Wikipedia

Pretendian

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A pretendian (portmanteau of pretend and Indian[1][2]) is a person who has falsely claimed Indigenous identity by claiming to be a citizen of a Native American or Indigenous Canadian tribal nation, or to be descended from Native ancestors.[3][4][5][6] The term is a pejorative colloquialism, and if used without evidence could be considered defamatory. As a practice, being a pretendian is considered an extreme form of cultural appropriation,[7] especially if that individual then asserts that they can represent, and speak for, communities they do not belong to.[2][7][8][9] It is sometimes also referred to as a form of ethnic fraud or race shifting.[10]

History of false claims to Indigenous identity

Early claims

Historian Philip J. Deloria has noted that European Americans "playing Indian" is a phenomenon that stretches back at least as far as the Boston Tea Party.[11] In his 1998 book Playing Indian, Deloria argues that white settlers have always played with stereotypical imagery of the peoples that were replaced during colonization, using these tropes to form a new national identity that can be seen as distinct from previous European identities.

Examples of white societies who have played Indian include, according to Deloria, the Improved Order of Red Men, Tammany Hall, and scouting societies like the Order of the Arrow. Individuals who made careers out of pretending an Indigenous identity include James Beckwourth,[12],[13] and Grey Owl.[6][14][15]

The academic Joel W. Martin noted that "an astonishing number of southerners assert they have a grandmother or great-grandmother who was some kind of Cherokee, often a princess", and that such myths serve settler purposes in aligning American frontier romance with southern regionalism and pride.[16]

Post-1960s: Rise of pretendians in academia, arts and political positions

The rise of pretendian identities post-1960s can be explained by a number of factors. The reestablishment and exercise of tribal sovereignty among tribal nations (following the era of Indian termination policy) meant that many individuals raised away from tribal communities sought, and still seek, to reestablish their status as tribal citizens or to recover connections to tribal traditions. Other tribal citizens, who had been raised in American Indian boarding schools under genocidal policies designed to erase their cultural identity, also revived tribal religious and cultural practices. At the same time, in the years following the Occupation of Alcatraz, the formation of Native American studies as a distinct form of area studies, and the awarding of the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction to Kiowa author N. Scott Momaday, publishing programs and university departments began to be established specifically for or about Native American culture. At the same time, hippie and New Age cultures marketed Native cultures as accessible, spiritual, and as a form of resistance to mainstream culture, leading to the rise of the plastic shaman or "culture vulture." All of this added up to a culture that was not inclined to disbelieve self-identification, and a wider societal impulse to claim Indigeneity.[17]

Elizabeth Cook-Lynn wrote of the influence of pretendians in academia and political positions:

[U]nscrupulous scholars in the discipline who had no stake in Native nationhood but who had achieved status in academia and held on to it through fraudulent claims to lndian Nation heritage and blood directed the discourse. This phenomenon took place following the "lndian Preference" regulations in new hiring practices at the Bureau of lndian Affairs in the early 1970s. Sometimes unprepared for such outright aggression or suffering polarization from the conflicts in the system, Native scholars in the academy often seemed to be silent witnesses to such occurrences. Their silence has not meant complicity. It has meant, more than anything, a feeling of utter powerlessness within the structures of strong mainstream institutions.[17]

By 1990, as noted in The New York Times Magazine, many years of "significant pushback by Native Americans against so-called Pretendians or Pretend Indians" resulted in the successful passage of the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 (IACA) - a truth-in-advertising law which prohibits misrepresentation in marketing of American Indian or Alaska Native arts and crafts products within the United States.[1] The IACA makes it illegal for non-Natives to offer or display for sale, or sell, any art or craft product in a manner that falsely suggests it is Indian produced, an Indian product, or the product of a particular Indian or Indian Tribe or Indian arts and crafts organization. For a first time violation of the Act, an individual can face civil or criminal penalties up to a $250,000 fine or a five-year prison term, or both. If a business violates the Act, it can face civil penalties or can be prosecuted and fined up to $1,000,000.[18]

2000s: Contemporary controversies

United States Poet Laureate Joy Harjo (Mvskoke) writes: "We ... have had to contend with an onslaught of what we call 'Pretendians', that is, non-Indigenous people assuming a Native identity. DNA tests are setting up other problems involving those who discover Native DNA [sic] in their bloodline. When individuals assert themselves as Native when they are not culturally Indigenous, and if they do not understand their tribal nation's history or participate in their tribal nation's society, who benefits? Not the people or communities of the identity being claimed. It is hard to see this as anything other than an individual's capitalist claim, just another version of a colonial offense."[19]

