Plastic wrap: Difference between revisions

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{{short description|Thin plastic film typically used for sealing food}}
{{About|a plastic layer used for short-term preservation of domestic foods|a plastic wrap often used in bulk packaging |Shrink wrap | and |Stretch wrap}}
[[File:Pvc-Film.jpg|thumb|A roll of plastic wrap]]
 
'''Plastic wrap''', '''cling film''', '''[[Saran (plastic)|Saran]] wrap''', '''cling wrap''', '''[[The Glad Products Company|Glad]] wrap''' or '''food wrap''' is a thin [[plastic film]] typically used for sealing [[food]] items in containers to keep them fresh over a longer period of time. Plastic wrap, typically sold on rolls in boxes with a cutting edge, clings to many smooth surfaces and can thus remain tight over the opening of a container without [[adhesive]]. Common plastic wrap is roughly 0.0005 inches (12.7 μm) thick.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.matweb.com/search/datasheet.aspx?matguid=57c29e222a7749d58267c18e9e18b637|title=Dow Saran Wrap 3 Plastic Film|accessdateaccess-date=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glad.com/faqs/plasticwrap.php|title=FAQs: Microwave, Dishwasher & Freezer Q&A|date=20 November 2014|accessdateaccess-date=10 December 2016|url-status=live|archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223154555/http://www.glad.com/faqs/plasticwrap.php|archivedatearchive-date=23 February 2011}}</ref> The trend has been to produce thinner plastic wrap, particularly for household use (where very little stretch is needed), so now the majority of brands on shelves around the world are 8, 9 or 10 μm thick.
 
==Materials used==
Plastic wrap was initially{{When|date=September 2023}} created from polyvinyl chloride ([[Polyvinylpolyvinyl chloride|PVC]] (PVC), which remains the most common component globally. PVC has an acceptably-low permeability to water vapor and oxygen,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kO5CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA488&lpg=PA488&dq=pvc+cling+film+permeability#v=onepage&q=pvc%2520cling%2520film%2520permeability&fpg=falsePA488|title=Food: The Chemistry of its Components: 6th Edition|last=Coultate|first=Tom|date=2015-08-17|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|isbn=9781849738804|url-status=live|archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428065131/https://books.google.co.th/books?id=-kO5CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA488&lpg=PA488&dq=pvc+cling+film+permeability&source=bl&ots=b5SHT3RVQ2&sig=33Cn0KRsLcwYeheOqGGISAN9KC4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiNt9jixOrLAhVGA44KHbK6CGUQ6AEINDAE#v=onepage&q=pvc%2520cling%2520film%2520permeability&f=false|archivedatearchive-date=2016-04-28}}</ref> helping to preserve the freshness of food. There are concerns about the transfer of [[plasticizers]] from PVC into food.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} [[Pliofilm]] was made of various kinds of rubber chloride. Used in the middle of the 20th century, it could be heat-sealed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pliofilm {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/pliofilm|access-date=2021-01-13|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref>
 
A common, cheaper alternative to PVC is [[low-density polyethylene]] (LDPE). It is less adhesive than PVC, but this can be remedied by adding [[linear low-density polyethylene]] (LLDPE), which also increases the film's [[tensile strength]].<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Krishnaswamy|firstfirst1=Rajendra K.|last2=Lamborn|first2=Mark J.|date=2000|title=Tensile properties of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) blown films|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pen.11370|journal=Polymer Engineering & Science|language=en|volume=40|issue=11|pages=2385–2396|doi=10.1002/pen.11370|issn=1548-2634}}</ref>
 
In the US and Japan, plastic wrap is sometimes produced using [[polyvinylidene chloride]] (PVdC), though some brands, such as [[Saran (plastic)|Saran]] wrap, have switched to other formulations due to environmental concerns.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://host.madison.com/business/ceo-explains-why-sc-johnson-made-saran-wrap-less-sticky/article_8987a920-fec9-5567-8b47-3067b3f83ff6.html|title=CEO Explains Why SC Johnson Made Saran Wrap Less Sticky, Hurting Sales|first=Michael|last=Burke|work=Madison.com|access-date=2017-06-20|url-status=live|archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620202432/http://host.madison.com/business/ceo-explains-why-sc-johnson-made-saran-wrap-less-sticky/article_8987a920-fec9-5567-8b47-3067b3f83ff6.html|archivedatearchive-date=2017-06-20}}</ref>
 
