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Line 1: {{Short description\|Writing art of the Persian language}} {{Calligraphy}} '''Persian calligraphy''' or '''Iranian calligraphy''' ({{lang-fa\|{{Nastaliq\|خوشنِویسیِ ایرانی}}\|translit=Xošnevisi-ye Irani}}}}), is the [[calligraphy]] of the [[Persian language]]. It is one of the most revered arts throughout the [[history of Iran]]. ==History== Line 8: ===History of Nasta'liq=== After the [[Muslim conquest of Persia\|introduction of Islam]] in the 7th century, Persians adapted the Arabic alphabet to [[Persian language\|Persian]] and developed the contemporary [[Persian alphabet]]. The Arabic alphabet has 28 characters. An additional four letters were added by Iranians,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|date=\|title=History - Persian Calligraphy- All about Persian Calligraphy\|url=http://www.persiancalligraphy.org/History-of-Calligraphy.html\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904062040/http://www.persiancalligraphy.org/History-of-Calligraphy.html\|archive-date=2015-09-04\|access-date=2021-03-17\|website=persiancalligraphy.org}}</ref> which resulted in the 32 letters currently present in the Persian alphabet. Around one thousand years ago, [[Ibn Muqlah]] ({{lang-fa\|{{Nastaliq\|ابنِ مقله بيضاوی شيرازی}}}}) and his brother created six genres of Iranian calligraphy, namely "[[Muhaqqaq\|Mohaqiq]]", "[[Rayhani script\|Reyhan]]", "[[Thuluth\|Sols]]", "[[Naskh (script)\|Naskh]]", "[[Tawqi\|Toqi]]" and "[[Reqa]]". These genres were common for four centuries in Persia. In the 7th century (Hijri calendar), Hassan Farsi Kateb combined the "Naskh" and "~~Reqah~~Reqa" styles and invented a new genre of Persian calligraphy named "[[Ta'liq (script)\|Ta'liq]]". In the 14th century, Mir Ali Tabrizi combined two major scripts of his time, i.e. Naskh and Taliq, and created a new Persian calligraphic style called "Nas’taliq".<ref name=":0" /> In the past 500 years [[Nastaʿlīq]] (also anglicized as Nastaleeq; {{lang-fa\|{{Nastaliq\|نستعلیق}}}} ''{{~~transl~~transliteration\|fa\|nastaʿlīq}}'') has been the predominant style for writing the [[Perso-Arabic script]]. In the 17th century Morteza Gholi Khan Shamlou and Mohammad Shafi Heravi created a new genre called cursive Nastaʿlīq [[Shekasteh Nastaʿlīq]] ({{lang-fa\|{{Nastaliq\|شکسته نستعلیق}}}})). Almost a century later, Abdol-Majid Taleqani, who was a prominent artist at the time, brought this genre to its highest level. This calligraphic style is based on the same rules as Nas’taliq. However, cursive Nas’taliq has a few significant differences: it provides more flexible movements, and it is slightly more stretched and curved. Yadollah Kaboli is one of the most prominent contemporary calligraphers within this style. <gallery> File:Sultan 'Ali Mashhadi (Persian, 1442-1519). Folio of Poetry From the Divan of Sultan Husayn Mirza, ca. 1490.jpg\|''Folio of Poetry From the Divan of Sultan Husayn Mirza'', ~~ca.~~ {{circa\|1490}}. [[Brooklyn Museum]]. File:Agra castle India persian poem.jpg\|Calligraphy of Persian poems on large [[pishtaq]] at the [[Agra Fort]], [[India]] File:Miremad-1.jpg\|Chalipa panel, [[Mir Emad]]. File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art cal 0175.2.jpg\|Calligraphic composition by Shah Mahmud Nishapuri, a 16th -century master of Nasta'liq▼ ~~File:Agar gham lashkar angizad.jpg\|Calligraphy a poem of [[Hafez]] by Pouya Latifiyan~~ ▲File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art cal 0175.2.jpg\|Calligraphic composition by Shah Mahmud Nishapuri, a 16th century master of Nasta'liq </gallery> ==Contemporary Persian calligraphy== ~~[[File:Nika Shakarami paint.jpg\|thumb\|A painted portrait of [[Death of Nika Shakarami\|Nika Shakrami]] with her name in Persian Calligraphy([[Siyah mashq]] of Nastaliq)]]~~ In 1950, the ''[[Society of Iranian Calligraphists\|Iran's Association of Calligraphers]]'' was founded by Hossein Mirkhani, Ali Akbar Kaveh, Ebrahim Bouzari, Hassan Mirkhani and Mehdi Baiani. For an overview of Persian calligraphy's development within Afghanistan, see "Calligraphy during last two centuries in Afghanistan" (1964), by Azizuddin Vakili. Line 37 ⟶ 34: [[Shekasteh Nastaʿlīq]] (Cursive Nasta'liq) Naghashi-khat (Painting-Calligraphy combined) ==Most notable figures== {{more citations needed\|date=August 2015}} [[Mir Ali Tabrizi]] [[Mir Emad]] [[Mírzá ʻAbbás Núrí]] [[Mishkín-Qalam]] [[Gholam Hossein Amirkhani]] Line 51 ⟶ 47: == References == {{Reflist}} ~~<references />~~ ==External links== {{commons category\|Persian calligraphy}} Line 57 ⟶ 54: [http://persiancalligraphy.org/History-of-Calligraphy.html Brief history of Persian Calligraphy] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192513/http://ioragallery.com/explore/about-persian-calligraphy About history of Persian Calligraphy and its different styles] [https://www.reed.edu/persian-calligraphy/en/ Anthology of Iranian Masters of Calligraphy] {{Islamic calligraphy}} {{Intangible Heritage Iran}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Persian calligraphy\| ]] [[Category:Islamic calligraphy]]