While Harjo refers to "Native DNA", there is no DNA test that can reliably confirm Native American ancestry, and no DNA test can indicate tribal origin.[20][21][22] Attempts by non-Natives to racialize Indigenous identity by DNA tests have been seen by Indigenous people as insensitive at best, often racist, politically and financially-motivated, and dangerous to the survival of Indigenous cultures.[23][a]

While Indigenous communities have always self-policed and spread word of frauds, mainstream media and arts communities were often unaware, or did not act upon this information, until more recent decades.[7] However, since the 1990s and 2000s a number of controversies regarding ethnic fraud have come to light and received coverage in mainstream media, leading to a broader awareness of pretendians in the world at large.[1][3][7]

In April, 2018, APTN National News in Canada investigated how pretendians - in the film industry and in real life - promote "stereotypes, typecasting, and even, what is known as 'redface.'"[28] Rebecca Nagle (Cherokee Nation) voiced a similar position in 2019, writing for High Country News that,

Pretendians perpetuate the myth that Native identity is determined by the individual, not the tribe or community, directly undermining tribal sovereignty and Native self-determination. To protect the rights of Indigenous people, pretendians like Wages and Warren must be challenged and the retelling of their false narratives must be stopped.[29]

In January 2021, Navajo journalist Jacqueline Keeler posted an article and link to a Google spreadsheet of a list of individuals, almost all of whom she has alleged have no Indigenous ancestry or involvement in the communities they claim, or who lack documentation of these criteria.[30] The list has been amplified by some Indigenous academics such as Kim TallBear, who point out that there are few if any criteria to judge citizenship or other forms of tribal recognition employed in academia, media, or the entertainment industry and that, as a result, many supposed experts on Indigenous politics and cultures in these fields do not in fact have Indigenous ancestral or cultural ties. TallBear also notes that all those mentioned on the list have used their Indigenous status for monetary gain.[31]

Some have criticized the list for what they say is its lack of consultation, lack of rigor, the use of genealogists who have been criticized for anti-black racism, and potential lack of sensitivity given the multitude of challenges in reclaiming Indigenous identity.[32][33] Chris La Tray points to issues such as what he says is a lack of ethics around the list, lack of clarity on methodology, and the possibility of negative connections to ideas of "blood purity."[33]

On September 13, 2021, the CBC News reported on their ongoing investigation into a "mysterious letter", dated 1845 (but never seen before 2011[34]) that is now believed to be a forgery. Based solely on the one ancestor listed in this letter, over 1,000 people were enrolled as Algonquin people, making them "potential beneficiaries of a massive pending land claim agreement involving almost $1 billion and more than 500 sq. kilometres of land".[3] The CBC investigation used handwriting analysis, and other methods of archival and historical evaluation to conclude the letter is a fake. This has led to the federally-recognized Pikwakanagan First Nation to renew efforts to remove these "pretendian" claimants from their membership. In a statement to CBC News, the chief and council of the Algonquins of Pikwakanagan First Nation say that those they are seeking to remove "are fraudulently taking up Indigenous spaces in high academia and procurement opportunities."[3]

In October 2021, the CBC published an investigation into the status of Canadian academic Carrie Bourassa, who works as an Indigenous health expert and has claimed Métis, Anishinaabe and Tlingit status.[35] Research into her claims indicated that her ancestry is wholly European. In particular, the great-grandmother she claimed was Tlingit, Johanna Salaba, is well-documented as having emigrated from Russia in 1911; she was a Czech-speaking Russian.[35] In response, Bourassa admitted that she does not have status in the communities that she claimed, but insisted that she does have some Indigenous ancestors, and that she has hired other genealogists to search for them.[35] Bourassa was placed on immediate leave from her post at the Canadian Institutes of Health Research after her claims of Indigenous ancestry were found to be baseless.[36]

in November of 2021, writing for the Toronto Star about the Bourassa situation, as well as the actions of Joseph Boyden and Michelle Latimer, K.J. McCusker wrote,

We have been so heavily affected by stolen identities that the word “pretendian” has become a colloquially used term.

Stolen identities undermine us to the point where we end up fodder for the tabloids the likes of Daily Mail. We become a spectacle for those who at best think of us as a Halloween costume idea. To people like Bourassa, we are indeed a costume, except one you get to wear all year long and benefit from professionally because it checks that box that was created to even-out the field that cannot ever be evened out just by a box.[4]

Motivating factors

There are several possible explanations for why people adopt pretendian identities. Mnikȟówožu Lakota poet Trevino Brings Plenty writes: "To wear an underrepresented people's skin is enticing. I get it: to feast on struggle, to explore imagined roots; to lay the foundational work for academic jobs and publishing opportunities."[8]

Patrick Wolfe argues that the problem is more structural, stating that settler colonial ideology actively needs to erase and then reproduce Indigenous identity in order to create and justify claims to land and territory.[37] Deloria also explores the white American dual fascination with "the vanishing Indian" and the idea that, by "Playing Indian", the white man can then be the true inheritor and preserver of authentic American identity and connection to the land, aka "Indianness".[38]

Notable examples

Individuals who have been accused in multiple sources of being a pretendian include:

Academic

  • Ward Churchill[39][40][41] – A professor of ethnic studies and political activist, Churchill built his career on his claims of Indigenous identity – claims that were unsupported by membership in any tribe or by later genealogical research that failed to find any evidence of Indigenous ancestry.
  • Rachel Dolezal[42][43] – Although Dolezal is better known for claiming to be African-American, she began her career claiming to be Native American, telling people that she was born in a tipi and grew up hunting for food with bows and arrows.[43]
  • Andrea Smith[1][44][45][46][47] – Smith has built a career as a scholar, author and activist based on her claim that she is a Cherokee woman. Despite many articles and statements by Cherokee people and genealogists stating she has no Cherokee heritage or citizenship, she has never retracted her claim.

Film

  • "Iron Eyes" Cody, born in 1904 as Espera Oscar de Corti, who came to be known as "The Crying Indian" (deceased 1999)[48][49] – An Italian-American actor most well known for his appearance in a 1970's anti-littering commercial. Cody subsequently pretended to be from various tribes and denied his Italian heritage for the rest of his life.
  • Johnny Depp[50][51][52] – An actor who has claimed both Creek and Cherokee descent on numerous occasions, including when cast as Tonto in the 2013 film The Lone Ranger, but who has no documented Native ancestry nor membership in any tribe.[53]

Literary

  • Joseph Boyden[54][55][9] – A novelist of Irish and Scottish ancestry best known for writing about First Nations culture who has no recognized tribal membership and whose familial and DNA-based claims to Indigenous ancestry have failed efforts at verification and were summarized by his ex-wife as "no DNA that can be traced to the First Nations people in Canada or the Americas at large".
  • Asa Earl Carter (deceased 1979), who published using the pseudonym Forrest Carter as a supposed Cherokee[56][57] – The founder of a Ku Klux Klan paramilitary group and a white supremacist politician under his birth name, he used his pseudonym to write popular books including The Rebel Outlaw: Josey Wales and The Education of Little Tree – also known for co-authoring George Wallace's tagline, "Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever".
  • Grey Owl[6][14][15] – An Englishman born as Archibald Stansfeld Belaney (1888–1938) who became a woodsman and wrote books and gave lectures as an activist primarily on environmental and conservationism issues, but was exposed after his death as having falsely claimed his Indigenous identity.
  • Jamake Highwater (1931–2001)[58][59][60] – A prolific American writer and journalist born as Jackie Marks who passed as Cherokee and used Native American culture as his writing theme although he was actually of eastern European Jewish ancestry
  • Nasdijj, the pseudonym of writer Tim Barrus[61][62][63] – An American author and social worker best known for having published three "memoirs" between 2000 and 2004 while presenting himself as a Navajo.
  • Red Thunder Cloud, born Cromwell Ashbie Hawkins West, also known as Carlos Westez (deceased 1996), a singer, dancer, storyteller, and field researcher who was promoted as the last fluent speaker of the Catawba language, but was later revealed to have learned what little he knew of the language from books and to have been of African American heritage.[64]
  • Margaret Seltzer[65][66] – The writer of a "memoir" of her supposed experiences as a half–Native American foster child and gang member in South Central Los Angeles and was later revealed to have completely fabricated the story after growing up in an affluent neighborhood with no Native American background or heritage.

Political

Visual arts

  • Gina Adams.[78][79] A visual artist and assistant professor at Emily Carr University,[80] Adams claims White Earth Ojibwe and Lakota ancestry. She asserted that her great-great-grandfather and great-great-uncle were among the signers of the 1867 federal treaty with the Chippewa of the Mississippi and that her grandfather was taken from the White Earth Nation and sent to the Carlisle Indian Industrial School.[81] She has shown no evidence supporting these claims. She claims to be a descendant not an enrolled tribal member, so she and her gallery have successfully evaded the US Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990.
  • Jimmie Durham.[46][82] An artist and activist who claimed one-quarter Cherokee descent by blood and to have grown up in a Cherokee-speaking community, Durham exhibited his work in the U.S. as Native American art until the passage of the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 prohibiting false claims of Native production of arts and crafts that are offered for sale; he subsequently left the United States and has continued to claim Cherokee identity in European exhibitions. He was also formerly an organizer and central committee member for the American Indian Movement, including working as chief administrator for the International Indian Treaty Council. However, he has been reported to have "no known ties to any Cherokee community" and to be "neither enrolled nor eligible for citizenship" in any of the three federally recognized Cherokee tribes.
  • Cheyanne Turions.[83][84] An artist and art curator who claimed an Indigenous Canadian identity for grant applications until "outed" in 2021, Turions later stated that she had investigated her family's history and that as a result "I changed my self-identification to settler," and resigned from her position as a curator.[85]

