Content deleted Content added
Skllagyook (talk | contribs) →Population: The year is 2017. Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
m v2.05b - Bot T20 CW#61 - Fix errors for CW project (Reference before punctuation) |
||
| (25 intermediate revisions by 20 users not shown) | |||
Line 5:
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Onge
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = oon
| image = Onge people depicted in Kolkata Museum.jpg
| image_caption = A depiction of Onge people in Kolkata Museum.
| population = 101<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/SC_ST/PCA-A11_Appendix/ST-35-PCA-A11-APPENDIX.xlsx 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in {{
| total_year = 2011 census
| regions = {{flag|India}}<br /> specifically [[Little Andaman Island]]
Line 16:
| related_groups = other [[Andamanese people]]s, especially [[Jarawa (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]]
}}
The '''Onge''' (also '''Önge''', '''Ongee''', and '''Öñge''') are an [[Andamanese peoples|Andamanese ethnic group]], indigenous to the [[Andaman Islands]] in [[Southeast Asia]] at the [[Bay of Bengal]], currently administered by [[India]]. They are traditionally [[hunter-gatherers|hunter-gatherers and fishers]], but also practice [[plant cultivation]]. They are designated as a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |page=27 |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=15 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
== History ==
[[File:Andamanese comparative distribution.png|thumb|left|200px|Distribution of Andamanese tribes in early 1800s and 2004; the Onge areas are in blue.]]
In the 18th century the Onge
=== Population ===
Onge population numbers were substantially reduced in the aftermath of colonisation and settlement, from 672 in 1901 to barely 100.<ref name="Pandya1993">{{cite book |last=Pandya |first=Vishvajit |title=Above the Forest: A Study of Andamanese Ethnoanemology, Cosmology, and the Power of Ritual |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-562971-2}}</ref>{{rp|51}}<ref name="bbc2004a">{{cite news |title=अंडमान में जनजातियों को ख़तरा |trans-title=Tribes endangered in the Andamans |work=BBC News |date=30 December 2004 |language=hi |access-date=25 November 2008 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/regionalnews/story/2004/12/041230_tsunami_aborigins.shtml |quote=जारवा के 100, ओन्गी के 105, ग्रेट एंडमानिस के 40–45 और सेन्टेलीज़ के क़रीब 250 लोग नेगरीटो कबीले से हैं, जो दक्षिण एशिया की प्राचीनतम जनजाति है {{bracket|100 of the Jarawa, 105 of the Onge, 40–45 of the Great Andamanese, and about 250 of the Sentinelese belong to the Negrito group which is South Asia's oldest tribal affiliation}}.}}</ref> The population is still maintaining their cultural and biological identity, and it appears that total numbers have increased from 100 to 117 in 2017.<ref>{{Cite
A major cause of the decline in Onge population is the changes in their food habits brought about by their contact with the outside world.<ref>Devi, L. Dilly (1987). "Sociological Aspects of Food and Nutrition among the Onges of the Little Andaman Island". Ph.D. dissertation, University of Delhi, Delhi</ref> Infant and child mortality is in the range of 40%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.culturalsurvival.org/ourpublications/csq/article/ecocide-or-genocide-the-onge-andaman-islands |title=Ecocide or Genocide? The Onge in the Andaman Islands |work=Cultural Survival |access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> The Onge's [[net reproductive index]] is 0.91.<ref name="gob">A. N. Sharma (2003), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WEztW7c0CqQC&pg=PA64 Tribal Development in the Andaman Islands]'', page 64. Sarup & Sons, New Delhi.</ref> The net reproductive index among the Great Andamanese is 1.40.<ref>A. N. Sharma (2003), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WEztW7c0CqQC&pg=PA72 Tribal Development in the Andaman Islands]'', page 72. Sarup & Sons, New Delhi.</ref>
In 1901, there were 672 Onge; 631 in 1911, 346 in 1921, 250 in 1931, and 150 in 1951.<ref name="jsr1976">{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Social Research |title=Journal of Social Research |publisher=Council of Social and Cultural Research, Ranchi University Department of Anthropology, Bihar |date=1976 |volume=19 |access-date=25 November 2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MIQrAAAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref name="Frontline1999">{{cite journal |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1609/16090710.htm |title=Little Andaman: a chronology |journal=Frontline |date=1999 |location=Chennai, India |volume=16 |issue=9 |issn=0970-1710}}</ref>
