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Freud's theories regarding psychosexual development, and in particular the ''phallic stage'', were criticized and refined by other psychoanalysts, such as [[Karen Horney]], [[Otto Fenichel]], [[Ernest Jones]], [[Erik Erikson]], [[Jean Piaget]], [[Juliet Mitchell]], and [[Clara Thompson]].
Some [[Feminism|feminists]] argue that Freud's developmental theory is [[Heteronormativity|heteronormative]] and denies women a mature sexuality independent of men; they also criticize it for privileging the [[vagina]] over the [[clitoris]] as the center of [[Human female sexuality|women's sexuality]]. They criticize the sociosexual theory for privileging heterosexual [[Human sexual activity|sexual activity]] and penile penetration in defining women's "mature state of sexuality".<ref>Peter Gay, ''Freud'' (1989) p. 520-2</ref><ref>Jane Gallup, ''Feminism and Psychoanalysis'' (1982) p. 69 and p. 84</ref><ref>R. Appiganesi/C. Garratt, ''Postmodernism for Beginners'' (1995) p. 94-101</ref> Others note that the concept explains how, in a patriarchal society, women might envy the power accorded to those with a phallus.<ref>Peter Gay, ''Freud'' (1989) p. 520-2</ref><ref>Jane Gallup, ''Feminism and Psychoanalysis'' (1982) p. 69 and p. 84</ref><ref>Elisabeth Young-Bruehl, ed., ''Freud and Women'' (1990) p. 304</ref>
==Freud's theory==
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