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{{Italic title}}{{short description|Body of written legal decisions and rulings}}
{{Italic title}}
'''''Responsa''''' (plural of [[Latin]] {{lang|la|responsum}}, 'answer') comprise a body of written decisions and rulings given by [[legal scholar]]s in response to questions addressed to them. In the modern era, the term is used to describe decisions and rulings made by scholars in historic [[religious law]].
 
==In the Roman Empire==
[[Roman law]] recognised {{lang|la|responsa prudentium}}, i.e., the responses and thoughts of [[jurists]], as one of the sources of {{lang|la|[[ius scriptum]]}} (written law), along with laws originating from [[Roman magistrate|magistrates]], from the [[Roman Senate|Senate]], or from the [[Roman emperor|emperor]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Roman law {{!}} Influence, Importance, Principles, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-law|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-21|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|quote=The chief forms of imperial legislation were edicts or proclamations; instructions to subordinates, especially provincial governors; written answers to officials or others who consulted the emperor; and decisions of the emperor sitting as a judge.<br>The last type of written law was the ''responsa prudentium'', or answers to legal questions given by learned lawyers to those who consulted them.}}</ref>
 
A particularly well-known and highly influential example of such ''responsa'' was the ''Digesta'' (or ''Digests''), in 90 books, the principal work of the prominent second century jurist [[Salvius Julianus]]. This was a systematic treatise on civil and [[praetor]]ian law, consisting of responsa on real and hypothetical cases, cited by many later Roman legal writers.<ref>"Salvius Iulianus" in Adolf Berger, ''Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law'', American Philosophical Society, 1953, p. 552</ref>
 
==In the Catholic Church==
<!-- "Dubium" and "Dubia" redirect here. See [[MOS:HIDDENLINKADVICE]]. -->
In the [[Catholic Church]], ''responsa'' are answers of the competent executive authority to specific questions (in Latin, ''dubium''). ''Responsa'' given by the [[Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts]] which are [[Promulgation (Catholic canon law)|promulgated]] as authentic interpretation have the force of law as per [[Canon (canon law)|canon]] 16 §2 of the [[1983 Code of Canon Law|1983 ''Code of Canon Law'']]. Other ''responsa'' cannot have this binding force, but nevertheless possess a high authority.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Berkmann|first=Burkhard Josef|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZK73DwAAQBAJ&dq=authority+responsa+catholic+church&pg=PT121|title=The Internal Law of Religions: Introduction to a Comparative Discipline|date=2020-09-22|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-17926-2|language=en|chapter=5. Methods of comparative law of religions - 5.4.1 Example: sources of law}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
 
TheIn the [[Catholic Church]], ''responsa'' are givenanswers inof responsethe competent executive authority to specific questions (in Latin, ''dubium'', plural ''dubia''''', literally "doubts") sent by [[LiteralCatholic translation|literallybishops]] to the [[Holy See]]. 'doubt(s)')Responsa'' sentgiven by the [[Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts]] which are [[Promulgation (Catholic bishopscanon law)|promulgated]] onas someauthentic topicsinterpretation tohave the force of law as per [[HolyCanon See(canon law)|canon]] 16 §2 of the [[1983 Code of Canon Law|1983 ''Code of Canon Law'']]. Other ''responsa'' cannot have this binding force, but nevertheless possess a high authority.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Berkmann|first=Burkhard Josef|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZK73DwAAQBAJ&dq=authority+responsa+catholic+church&pg=PT121|title=The Internal Law of Religions: Introduction to a Comparative Discipline|date=2020-09-22|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-17926-2|language=en|chapter=5. Methods of comparative law of religions - 5.4.1 Example: sources of law}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bullivant |first=Stephen |date=2016-11-24 |title=Submitting dubia is a standard part of Church life. It's not unreasonable to expect a clear answer |url=https://catholicherald.co.uk/submitting-dubia-is-a-standard-part-of-church-life-its-not-unreasonable-to-expect-a-clear-answer/|url-status=live |access-date=2021-12-20 |website=Catholic Herald |language=en-GB}}</ref>
 
Some ''responsa'' are given in ''[[Notitiae]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Notitiae Responses|url=http://notitiae.ipsissima-verba.org/|access-date=2021-12-20|website=notitiae.ipsissima-verba.org}}</ref> the official journal of the [[Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments]] (CDW). The ''responsa'' given in ''Notitiae'' are, according to the CDW, to be considered only as private responses unless they are published in official legal records of the Holy See.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pentin|first=Edward|date=February 8, 2022|title=Traditional Latin Mass: Canonists Question the Legislative Force of Recent Vatican Guidelines|url=https://www.ncregister.com/news/traditional-latin-mass-canonists-question-the-legislative-force-of-recent-vatican-guidelines|access-date=2022-02-10|website=NCR|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1969 |title=[no title] |url=http://notitiae.ipsissima-verba.org/pdf/notitiae-1969-323-323.pdf |journal=[[Notitiae]] |volume=5 |pages=323 |quote=Solutiones quae proponuntur non induunt vestem officialem, sed habent valorem orientativum: solutiones 'ex officio' publici iuris fient in Acta Apostolicae Sedis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1997 |title=Responsa ad dubia proposita |url=http://notitiae.ipsissima-verba.org/pdf/notitiae-1997-138-138.pdf |journal=[[Notitiae]] |volume=33 |pages=138 |quote=Licet solutiones quae proponuntur potestatem legislativam non habeant, induunt tamen vestem officialem quia actuale magisterium et praxim huius Congregationis exprimunt}}</ref>
Some ''responsa'' are given in ''[[Notitiae]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Notitiae Responses|url=http://notitiae.ipsissima-verba.org/|access-date=2021-12-20|website=notitiae.ipsissima-verba.org}}</ref>
 
==In Judaism==
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==In Islam==
}}A similar use of responsa (here called [[fatwā]]) is found in [[Islam]].<ref name=":1" />▼
{{Expert-subject|Islam
| date = November 2008
▲}}A similar use of responsa (here called [[fatwā]]) is found in [[Islam]].<ref name=":1" />
 
==See also==
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsa"