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Reverted 1 edit by 2804:14C:B384:B10:659B:E463:F3D:47A: Rv disruptive editing: Once again, the Arbitration Committee ruled that psychoanalysis should not be labelled a pseudoscience. (TW) |
Hypatiagal (talk | contribs) Formerly all the schools of clinical technique were listed as types of ego psychology. I fixed this by adding a new heading and making ego psychology one of the subheadings. |
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Structural theory divides the psyche into the [[Id, ego, and super-ego|id]], the [[Id, ego and super-ego|ego]], and the [[super-ego]]. The id is present at birth as the repository of basic instincts, which Freud called "''Triebe''" ("drives"): unorganized and unconscious, it operates merely on the 'pleasure principle', without realism or foresight. The ego develops slowly and gradually, being concerned with mediating between the urging of the id and the realities of the external world; it thus operates on the 'reality principle'. The super-ego is held to be the part of the ego in which self-observation, self-criticism and other reflective and judgmental faculties develop. The ego and the super-ego are both partly conscious and partly unconscious.<ref name="Langs R 2010"/>
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During the twentieth century, many different clinical and theoretical models of psychoanalysis emerged.
====Ego Psychology====
[[Ego psychology]] was initially suggested by Freud in ''Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety'' (1926). The theory was refined by [[Heinz Hartmann|Hartmann]], Loewenstein, and Kris in a series of papers and books from 1939 through the late 1960s. Leo Bellak was a later contributor. This series of constructs, paralleling some of the later developments of cognitive theory, includes the notions of autonomous ego functions: mental functions not dependent, at least in origin, on intrapsychic conflict. Such functions include: sensory perception, motor control, symbolic thought, logical thought, speech, abstraction, integration (synthesis), orientation, concentration, judgment about danger, reality testing, adaptive ability, executive decision-making, hygiene, and self-preservation. Freud noted that inhibition is one method that the mind may utilize to interfere with any of these functions in order to avoid painful emotions. Hartmann (1950s) pointed out that there may be delays or deficits in such functions.
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