==Food use==
 
===Purpose===
[[File:Daujėnų naminė duona.JPG|thumb|breadBread wrapped in plastic wrap]]
The most important role plastic wrap plays in [[food packaging]] is protection and preservation. Plastic wrap can prevent food from perishing, extend its shelf-life, and maintain the quality of food. Plastic wrap generally provides protection for food from three aspects: chemical (gases, moisture, and light), biological (microorganisms, insects and animals), and physical (mechanical damage). In addition to food protection and preservation, plastic wrap can also reduce [[food waste]], tag food information, ease the distribution processes, and increase product visibility and microwavability.<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Marsh|firstfirst1=Kenneth|last2=Bugusu|first2=Betty|date=2007|title=Food Packaging—Roles, Materials, and Environmental Issues|journal=Journal of Food Science|volume=72|issue=3|pages=R39–R55|doi=10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00301.x|pmid=17995809|s2cid=12127364 |issn=1750-3841|doi-access=free}}</ref>
 
In the 1970s, Snappies cling-film was advertised in the UK by [[Katie Boyle]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/transdiffusion/snappies-cling-film-advertisement|title = Snappies Cling Film advertisement}}</ref>
 
===Health concern===
Plastic materials are widely used in the food industry due to itstheir low price and convenience; however, there has been an increased health concern because of the possibility of releasing undesirable chemicals from plastic materials into food products. Plastic packages are made of various materials such as polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, etc. Additives, including lubricants[[lubricant]]s, plasticizers[[plasticizer]]s, [[UV absorbers-absorber]]s, [[Colourant|colorants]], and antioxidants[[antioxidant]]s, are added into plastic materials in order to improve the quality and properties of the plastics. Besides, plastic materials are often coated and printed in the final processes, in which inks and varnishes[[varnish]]es are used. Although the barrier properties of the plastic packages provide protection of foods from external contaminations, the additives and coating materials in the plastic packages are able to penetrate into foods and cause health-related issues.<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=García Ibarra|firstfirst1=Verónica|last2=Rodríguez Bernaldo de Quirós|first2=Ana|last3=Paseiro Losada|first3=Perfecto|last4=Sendón|first4=Raquel|date=2018-06-01|title=Identification of intentionally and non-intentionally added substances in plastic packaging materials and their migration into food products|journal=Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry|volume=410|issue=16|pages=3789–3803|doi=10.1007/s00216-018-1058-y|pmid=29732500|s2cid=19148865|issn=1618-2650}}</ref>
 
"It is true that substances used to make plastics can leach into food," says Edward Machuga, Ph.D., a consumer safety officer in the [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]]'s [[Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition]]. “But as part of the approval process, the FDA considers the amount of a substance expected to migrate into food and the toxicological concerns about the particular chemical.” A couple of cases have caught media attention in recent years. One case is in regard to [[diethylhexyl adipate]] (DEHA). DEHA is a plasticizer, a substance added to some plastics in order to make them flexible. TheThere are public concerns about DEHA exposure while consuming food with plastic wraps. There are potentials of exposure to DEHA; however, the levels of the exposure are much lower than the no toxic effect levels in animal studies. Another case is in regard to the dioxins, labeled as "likely human carcinogen" by the Environmental Protection Agency. The public has been misled by the claims that plastics contain dioxins {{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}, while Machuga stated that no evidence that shows plastic containers or films contain dioxins was seen by the FDA {{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}. OverallAccording to writing in FDA Consumer Magazine as of November 2002, when used properly the use of plastic wrap in the food industrypreparation does not pose danger to human health.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Plastics and the Microwave|last=Meadows|first=Michelle|journal=FDA Consumer|date=2002|volume=36|issue=6|page=30|doi = 10.1037/e542632006-006|pmid=12523298|url = http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps1609/www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2002/602_plastic.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100318121541/http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps1609/www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2002/602_plastic.html|archive-date = 18 Mar 2010}}</ref>
 