See also

Further reading

References

  1. ^ While there are some genetic markers that are more common among Native Americans, these markers are also found in Asia, and in other parts of the world.[24] The commercial DNA companies that offer ethnicity tests do not have a large enough pool of North American DNA to provide reliable matches. The most popular companies have admitted to having no North American DNA, and that their "matches" are to Central Asian and South or Central American populations; smaller companies may have a very small pool from one tribe who participated in a medical study.[25][26][27] The exploitation of Indigenous genetic material, like the theft of human remains, land and artifacts, has led to widespread distrust to outright boycotts of these companies by Native communities.[26][27] While a DNA test may bring up some markers associated with some Indigenous or Asian populations (and the science there is fairly problematic, as TallBear describes in her book Native American DNA), as Indigenous identity is based in citizenship, family and community, a genetic marker does not make a person Indigenous.[21]
  1. ^ a b c d Viren, Sarah (May 25, 2021). "The Native Scholar Who Wasn't". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved December 27, 2021. the 1990s saw the beginning of what would eventually be significant pushback by Native Americans against so-called Pretendians or Pretend Indians
  2. ^ a b Robinson, Rowland (2020). "4. Interlude: Community, Pretendians, & Heartbreak". Settler Colonialism + Native Ghosts: An Autoethnographic Account of the Imaginarium of Late Capitalist/Colonialist Storytelling (Phd.). [Waterloo, Ontario] : University of Waterloo. p. 235. OCLC 1263615440. Retrieved December 28, 2021. [The] phenomenon of what I and many other Indigenous people have for some time called Pretendians, as well as the related, and very often overlapping, phenomenon of Fétis*. This not-new phenomenon, to put it perhaps overly simply, is the practice of settler individuals (and sometimes others, but primarily settlers) putting forth a false Indigenous identity, and placing themselves out in front of the world as Indigenous people, and sometimes even attempting to assert themselves in some way as a kind of voice of their supposed peoples. *Portmanteaus of "Pretend" and "Indian" and "Fake" and "Métis", respectively. Pretendian, as a descriptive term, has been around most of my life, to the extent that I am not sure that placing its origin on the timeline is readily possible.
  3. ^ a b c d Leo, Geoff (September 13, 2021). "Push to remove 'pretendians' from Algonquin membership rekindled after CBC investigation – Analysis revealed letter linked to 1,000 Indigenous ancestry claims is likely fake". CBC News. Retrieved December 26, 2021.
  4. ^ a b McCusker, K.J. (November 30, 2021). "The violence of pretending to be Indigenous - The recent call for organizing a Canada-wide dialogue about Indigenous identity by the First Nations University of Canada (FNUniv) is a solid step toward recognizing this as an ongoing problem. We must proactively address the issue of fraudulent proclamations". Toronto Star. Retrieved December 27, 2021. We have been so heavily affected by stolen identities that the word "pretendian" has become a colloquially used term.
  5. ^ Polleta, Maria (November 30, 2017). "'Pretendians': Elizabeth Warren not alone in making questionable claim to Native American heritage". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved November 11, 2021 – via AZCentral.,
  6. ^ a b c Irwin, Nigel (January 12, 2017). "Joseph Boyden's Apology and the Strange History of 'Pretendians' – Boyden is hardly the first person to be alleged to have faked Indigenous roots for material or spiritual gain". Vice Media. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
  7. ^ a b c d Ridgen, Melissa (January 28, 2021). "Pretendians and what to do with people who falsely say they're Indigenous". APTN News. Retrieved July 13, 2021. Pretendians – noun – A person who falsely claims to have Indigenous ancestry – meaning it's people who fake an Indigenous identity or dig up an old ancestor from hundreds of years ago to proclaim themselves as Indigenous today. They take up a lot of space and income from First Nation, Inuit and Metis Peoples.
  8. ^ a b Brings Plenty, Trevino (December 30, 2018). "Pretend Indian Exegesis: The Pretend Indian Uncanny Valley Hypothesis in Literature and Beyond". Transmotion. 4 (2): 142–152. doi:10.22024/UniKent/03/tm.648. Retrieved November 25, 2021.
  9. ^ a b "Joseph Boyden must take responsibility for misrepresenting heritage, says Indigenous writer". Retrieved January 20, 2017.
  10. ^ Leroux, Darryl. "Raceshifting". Raceshifting. Retrieved July 8, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ Deloria, Philip J. (1999). Playing Indian. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 64–8, 91, 101, et al. ISBN 9780300080674. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  12. ^ Laura Browder, " 'One Hundred Percent American': How a Slave, a Janitor, and a Former Klansmen Escaped Racial Categories by Becoming Indians", in Beyond the Binary: Reconstructing Cultural Identity in a Multicultural Context, ed. Timothy B. Powell, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press (1999)
  13. ^ Micco, Melinda (2000). "Tribal Re-Creations: Buffalo Child Long Lance and Black Seminole Narratives". In Hsu, Ruth; Franklin, Cynthia; Kosanke, Suzanne (eds.). Re-placing America: Conversations and Contestations. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i and the East-West Center.
  14. ^ a b Murray, John (April 20, 2018). "APTN Investigates: Cowboys and Pretendians". Aboriginal Peoples Television Network. Retrieved July 8, 2021. Canada's most famous pretendian is a man who called himself Grey Owl.
  15. ^ a b Smith, Donald B. (1990). From the Land of Shadows: the Making of Grey Owl. Saskatoon: Western Prairie Books.
  16. ^ Martin, Joel W. (1996). Bird, Elizabeth (ed.). 'My Grandmother Was a Cherokee Princess': Representations of Indians in Southern History. London: Routledge. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  17. ^ a b Elizabeth Cook-Lynn. "Who Stole Native American Studies?" Wicazo Sa Review, Vol. 12, No. 1. (Spring, 1997), p. 23.