<timeline>
Colors=
Line 95 ⟶ 94:
=== Tsunami surviving tactics ===
The semi-nomadic Onge have traditional stories that
=== Poisoning incident ===
In December 2008, eight male tribal members died after drinking a toxic liquid{{spnd}}identified as [[methanol]] by some sources{{spnd}}that they had apparently mistaken for [[ethanol|drinking alcohol]].<ref name="alcerr">{{cite news|last=Bhaumik|first=Subir|date=9 December 2008|title=Alcohol error hits Andamans tribe|work=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7772952.stm|access-date=10 December 2008}}</ref> The liquid apparently came from a container that had washed ashore at Dugong Creek near their settlement on the island, but Port Blair authorities ordered an investigation into whether it had originated elsewhere. A further 15 Onge were taken to hospital with at least one critically ill.<ref name="bottle">{{cite web|author=Buncombe, Andrew|date=12 December 2008|title=Washed-up poison bottle kills eight members of island tribe|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/washedup-poison-bottle-kills-eight-members-of-island-tribe-1062908.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212223232/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/washedup-poison-bottle-kills-eight-members-of-island-tribe-1062908.html|archive-date=12 December 2008|access-date=12 December 2008|location=London|format=online edition|newspaper=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>
With their population estimated at only around 100 before the incident, the director of [[Survival International]] described the mass poisoning as a "calamity for the Onge", and warned that any more deaths could "put the survival of the entire tribe in serious danger".<ref name="bottle" /> [[Bhopinder Singh]], the [[List of lieutenant governors of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Lieutenant Governor of the Andaman Islands]], ordered an inquiry into the incident.<ref>{{cite web|date=11 December 2008|title=Inquiry ordered into death of Onge tribesmen|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200812111313.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103151921/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200812111313.htm|archive-date=3 November 2012|access-date=13 December 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Onge have been rather vulnerable toward any option for radical change, they deserve close, careful attention to ward off any untoward impact of change-initiatives.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Danda |first=Dipali |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Sumit |title=Dilemma of Development among the Onge of Andaman |date=2021 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781032151274}}</ref>
== Culture and religion ==
The native Andamanese religion and belief system is a form of [[
== Language ==
The Onge speak the [[Önge language]]. It is one of two known [[Ongan languages]] (southern [[Andamanese languages]]). Önge used to be spoken throughout Little Andaman as well as in smaller islands to the north, and possibly in the southern tip of [[South Andaman]] island. Since the middle of the 19th century, with the arrival of the British in the [[Andaman Islands|Andamans]], and, after [[Partition of India|Indian independence]], the massive inflow of Indian settlers from the mainland, the number of Onge speakers has steadily declined. However, a moderate increase has been observed in recent years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.combatlaw.org/information.php?article_id=23&issue_id=9 |title=The Colonisation of Little Andaman Island |access-date=23 June 2008 }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {{As of|2006}}, there were 94 native Onge speakers<ref name="Ethnologue">{{cite book |editor1-first=M. Paul |editor1-last=Lewis |editor2-first=Gary F. |editor2-last=Simons |editor3-first=Charles D. |editor3-last=Fennig |year=2013 |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World |chapter=Öñge |edition=17th |location=Dallas, Texas |publisher=SIL International |chapter-url=http://www.ethnologue.com/17/language/oon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309160836/http://www.ethnologue.com/17/language/oon/ |archive-date=9 March 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref> confined to a single settlement in the northeast of Little Andaman Island (see map above), making it an [[endangered language]].
