Propolis: Difference between revisions

</ref> and [[Antifungal medication|antifungal]]<ref name="pmid10870567">{{cite journal| display-authors=4| author=Cafarchia C| author2=De Laurentis N| author3=Milillo MA| author4=Losacco V| author5=Puccini V| title=Antifungal activity of Apulia region propolis | journal=Parassitologia| date= 1999 | volume= 41 | issue= 4 | pages= 587–590 | pmid=10870567}}</ref> activity with active constituents including [[flavonoid]]s like [[galangin]]<ref name="pmid15985350">{{cite journal| author=Cushnie TPT| author2=Lamb AJ| title=Detection of galangin-induced cytoplasmic membrane damage in Staphylococcus aureus by measuring potassium loss| journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology | date= 2005 | volume= 101 | issue= 1-3 | pages= 243–248 | pmid=15985350 | doi=10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.014}}</ref> and [[hydroxycinnamic acid]]s like [[caffeic acid]].<ref name="Qiao Z, Chen R 481–2, 512"/> For example, the propolis of the Indian stingless bee, ''Tetragonula iridipennis'' exhibits such activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Interestingly, the degree of this activity is lower when bees live in more polluted environments. In the absence of any ''[[in vivo]]'' or [[Clinical trial|clinical]] studies however, it is not clear if this antimicrobial activity has any therapeutic relevance.