  18. ^ "The Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990." Archived 2006-09-25 at the Wayback Machine US Department of the Interior, Indian Arts and Crafts Board. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
  19. ^ Harjo, Joy (2020). "Introduction". In Harjo, Joy; Howe, Leanne; Foerster, Jennifer (eds.). When the Light of the World Was Subdued Our Songs Came Through: A Norton Anthology of Native Nations Poetry. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 4. ISBN 9780393356816.
  20. ^ Kimberly TallBear (2003). "DNA, Blood, and Racializing the Tribe". Wicazo Sa Review. 18 (1). University of Minnesota Press: 81–107. doi:10.1353/wic.2003.0008. JSTOR 140943. S2CID 201778441.
  21. ^ a b Geddes, Linda (February 5, 2014). "'There is no DNA test to prove you're Native American'". New Scientist. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
  22. ^ Brett Lee Shelton, J. D.; Jonathan Marks (2008). "Genetic Markers Not a Valid Test of Native Identity". Counsel for Responsible Genetics. Retrieved October 2, 2008.
  23. ^ TallBear, Kim (January 17, 2019). "Elizabeth Warren's claim to Cherokee ancestry is a form of violence - Be it by the barrel of a carbine or a mail-order DNA test, the American spirit demands the disappearance of Indigenous people". High Country News. Retrieved November 5, 2019.
  24. ^ Kim TallBear (2008). "Can DNA Determine Who is American Native American?". The WEYANOKE Association. Retrieved May 11, 2009.
  25. ^ Tennant, Amie Bowser (February 9, 2018). "Why Your DNA Results Didn't Show Your Native American Ancestry". The Genealogy Reporter. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
  26. ^ a b Suresh, Arvind (October 6, 2016). "Native Americans fear potential exploitation of their DNA". Genetic Literacy Project. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  27. ^ a b Carey, Teresa L. (May 9, 2019). "DNA tests stand on shaky ground to define Native American identity". National Human Genome Research Institute. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  28. ^ Murray, John (April 20, 2018). "APTN Investigates: Cowboys and Pretendians". Aboriginal Peoples Television Network. Retrieved July 8, 2021. Actors who do this are sometimes called "pretendians" but that term is also used for people who play at being Indigenous in their real life.
  29. ^ Nagle, Rebecca (April 2, 2019). "How 'pretendians' undermine the rights of Indigenous people - We must guard against harmful public discourse about Native identity as much as we guard against harmful policy". High Country News. Retrieved December 26, 2021.
  30. ^ Keeler, Jacqueline, "The Alleged Pretendians List"
  31. ^ TallBear, Kim. "Playing Indian Constitutes a Structural Form of Colonial Theft, and It Must be Tackled." 10 May 2021
  32. ^ "The Real Problem With Jacqueline Keeler's 'Alleged Pretendian' List". www.powwows.com. May 14, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
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  41. ^ Harjo, Suzan Shown (August 3, 2007). "Ward Churchill: The White Man's Burden". Indian Country Today. Retrieved July 26, 2009.
  42. ^ Midge, Tiffany (April 17, 2017). "I Knew Rachel Dolezal Back When She Was Indigenous". Indian Country Today.
  43. ^ a b Gyasi Ross. "The Native roots of the bizarre Rachel Dolezal drama." Indian Country Today 12 June 2017. Quote: "She was consistent at least—when she said that she was Native American, she said that she was also the Nativest of the Natives. She was born in a tipi and hunted with bows and arrows."
  44. ^ Shorter, David (July 1, 2015). "Four Words for Andrea Smith: 'I'm Not an Indian'". Indian Country Today Media Network. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
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  47. ^ "Open Letter from Indigenous Women Scholars Regarding Discussions of Andrea Smith". Indian Country Today Media Network. July 7, 2015. Archived from the original on August 10, 2015. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
  48. ^ Waldman, Amy (January 5, 1999). "Iron Eyes Cody, 94, an Actor And Tearful Anti-Littering Icon". The New York Times.
  49. ^ Aleiss, Angela (May 26, 1996). "Native Son: After a Career as Hollywood's Noble Indian Hero, Iron Eyes Cody is Found to Have an Unexpected Heritage". The New Orleans Times-Picayune.
  50. ^ Murray, John (April 20, 2018). "APTN Investigates: Cowboys and Pretendians". Aboriginal Peoples Television Network. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
  51. ^ Jago, Robert (February 1, 2021). "Criminalizing 'Pretendians' is not the answer; we need to give First Nations control over grants". National Post. Retrieved July 17, 2021.
  52. ^ Mouallem, Omar (May 22, 2019). "'Billionaires, Bombers, and Bellydancers': How the First Arab American Movie Star Foretold a Century of Muslim Misrepresentation". The Ringer. Retrieved July 17, 2021. Though not a 'pretendian' to the degree of Iron Eyes Cody, the Sicilian American impostor of 'Keep America Beautiful' fame, or Johnny Depp for that matter, Lackteen appropriated Native American culture.
  53. ^ Breznican, Anthony (May 8, 2011). "Johnny Depp on 'The Lone Ranger'". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2011. "My great grandmother was quite a bit of Native American, she grew up Cherokee or maybe Creek Indian. Makes sense in terms of coming from Kentucky, which is rife with Cherokee and Creek."
  54. ^ "Why I Question Joseph Boyden's Indigenous Ancestry".
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  66. ^ "Memoir a fake, author says". Los Angeles Times. March 4, 2008.
  67. ^ Leo, Geoff (November 1, 2021). "Health scientist Carrie Bourassa on immediate leave after scrutiny of her claim she's Indigenous". CBC.ca. Retrieved December 20, 2021.
  68. ^ a b Furdyk, Brent (December 31, 2017). "Cher Refuses To Apologize For 'Half-Breed' After Twitter War Fuelled By Trump's Diversity Coalition Appointee". ET Canada. Retrieved January 7, 2018. Numerous Twitter users have balked at her claims, referring to Jones as a 'pretendian' ... If you need evidence that Kayla is absolutely a pretendian, here it is
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