The [[Ongan languages]], to which Onge belongs, have been proposed by [[Juliette Blevins]] to be related to [[East Asian languages|Mainland Asian languages]], such as [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]].<ref>Blevins, Juliette (2007), "A Long Lost Sister of Proto-Austronesian? Proto-Ongan, Mother of Jarawa and Onge of the Andaman Islands" (PDF), ''Oceanic Linguistics'', '''46''' (1): 154–198, [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1353/ol.2007.0015, [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 143141296</ref> However, this proposal has not been well received by other linguists, such as [[Robert Blust]], who concludes that the hypothesis is not supported by the [[comparative method]] (used in linguistics), and also cites non-linguistic (such as cultural, archaeological, and biological) evidence against Blevins' hypothesis.<ref>Blust, Robert (2014). "Some Recent Proposals Concerning the Classification of the Austronesian Languages", ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 53:2:300–391. "To put it bluntly, the AON hypothesis is a castle built on sand, an elaborate illusion fostered by the misplaced hope that a major discovery has been made that somehow eluded the investigations of all other scholars."|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279031484_Some_Recent_Proposals_Concerning_the_Classification_of_the_Austronesian_Languages</ref>
== Genetics ==
[[File:PCA calculated on present-day individuals from eastern Eurasia and Near Oceania.png|thumb|PCA calculated on present-day and ancient individuals from eastern Eurasia and Oceania. PC1 (23,8%) distinguish East-Eurasians and Australo-Melanesians, while PC2 (6,3%) differentiates East-Eurasians along a North to South cline.]]
[[File:Eastern non-Africans.png|thumb|Genetic population tree of "eastern non-African" populations.]]
Genetically, the Onge, as well as other Andamanese people, are distantly related to [[East Asian people]]. The Andamanese Onge show the highest affinity towards some Southeast Asian [[Negrito]] ethnic groups, such as the [[Aeta people]], but also ancient remains of [[Hoabinhian]]s, which are all characterized by Basal-East Asian ancestry. It was found that Andamanese (Onge) split from the common ancestor of modern day East Asians between 50,
[[File:Population genome tree (SAsia or AASI).png|thumb|Genetic population tree of Eurasian populations.]]
A study by Reich et al. (2009) found that while the Onge are distantly related to modern Indian people, they have none of the admixture from [[Neolithic]] Iranian farmers or [[Yamnaya culture|steppe pastoralists]] which is widespread on the mainland. From this, they conclude that the Onge are solely descended from one of the ancient populations which contributed to the genetics of modern Indians.<ref name="Reich">{{cite journal|last=Reich|first=David|author2=Kumarasamy Thangaraj |author3=Nick Patterson |author4=Alkes L. Price |author5=Lalji Singh |title=Reconstructing Indian Population History|journal=Nature|date=24 September 2009|volume=461|issue=7263|pages=489–494|doi=10.1038/nature08365|pmid=19779445|pmc=2842210|bibcode=2009Natur.461..489R}}</ref> According to Chaubey and Endicott (2013), overall, the Andamanese are more closely related to Southeast Asians and East Asians than they are to present-day South Asians.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Endicott|first1=Phillip|last2=Chaubey|first2=Gyaneshwer|date=June 2013|title=The Andaman Islanders in a Regional Genetic Context: Reexamining the Evidence for an Early Peopling of the Archipelago from South Asia|journal=Human Biology|volume=85|issue=1/3|pages=153–173|doi=10.3378/027.085.0307|pmid=24297224|s2cid=7774927|issn=0018-7143|url=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol85/iss1/7}}</ref> according to Yelmen et al. 2019, certain South Indian tribal groups are a better proxy for Ancient Ancestral South Asian (AASI) ancestry than the Andamanese Onge are.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yelmen|first1=Burak|last2=Mondal|first2=Mayukh|last3=Marnetto|first3=Davide|last4=Pathak|first4=Ajai K|last5=Montinaro|first5=Francesco|last6=Gallego Romero|first6=Irene|last7=Kivisild|first7=Toomas|last8=Metspalu|first8=Mait|last9=Pagani|first9=Luca|date=August 2019|title=Ancestry-Specific Analyses Reveal Differential Demographic Histories and Opposite Selective Pressures in Modern South Asian Populations|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=36|issue=8|pages=1628–1642|doi=10.1093/molbev/msz037|issn=0737-4038|pmc=6657728|pmid=30952160}}</ref>