===Environmental concerns===
The accumulation of [[Plastic pollution|plastic debris]] on the Earth threatens both wildlife and the environment. Plastic debris might choke or trap wildlife, and it could also penetrate toxic compounds into ecosystems. This land-originated problem has become a problem in ocean ecosystem as well since streams and rivers which are close to the land have carried the plastic debris into the coast, and currents transfer it to everywhere in the ocean. Plastic debris is a potential danger to all forms of aquatic life. Some marine species, like sea turtles, take plastic as prey items by mistake. Besides, some species might even pick up plastics and feed their offspring, which cause huge problems on growth and even cause mortality. Toxic compounds in plastics can disrupt hormone regulation in the cells of organisms, which can lead to alteration of animals’ mating behavior, reproductive ability, and even cause the development of tumors. Plastic debris could be a big threat to lives in the ocean.<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=Marrero|firstfirst1=Meghan E.|last2=Keiper|first2=Carol A.|last3=Szoboszlai|first3=Amber I.|last4=Bean|first4=Jessica R.|last5=Hettinger|first5=Annaliese|last6=Gravem|first6=Sarah A.|last7=Mata|first7=Tawny M.|last8=Fontana|first8=Rachel E.|last9=Brander|first9=Susanne M.|date=2011-10-01|title=The Ecotoxicology of Plastic Marine Debris|journal=The American Biology Teacher|volume=73|issue=8|pages=474–478|doi=10.1525/abt.2011.73.8.9|s2cid=85962092|issn=0002-7685}}</ref>
 
A study shows that using recycled plastic materials can reduce the environmental impacts significantly as a result of minimizing exploration, mining and transportation of natural gas and oil. One of the possible ways to increase the recycling rate is adding fibrous reinforcement into plastics. The environmental impact has been assessed using the life cycle assessment method. The results showed that plastics with fibrous reinforcement added can sharply reduce resource usage and global warming in civil applications.<ref>{{Cite journal|title= Environmental impact assessment of composites containing recycled plastics|pages=131–139|journal=Resources, Conservation and Recycling|volume=60|doi=10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.11.006|date=March 2012|last1=Rajendran|first1=Saravanan|last2=Scelsi|first2=Lino|last3=Hodzic|first3=Alma|last4=Soutis|first4=Constantinos|last5=Al-Maadeed|first5=Mariam A.}}</ref>
 
==Medical use==
* WrappingSome studies have suggested that wrapping [[premature babies]] in plastic wrap immediately after birth helpsmay help prevent [[hypothermia|low temperature]] before arrival to the [[neonatal intensive care unit]].<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1=McCall|firstfirst1=Emma M.|last2=Alderdice|first2=Fiona|last3=Halliday|first3=Henry L.|last4=Vohra|first4=Sunita|last5=Johnston|first5=Linda|date=February 2018|title=Interventions to Prevent Hypothermia at Birth in Preterm and/or Low Birth Weight Infants|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2018|issue=2|pages=CD004210|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004210.pub5|issn=1469-493X|pmid=29431872|pmc=6491068}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=|date=2018-05-22|title=Plastic wraps or bags keep pre-term infants warm immediately after birth|url=https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/plastic-wraps-or-bags-keep-pre-term-infants-warm-immediately-after-birth|journal=NIHR Evidence|doi=10.3310/signal-00596}}</ref>
* Plastic wrap is used as a [[first aid]] dressing for [[Burn|burnsburn]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/burns-and-scalds/treatment/|title=Burns and scalds - Treatment|date=2017-10-19|website=NHS.uk|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref>
 
==See also==
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==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Cling film}}
 
{{Packaging}}
{{Plastics}}
{{Authority control}}
 
[[Category:CookingFood preparation utensils]]
[[Category:Food storage]]
[[Category:Packaging materials]]