages=15–26 |doi=10.1037/14041-001}}</ref><ref name=millon />
In an essay in 1913 called "The [[God
[[Sigmund Freud]] (1914) published his theory of narcissism in a lengthy essay titled "[[On Narcissism|On Narcissism: An Introduction]]". For Freud, narcissism refers to the individual's direction of [[libido|libidinal energy]] toward themselves rather than objects and others. He postulated a universal "primary narcissism", that was a phase of sexual development in early infancy – a necessary intermediate stage between auto-eroticism and object-love, love for others. Portions of this 'self-love' or ego-libido are, at later stages of development, expressed outwardly, or "given off" toward others. Freud's postulation of a "secondary narcissism" came as a result of his observation of the peculiar nature of the schizophrenic's relation to themselves and the world. He observed that the two fundamental qualities of such patients were megalomania and withdrawal of interest from the real world of people and things: "the libido that has been withdrawn from the external world has been directed to the ego and thus gives rise to an attitude which may be called narcissism."<ref>{{cite web |title=On Narcissism, 1914 by Freud |url=https://www.sigmundfreud.net/on-narcissism.jsp |website=SigmundFreud.net |publisher=Sigmund Freud |access-date=14 December 2021 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809205222/https://sigmundfreud.net/on-narcissism.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Strachey">{{cite web |vauthors=Strachey J |title=Standard Edition of the Complete Works of Sigmund Freud |url=https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~cavitch/pdf-library/Freud_SE_On_Narcissism_complete.pdf |website=sas.upenn.edu |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |access-date=14 December 2021 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806134414/https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~cavitch/pdf-library/Freud_SE_On_Narcissism_complete.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> It is a secondary narcissism because it is not a new creation but a magnification of an already existing condition (primary narcissism).
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===Pathological levels of narcissism===
{{Main|Narcissistic personality disorder}}
Extremely high levels of narcissistic behavior are considered [[Narcissistic personality disorder|pathological]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dashineau |first1=Samantha C. |last2=Edershile |first2=Elizabeth A. |last3=Simms |first3=Leonard J. |last4=Wright |first4=Aidan G. C. |title=Pathological narcissism and psychosocial functioning. |journal=Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment |date=September 2019 |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=473–478 |doi=10.1037/per0000347 |pmid=31259606 |pmc=6710132 }}</ref> The pathological condition of narcissism is a magnified, extreme manifestation of healthy narcissism. It manifests itself in the inability to love others, lack of empathy, emptiness, boredom, and an unremitting need to search for power, while making the person unavailable to others.<ref name="Kohut1971"/> The clinical theorists [[Kernberg]], [[Kohut]], and [[Theodore Millon]] all saw pathological narcissism as a possible outcome in response to
===Heritability===
[[Heritability]] studies using twins have shown that narcissistic traits, as measured by standardized tests, are often inherited. Narcissism was found to have a high heritability score (0.64) indicating that the [[Concordance (genetics)|concordance]] of this trait in the identical twins was significantly influenced by genetics as compared to an environmental causation. It has also been shown that there is a continuum or spectrum of narcissistic traits ranging from normal to a pathological personality.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Livesley WJ, Jang KL, Jackson DN, Vernon PA | title = Genetic and environmental contributions to dimensions of personality disorder | journal = The American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 150 | issue = 12 | pages = 1826–1831 | date = December 1993 | pmid = 8238637 | doi = 10.1176/ajp.150.12.1826 }}</ref><ref name = "DeWall_2011">{{Cite journal | vauthors = DeWall CN, Pond Jr RS, Campbell WK, Twenge JM |date=August 2011 |title=Tuning in to psychological change: Linguistic markers of psychological traits and emotions over time in popular U.S. song lyrics. |journal=Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=200–207 |doi=10.1037/a0023195 |issn=1931-390X|citeseerx=10.1.1.684.1672 }}</ref> Furthermore, evidence suggests that individual elements of narcissism have their own heritability score. For example, intrapersonal [[grandiosity]] has a score of 0.23, and interpersonal [[entitlement]] has a score of 0.35.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Luo YL, Cai H, Song H | title = A behavioral genetic study of intrapersonal and interpersonal dimensions of narcissism | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = e93403 | date = 2014-04-02 | pmid = 24695616 | pmc = 3973692 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0093403 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2014PLoSO...993403L }}</ref> While the genetic impact on narcissism levels is significant, it is not the only factor at play.
==Expressions of narcissism==
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Similar patterns of change in cultural production are observable in other Western states. For example, a linguistic analysis of the largest circulation Norwegian newspaper found that the use of self-focused and individualistic terms increased in frequency by 69 per cent between 1984 and 2005 while collectivist terms declined by 32 per cent.<ref name="Twengep202">{{cite book| vauthors = Twenge JM | chapter = Chapter 10: Assessment of Narcissistic Personality Disorder | veditors = Campbell WK, Miller JD |title=The Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Theoretical Approaches, Empirical Findings, and Treatments |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Hoboken NJ |isbn=978-1-118-02926-8 |year=2011 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFnMUZFqtnIC&pg=PA202 |page=202}}</ref>
One study looked at differences in advertising between an individualistic culture, United States, and a collectivist culture, South Korea and found that in the US there was a greater tendency to stress the distinctiveness and uniqueness of the person;
==Controversies==
There has been an increased interest in narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) in the last 10 years.<ref name="miller">{{cite journal | vauthors = Miller JD, Lynam DR, Hyatt CS, Campbell WK | title = Controversies in Narcissism | journal = Annual Review of Clinical Psychology | volume = 13 | pages = 291–315 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28301765 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045244 | s2cid = 207585237 | doi-access = free }}</ref>{{Update inline|date=June 2024|?=yes}} There are areas of substantial debate that surround the subject including:
* Clearly defining the difference between normal and pathological narcissism,<ref name="miller"/>
* Understanding the role of self-esteem in narcissism,<ref name="miller"/>
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