The Onge population is consistently declining and infant mortality rate is very high. Several physiological parameters such as ABO, Rh blood group, blood pressure, SGOT, SGPT and total protein level, Hepatitis B surface antigen, VDRL and some genetic markers have been conducted.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Shrawan |date=1988 |title=Blood groups, sickle cell trait and total haemoglobin among Onge of Little Andaman |url=https://www.academia.edu/99184442/Blood_groups_sickle_cell_trait_and_total_haemoglobin_among_Onge_of_Little_Andaman |journal=Human Science |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=378-381}}</ref> The results of blood pressure, cholesterol level and liver enzyme test do not show any abnormality. However, the incidence of HbsAg is found to be very high that might have affected their fertility.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Shrawan |date=1992 |title=Immunogenetic study on the Onge population |url=https://www.academia.edu/97472297/Immunogenetic_study_on_the_Onge_population |journal=J. Anthrop. Surv. India |volume=41 |pages=55-84}}</ref>
Analysis of paternal lineages indicates that all Onge carry the Y-DNA [[Haplogroup D-M174|Haplogroup D]], widespread in [[East Asia]] and less in [[Central Asia]].<ref>Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Lalji Singh, Alla G. Reddy, V.Raghavendra Rao, Subhash C. Sehgal, Peter A. Underhill, Melanie Pierson, Ian G. Frame, [[Erika Hagelberg]]（2003）；[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982202013362 Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population] ；Current Biology Volume 13, Issue 2, 21 January 2003, Pages 86–93 doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01336-2</ref> Maternally, the Onge also exclusively belong to the [[haplogroup M (mtDNA)|M]] clade, bearing the M2 and M4 subclades, commonly found in Asia.<ref name="endicott2003">{{cite journal |title=The Genetic Origins of the Andaman Islanders |author1=M. Phillip Endicott |author2=Thomas P. Gilbert |author3=Chris Stringer |author4=Carles Lalueza-Fox |author5=Eske Willerslev |author6=Anders J. Hansen |author7=Alan Cooper |year=2003 |access-date=8 July 2021 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82677986.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307014229/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82677986.pdf|archive-date=7 March 2019|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=178–184 |quote=The HVR‑1 data separate them into two lineages, identified on the Indian mainland ... as M4 and M2 ... The Andamanese M2 contains two haplotypes ... developed in situ, after an early colonization ... Alternatively, it is possible that the haplotypes have become extinct in India or are present at a low frequency and have not yet been sampled, but, in each case, an early settlement of the Andaman Islands by an M2‑bearing population is implied ... The Andaman M4 haplotype ... is still present among populations in India, suggesting it was subject to the late Pleistocene population expansions.... |pmid=12478481 |doi=10.1086/345487 |pmc=378623 }}</ref><ref name="Reich" /><ref name="Moorjani">{{cite journal |last=Moorjani |first=Priya |author2=Kumarasamy Thangaraj |author3=Nick Patterson |author4=Alkes L. Price |author5=Lalji Singh |author6=David Reich |title=Genetic Evidence for Recent Population Mixture in India |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=422–438 |date=5 September 2013 |pmid=23932107 |pmc=3769933 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006}}</ref>
The immunoglobulin levels (G,M and A) have been studied and found to be quite high compare to other Indian and world populations. The increase level of immunoglobulins in the Onge might have resulted to frequent exposure to different kind of infections and diseases.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Shrawan |date=1987 |title=Study of immunoglobulin levels in the Onge of Little Andaman |url=https://www.academia.edu/99046127/Study_of_immunoglobulin_levels_in_the_Onge_of_Little_Andaman |journal=Human Science |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=260-265}}</ref>
== References ==
| |||